AssociationwithSubramaniaBharati TheeminentpoetandfreedomfighterSubramaniaBharationcelivedinKadayam.S ubramaniaBharatiswifewasanativeofKadayamanditisbelievedthatBharathiaro ftensangpatrioticsongsfromtherooftopofhisinlaws.SriSubramaniaBharati,stayedinPazhiyaGramamofKadayam,withhisfamily ,PeoplewholivedinKadayamduringthe1930s&1940srecollectthedayswhenSriS ubramaniaBharatiusedtowalkuptoNithyakalyaniAmmanTempleandsitonthefl atsquarishbigstoneandsing(CreateHistory)hisseveralsongsincludingthefamou sKalisongs,andthePanchaliSabhadam,etc.Theyalsorecollecthisaffectiontoward salllivingbeings,includingdonkeys.Atthattimethevillagehadseveraldonkeys,an dmanyatime,SriBharathiarusedtohugthedonkeysstrayingintothePazhayagram am.HesanghisfamousChinnanchiruKiliye,OdiVilayaduPappa,KanniNilamV endum,songsinthevillagewhenhisseconddaughterusedtoplayaroundintheroa doutsidehishouse.AfterhisdeathinChennaiin1949,hisfamilycamedowntoKaday amandstayedforabout10yearswhereaftertheyshiftedresidencetoChennai.Hisd escendantsarenowinChennaiandMumbai.OneofhisgreatgrandsonSriRajkumarBharatishinedasanotedcarnaticsinger. TheThalaMalayanTemple IntheforestedhillsnearthevillageistheSastha(ThalaMalayan)temple.TheRaman adhi(atributaryoftheThamirabarani)flowspastthistemple.

67 Field Study, Arulmigu Thamirabarani Amman Temple, Kadayam, 25.03.2011

1

ClimaticCondition

Temperature

Inthedaytimethecoastalregionsarecoolerthantheinteriorpartsbyaboutadegreeinsummerandsouthwestm ximumtemperatureis37.1degreeCelsius.TheweatherisquitehotinMayandJuneandthemaximumtemperatu sdecreaseappreciably.TheperiodfromNovembertoJanuaryisthecoolestpartoftheyearwiththemeandailym

Humidity

Therelativehumidityingeneral,duringtheyear,isbetween55and65percentintheinteriorpartsofthedistrict,e

Cloudiness

DuringthemonthsofAprilandMay,theskiesbecomeheavilycloudedandthreateningintheafternoonsonmany

Winds Generallylighttomoderateinstrength. BetweenMayandSeptemberwindsaremainlynorthwesterlyorwesterly FromOctobertoFebruarywindsaremainlynortheasterlyornortherly

Rainfall

2

MainrainyseasonisfromOctobertothemiddleofJanuary. Duringthesesouthwestmonsoonseasontherainfallismoreinthewesternpartsofthedistrict. Novemberisgenerallytherainiestmonth. Theheaviestrainfallin24hoursrecordedinthedistrictwas371.5mmatSivagirion29/10/1929. Theaveragerainfallinthedistrictis814.8mmperannum.

ComparativeStatementofRainfallofthisdistrictinmmforthepast5yearsaregivenbelow:

Jambunathi ItisatributaryoftheRamanathi.Likealltheriversofthedistrict,italsooriginatesfromtheea sternslopesoftheWesternghats.TheriverconfluenceswiththeRamanathinearMokkada gamvillage.TheonlyanaicutbuiltacrossthisriverisSubramaniathevaranaicut. Ramanathi OriginatingintheeasternslopesofWesternghatsatanaltitudeof1720m.aboveMSLinthe northwesterncornerofAmbasamudramtaluk,theRamanathiflowsdownthehillsforabou tsixkm.inthethicklywoodedforestandreachestheplaininMelakadayamvillagefromwhe reitrunsabouteightkm.andreceivesitstributaryJambunathi.ThecourseoftheRamanath iafteritsmergerwiththeJambunathiisknownastheVeeranathiorVarahanathi.Thisriverj oinstheGadananathinearthevillageKilaAmbur.TheRamanathifinallyemptiesintotheriv erTamiraparaninearThiruppudaimaruthur.TheRamanathi,theJumbunathiandtheGada nanathiarebothdirectandindirecttributariesoftheprimeriverofthedistrict.Ramanathib ranchesoffintotwo,theRamanathiVadakalandtheRamanathi'thenkal'andrejoinsatthej unctureofitsconfluencewiththeJambunathi.Thedivisionoftheriverhavetotallyeightres ervoirs.Thenorthernbranchhasthreeanaicuts,viz.,Kallakalanaicut,Suchimadayaranaic utandSavalakarananaicut.TheSouthernbranchhasfiveanaicuts(i.e)Mannanai(Sandda m),Ottaianaicut,Alkollianaicut,PottalpudhuranaicutandAdachanianaicut.

Gadananathi

3

TheGadananathiorKarunaiyar,liketheotherriversofthedistrict,hasitsoriginintheeaster nslopesofWesternghatsatanaltitudeofabout1700m.inAmbasamudramtaluk.Itisamaj ortributaryoftheTamiraparani. Theriverafterflowingabout8km.,receivesthePamparandonitcourse,twootherrivulets, KallarandIluppaiyar,allthesetributaries,joinitatSivasailamvillage.Aftertheconfluence, theriverflowsabout10km.andmergeswiththeRamanathiinKilaAmburvillage.Thefollow ingaretheanaicutsacrosstheGadananathi.TheyareArasapattuanaicut,AlwarkurichiThe nkalanaicut,Manjapallianaicut,KakkavalluranaicutandKangeyananaicut.

GadanaReserviorProject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 FullReservoirlevel Capacityofthedam Totallengthofthedam TotallengthofEarthdam Yearofconstruction Flooddischarge Ayacut-Singlecrop Ayacut-Doublecrop Newlands No.ofanaicuts No.ofsurplusarrangments(size) Canalsluiceventsize Riversluiceventsize 85ft. 352M.C.ft. 5569ft. 5340ft. 1974 26800C.ft./.sec. 242Acres 8082Acres 1000Acres 6 7Nos.(25ftX10ft) 3ftX3ft. 5ftX6ft.

RamanadhiReservoirProject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fullreservoirlevel Totalcapacityofthedam Totallengthofthedam Totallengthofearthdam Yearofconstruction Flooddischarge Waterspreadarea AyacutSinglecrop AyacutDoublecrop Newlands Waterratelands No.ofanaicuts 84ft. 152M.C.ft. 2749ft. 2409ft. 1974 10450C.ft/sec. 0.15Sq.Miles 94.80acres 4082.91acres 519.00 246.80acres 9

4

13 14

No.ofsurplusarrangements Canalsluiceventsize

2(30ftX15ft). Vadakal-5ftX6ft. Thenkal-5ftX6ft.

MaintenanceofirrigationsourcesRiversandMajortanksaremaintainedbythePWDunderthecontroloftheSuperintendingE ngineerwithheadquartersatPalayamkottai.TheExecutiveEngineer,WaterResourcesOr ganisation(PWD)TamiraparanibasinhashisheadquartersatTirunelveliandtheExecutiv eEngineerWaterResourcesOrganisation(PWD),ChittarDivisionhashisheadquartersatT enkasi.TheExecutiveEngineersareassistedbyanumberofAssistantExecutiveEngineers, AssistantEngineers,JuniorEngineers,Draughtsmenandothertechnicalofficials.

PottalpudurDargha

ForthisAndavar,sheepandfowlsarebroughtbyalltheclassesofpeopleandsacrificedbeforehimast heydobeforethelocalAmmandeities.Nowrefinedpeopleofferfruitsfortheirworshipratherthanfo wlsandsheep.Sandalpasteispreparedinapotonalargescaleduringthetimeofthekanthuriandisse nttotheHinduvillageofRavanasamudram,fromwhereitisbroughtbacktothisdarghawithgreatpo mp.ThisisofferedtotheAndavar.Afterwardsthissandalpasteisdistributedtotheeagerlyawaiting crowdwithoutdiscriminationastocaste,creedorreligion.Thisstandsasanexampleofcommunalha rmonyandsecularism.ThisDargahisconsideredasapiousandasacredoneequaltotheNagoredarg haandonlynexttoBaghdadbythepeopleofthisplace.

5

KadayamPatronofParish EstablishedOn Population Catholic Vicairate ChurchName ParishPriest Asst.ParishPriest Address District Telephone : : : : : : : : : : : St.Ignatiusofloyola Tenkasi St.IgnatiusofloyolaChurch Rev.Fr.ArockiasamyCSC. St.IgnatiusofloyolaChurch,Kadayam Tirunelveli -

Parish Pr i est Bri efh istor y:ConsideringtheneedsofthepopulationofKadayamandhavingsoughttheadviceoftheprese ntParishPriestofSt.AntonysChurch,KaruthapillaiyurandMembersofthePriestsCouncila ndconsideringthesalvationofsouls,IherebybifurcatetheParishofSt.AntonysChurch,Karu thapillaiyuranderectthisnewParish,theChurchofSt.IgnatiusofLoyola,Kadayamwiththeri ghtsofaParish,accordingtotheCodeofCanonLawNos:515and516,i.e.ofajuridicalpersona litybelongingtotheR.C.DioceseofPalayamkottai.St.IgnatiusofLoyolaParish,Kadayamis nowconstitutedintoanewParishwitheffectfrom5thJune,2011.Rev.Fr.ArockiasamyCSC.i sappointedasits

6

ConsideringtheneedsofthepopulationofKadayamandhavingsoughttheadviceofthepresentParishPriestofSt.AntonysChu rch,KaruthapillaiyurandMembersofthePriestsCouncilandconsideringthesalvationofsouls,IherebybifurcatetheParishof St.AntonysChurch,KaruthapillaiyuranderectthisnewParish,theChurchofSt.IgnatiusofLoyola,Kadayamwiththerightsofa Parish,accordingtotheCodeofCanonLawNos:515and516,i.e.ofajuridicalpersonalitybelongingtotheR.C.DioceseofPalaya mkottai. St.IgnatiusofLoyolaParish,KadayamisnowconstitutedintoanewParishwitheffectfrom5thJune,2011.Rev.Fr.Arockiasam yCSC.isappointedasitsfirstParishPriest. ListOfVillagesinKadayam A.p.nada Adaichani noor Ainthnkatt Dharmapuram Govindaperi Kadayam alai madam Manthiyoor KadayamPeru mpathu

KeelaAm KeelaKaday Madathur bur am

MelaAmbur Mudaliyarpatti Pappankulam Therkkuma Thirumalaiyapp Thoppakudi dathur apuram

Pottalpu Ravanasam Servaikara Sivasailam dur udram npatti

KadayamisaTowninKadayamTalukinTirunelveliDistrictinTamilNaduState.KadayamisMainTownfortheKadayamTaluk.K adayamislocated35kmdistancefromitsDistrictMainCityTirunelveli.Itislocated566kmdistancefromitsStateMainCityChenn ai. OthervillagesinKadayamTalukareKadayam,A.P.Nadanoor,Adaichani,Ainthnkattalai,Govindaperi,KadayamPerumpath u,..... KadayamPinCodeis627415andPostofficenameis.Othervillagesin(627415,)areKadayam,Servaikaranpatti,Poolankulam ,Vengadampatti,. NearByVillagesofthisVillagewithdistanceareRavanasamudram(2.4k.m.),Vengadampatti(3.5k.m.),Therkkumadathur(3. 6k.m.),Virasamudram(3.8k.m.),Pottalpudur(3.9k.m.),.TownsNearByKadayam(3.8k.m.),Keelapavoor(11.6k.m.),Ambas amudram(14.5k.m.),Alangulam(15.9k.m.),

CollegesnearbyKadayam1.Governmentsiddhamedicalcollege Address:;palayamkottaitirunelveli--627002. 2.PasumbonMuthuramalingaThevarCollege,Melaneelithanallur Address:;tirunelveli. 3.EinsteinCollegeofEngineering Address:tirunelveli--tenkasihighway;seethaparpanallur;tirunelveli--627012.

7

SchoolsinKadayam1.ChathiramBharathiPrimarySchool 2.SSVhighrsecontaryschool 3.ChatramBharatiGirlsHighSchool 4.ChathiramBharathiPrimarySchoolMiddleStreet,627415

BanksnearbyKadayam1.INDIANOVERSEASBANK,SHIVAJIPETH IFSCCODE:ioba0001735. MICRCODE:non-micr. 2.TAMILNADMERCANTILEBANKLTD,VENGADAMPATTI IFSCCODE:tmbl0000086. MICRCODE:. 3.STATEBANKOFTRAVANCORE,SHENCOTTAH IFSCCODE:sbtr0000009. MICRCODE:nonmicr. 4.INDIANOVERSEASBANK,VICKRAMASINGAPURAM IFSCCODE:ioba0001399. MICRCODE:non-micr.

TheThalaMalayanTempleIntheforestedhillsnearthevillageistheSastha(ThalaMalayan)temple.TheRamanadhi(atributaryoftheThamira barani)flowspastthistemple. ThehistoryaboutArulmiguThalaimalaiAyyantempleisthatwheneverthevillagefacedwaterfamine,dayswithoutr ain,vedicscholarsusedtodo"varunajapam"sittinginsideabigvesselfilledwithwaterwithinthetempleprecincts.T herainGodusedtobestowhisblessingsbypouringrainabundantly.Thistemplebeingopen-toskyfromtimeimmemorialandsituatedintheforest(about7kms.outsidevillagelimits)severalwildanimalsusedtoc omeinsidethetemple.Ononesuchoccasion,awildboarenteredwhenthevedicscholarswerechanting"varunajapam".AllofthemcalledupontheGodbyloudlyutterin g"SwamiyeSaranamAyyappa",atwhichtimethewildboarbecameastonething.Thisstoneanimalcanevennowbeseeninsidethetemple.

8

SriPathrakaliammanTemple-KilakadayamSriPathrakaliammanTempleisinKilakadayam.Itisdedicatedfor18Patti(Village)Nadarpeople.Theyarecelebrat ing8daysfestival.Onthe8thdaySriPathrakaliammanandhereldersisterSriMupudathiammanwillmeet,whichis aspiritualmovement.Theyareprotectingourvillage. Allthe18villagepeoplewillparticipateandtheywillbringPathrakaliammanontheirshoulders.TheybringPatharak aliAmmantoMelaPathrakaliammankoilbyaspiritualwalk. In'18patti',thesecondpathrakaliammantempleisinArunachalampattyonly.Whichisinnext(North)tokadayam. IncaseofSriMupudathiammantempleseveralpeoplesbelongingtoseveralcastegetunitedandcelebrating10da ysfestival.1stdayofcelebrationstartswithyadavcommunitypeopleandfinaldayendswithcopsinkadayam. [edit]SriMuthuaramanTemple-Kilakadayam SriMuthuaramanTempleisinkilakadayam.Itisanancienttemple,dailypujaiwillhappenat6pm.Peoplearecoming fromdifferentvillages. KatteripattyMuppudathiammanTemple KatteripattyisoneofthemostimportantvillageintheKilakadayam'18patti'(Village)andhasaTempleknownasAR ULMIGUMUPPUDATHIAMMAN.HerefivedaysIPPASIPERUNTHIRUVILAisafamousspiritualfestivalcelebra tedbythepeopleofKatteripatty.oneveryTuesdaySpecialEveningPoojaconductsatthistemple. [edit]RamaNathiandKadanaNathi TheKadanaNathiisrunningaroundAlwarkurichiareaandwhichhasadamnamelyKadananathiDam.RamaNathi isrunningaroundkadayamareaandwhichhasadamnamelyRamanathiDam.Thesearethetworivershavekeepin gtheKadayamandsurroundingvillagesaregreen.Thirstofthepeopleandagrifieldsarebeingfulfilledbytheseriver ssincelong.

http://www.kadayam.in

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GadanaReserviorProject FullReservoirlevel 85ft. Capacityofthedam 352M.C.ft. Totallengthofthedam 5569ft. TotallengthofEarthdam 5340ft. Yearofconstruction 1974 Flooddischarge 26800C.ft./.sec. Ayacut-Singlecrop 242Acres

9

8 9 10 11 12 13

Ayacut-Doublecrop Newlands No.ofanaicuts No.ofsurplusarrangments(size) Canalsluiceventsize Riversluiceventsize

8082Acres 1000Acres 6 7Nos.(25ftX10ft) 3ftX3ft. 5ftX6ft.

1 2 3 4

RamanadhiReservoirProject Fullreservoirlevel 84ft. Totalcapacityofthedam 152M.C.ft. Totallengthofthedam 2749ft. Totallengthofearthdam 2409ft.

10

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Yearofconstruction Flooddischarge Waterspreadarea AyacutSinglecrop AyacutDoublecrop Newlands Waterratelands No.ofanaicuts No.ofsurplusarrangements Canalsluiceventsize

1974 10450C.ft/sec. 0.15Sq.Miles 94.80acres 4082.91acres 519.00 246.80acres 9 2(30ftX15ft). Vadakal-5ftX6ft. Thenkal-5ftX6ft.

SexRatio(Per1000) ChildSexRatio(0-6Age) AverageLiteracy MaleLiteracy FemaleLiteracy TotalChildPopulation(0-6Age) MalePopulation(0-6Age) FemalePopulation(0-6Age) Literates MaleLiterates FemaleLiterates ChildProportion(0-6Age) BoysProportion(0-6Age) GirlsProportion(0-6Age)

1024 964 82.92 89.66 76.38 301,275 153,437 147,838 2,298,262 1,223,964 1,074,298 9.80% 10.10% 9.51%

1042 957 76.09 85.21 67.43 320,175 163,624 156,551 1,829,064 997,278 831,786 11.75% 12.27% 11.26%

Toserveandcontributetosocietythroughpursuitofhighereducationtoruralpopulation.

11

Toachievehighacademicexcellencethroughdevelopmentofbothfacultiesandfacilitiesa ndemergeasaworldclasseducational,technologicalandmanagerialresearchcentre.

ToachievetotalselfsufficiencyintheareasofScience,Engineering,Technology&Manage menteducationbystartingnewUGandPCcoursesandcreatingdoctoralandpostdoctoral researchprograms.

Tohelpthestudentstoenhancetheirknowledgeanddeveloptheirpersonalityandattitud ethroughself-discipline,self-motivation,selfdeterminationandcharacterdevelopment.

Toencouragethestudentstotakeupco-curricularandextracurricularactivitieslikeNationalServiceSchemes,YouthRedCross,RedRibbonClubs,Sp orts&GamesandhelpinbecomingagoodIndianCitizen.

ToeducatethestudentstotakeuptechnicalentrepreneurshiptowardsNationBuilding.to seek,tostrive,toachieveandnevertoyieldonthequalityofeducation.atKadayamARCollegeofEngineering&TechnologyisaprivateselffinancingEngineeringcollegeapprovedbyAICTEfNewDelhiandisaffiliatedtoAnnaUniversity,Chennai.ItisanISO9001:2008certifiedinstitution.Itwases tablishedintheyear2009byAREducational&CharitableTrust,apicturesquevillage

withserenebeautyinAmbasamudramTaluk,TirunelveliDistrict.KadayamisonthebanksofRamanathiRiverandJambunathiRiver,thetwotributariesofth eRiverTamaraparani,atthefootoftheWesternGhats.KadayamisgiftedwithrichlandandwaterresourcesandtheWorldfamousCourtallamwaterfallsisjus t20kmaway.Kadayamis50kmfromTirunelveli,120kmfromTrivandrumandKollamandjust40kmfromAryankavu.KadayamgotitsnamefromKadagam, thebraceletofGoddessKalyaniAmmanandtheBlessingsoftheGoddessisalwayswiththepeoplewhocometothislocationforeducation,recreationandtrad e.ThusARCETislocatedatauniqueplacewithahighlyconduciveenvironmentforstudies.

withserenebeautyinAmbasamudramTaluk,TirunelveliDistrict.KadayamisonthebanksofRam anathiRiverandJambunathiRiver,thetwotributariesoftheRiverTamaraparani,atthefootofthe WesternGhats.KadayamisgiftedwithrichlandandwaterresourcesandtheWorldfamousCourta llamwaterfallsisjust20kmaway.Kadayamis50kmfromTirunelveli,120kmfromTrivandruman dKollamandjust40kmfromAryankavu.KadayamgotitsnamefromKadagam,thebraceletofGod dessKalyaniAmmanandtheBlessingsoftheGoddessisalwayswiththepeoplewhocometothisloc ationforeducation,recreationandtrade.ThusARCETislocatedatauniqueplacewithahighlycon duciveenvironmentforstudies

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Libraryistheheartofanyeducationalinstitution.ARCETlibraryishighlyresourcefulandislavishl yspacedinanareaof7000sq.ft.Ithasarichcollectionofmorethan12,000volumesofbooksandisin theprocessofcontinuousupgradationandenrichmentwithmoreandmoreofbooksandejournals.Libraryistotallycomputerisedandstudentshaveaccessforreadyreferenceofanybook sandjournals.Anexclusivelibraryhoureveryweekisintroducedtoallthestudents,classvise,rightfromthefirstyearandateacherisidentifiedtoguidethemforproperutilizationofthesa me.WellqualifiedanddedicatedlibrariansupportedbyanassistantlibrarianisanassetforARCET . FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE OR LOAN FACILTIES TO AGRICULTURE Forthefinancialassistancetotheagriculturists,NationalBanks,CooperativeBanksextendagriculturalloansatasubsidizedrateofinterests.Smallfarmersarealsop rovidedwithloanfacilitiesaspernormsoffinancialneedsandtimelyloansaregranted.Longterm andshorttermloansareprovidedtotheagriculturistsinrelationtotheircroporcommoditiesthey produceintheirlands.Theseloanscanberepaidaslumpsumorininstallmentsasperthetermsalre adyagreedupon.Governmentalsopatronizetheagriculturistsbywayofsubsidiesandconfession alratesforfertilizers,seedsetc,Thus,theagriculturistsareprotectedfromdebtsetc.

CULTIVABLESEASONS Paddyiscultivatedintwoseasons.EarlyKharifseasonandkharifseasons,Sufficientrainis obtainedintheTamilmonthsofIppasitoThaiandpoorrainresultsinMasi,Panguni,andChitrai.In boththeperiod,thelandsinKadayamreceiveitswaterresourcesfromGambunathiDamthroughi tschannel. AGRICULTUREEXTENSIONCENTRE ThereisanAgricultureExtensioninKadayamforthepastthirtyyears.Thiscentreisfunctio ningunderthecontrolofagricultureDepartment,GovernmentofTamilnadu.Thesecentersprovi dequalityseedsforbothpaddyandcashcropshavinginmindthewelfareofthepoorandsmallfarm ers.QualityseedsareproducedintheGovernmentAgriculturalfarmsandtheyarebroughtothese centersandsoldtothefarmersatresponsiblecostsandatsubsidizedratesalso.Theseedsaresubje ctedtoqualitytestandQualityControlTests,laboratoriesconducttestsandcertifyforitsquality.N ecessaryadviceisalsobeingtotheagriculturists.Thesecentersaregreatboontosmallfarmers.An officialin-chargeofthiscentreandasalesmanintheoutletsectionaremanningthecentre. SEEDDEPOT Intheseedoutletdepartment,seedsofvariouscropsarestocked.Theyarebroughtherefro mtheAgriculturalSeedProductionFarms.TheGovernmentofTamilnaduismaintainingseedsFo rmsinvariouspartsofthecountrylikeKillikulam,Coimbatoreetc.Hybridseedsareproducedfort hedistributiontothefarmersofTamilnadu.Astheseedsaresubjectedtovariousqualitycontrolte

13

stsinspecializedlaboratories,theyareuptothemarkofhighyielding.Alltheseedsarescientificall ytestedandprocessedandpreservedformdecay,Hence,theseedscouldbestoredforfutureuse.A griculturalResearchInstitutedoesnumberofresearchesandspecifythestandardforbetterusec onductivetothesoilofvariouskindsandweatherconditionsofTamilnadu.SeedQualityControlU nit,AgriculturalResearchInstitute,SoilTestinglaboratoryetc.aregreatboontotheagriculturists ofTamilnadu.TheAgriculturalExtensionCentreinKadayamrendersvarioushelptothefarmerso fKadayam. CO-OPERATIVEBANK ACooperativeBankisfunctioninginKadayamtocatertheneedsofthevillagerslivinginandaroun dKadayam.ThisCo-operativebankisunderthecontrolofDistrictCentralCooperativeBank,Tirunelveli.AlikeotherCo-operativeBanks,membersoftheCooperativeBankelecttheirExecutivemembersamongthemoneiselectedPresident.TheGovern menthasappointedSpecialOfficerswhocoordinatetheaffairsoftheBank.Byremittingshareamount,anordinarypersonlivingwithinitsjuri sdictioncanbecameitsAMemberwhobecomeseligibleforalloperationalfacilitiesoftheBank. HebecomesanelectorintheBank.Hecanevencontesttheelections.rendersallfacilitiestothefar mers.Thisbankextendscreditfacilitiesforcultivatingtheirlandsandforgrowingcashcropsinthe irfields.Itextendsloanstosmallcottageindustriesinthevillage.Throughtheweek,jewelloansare alsogiven.SinceitisaCooperativeBanks,theprofitoftheBank,aftermeetingalltheexpenses,bankissharedamongitsme mbersintheformofdividends.Aslongtermandshorttermloansaregrantedbyfollowingsimples tprocedures,thevillagersavailthemselvesalmostalltheloanfacilitiesextendedtothem.Whenev er,Governmentannouncessubsidies,cancellationofinterestetc.itiseffectiveinthisbank.Themo ttoOneforall;allforallbecomestruewhenoneseesthefunctioningofthisbank. INDIANOVERSEASBANK EvenifKadayamisaruralarea,thenationalizedBankIndianOversesBankhasestablishe ditsbranchherewithaManager,oneAssistantManager,anAccountantandaCashier.Alikeotherb anks,thisbranchprovidestothecustomerssomanyservicessuchasSavingsBankAccount,Curre ntAccount,FixedDepositandRecurringDeposits.TheVillagersinandaroundKadayamareopera tingtheiraccountsinthisbank.ThisbankprovidesJewelLoan,PersonalGuranteeloanandsuchot herloansareallextendedtothepeopleofthisvillage.Aspertheirnorms,interestsarecharged.Besi des,selfhelpgroupalsoenjoythefruitaspernorms.Educationalloanstostudentsareprovided.Th isbankisagreatboontoKadayamarea. WOMENSELFHELPGROUPS Inordertoimbibeselfconfidenceamongwomenfolk,duringA.I.A.D.M.K.regime,WomenSelfHelpSchemewasimplem ented.Bywhich,womenwouldformateambyenrollingunemployedwomenofvariedageswhocr osseseighteenyearsofageandtheyworkjointlyforraisingtheirstandardofliving.Theywouldper formvariedworkrelatedtoproducesomeconsumergoodslikeCandle,needlework,toys,paperp

14

roducts,eatableslikepickles,appalametc.Someselfhelpgroupswouldmanufacturephynile,soa ps,etc. TheSelfhelpgroupswouldnormallyconsistoftwenty.Theywouldregistertheirnamesan dfromthegroupsandthegroupwouldbeindentifiedwithsomenameanditwouldbeheadedbyatr ustworthypersonwithsomeleadershipqualities.Thegroupswouldbegrantedanapprovalbyan officialbytheSocialWelfareDepartmentandtheywouldbecomeeligibletoobtainbankloansforst artingsmallunitsforinvolvinginmanufacturingactivities.TheGovernmentwouldextendsubsid eyfacilitiestothegroupssoapproved.TheleadbankwoulddirecttheNationalizedBankforprovid ingfinancialassistancetothegroupswhichwouldberecoveredfromtheindividualsonequalmon thlyinstallmentsspreadingoveraperiodaccordingtothequantumofloan.Themembersofthesel fhelpgroupswillconvenemonthlymeetingandexchangetheirviewforbetterimprovementofthe iractivities. TheSelfhelpgroupswillgoroundthemarketingareaandmarkettheirproduceandthusbe sideshelpingotherstheyimprovetheirlivingstandars. ThemembersoftheSelfhelpgroupswillhavesomekindofuniformbywearingsetsareesan dwillhavesomenamefortheirgroup.SomelargeSelfhelpgroupswillhavecontactswithotherSelf helpgroupsandthusconductcourierservicesalso. MostoftheselfhelpgroupmanufactureperfumeryandmarkettheminsomeExhibitions,H omeneedshowsandanysupplyingthemtoshopownersetc.Sometimes,theyorganizeSpecialM elawithsomespecialattractionslikeMusic,Film,ProgrammeandMarkettheirproductsbyjoinin ghandswithotherSelfhelpgroups. InKadayamthereareabouttwentySelfhelpgroupsundertheleadershipofablewomenoft hevillageandtheyproduceconsumergoodsinlargequantitiesandmarketthemtonearbytownsa ndcitieslikeTenkasi,Papanasam,AmbasamudramandTirunelveli. Selfhelpgroupsareusefulforthewomeninthewaytoimprovetheirstandardoflivingandt ospendtheirleisuretimeinausefulmanner. TheareaaroundtheplacewhereweseetheNithyakalyaniAmbaltemplenow,wasonceuponatim e,a"Bilwa"treeforest.Thelegendgoesonlikethis:TheKingofAyodhyaSreeDasarathaMaharaja wasmovingthroughthelengthandbreadthofBharathandprayingatalmostallthetemplesspotte dbyHimforgettinghisprogeny.Thushechanceduponthe"Bilwa"forestinKadayam,andwhilemo vingintotheforest,hefounda"SuyambuLingam"andprayedtoLordShiva.ThusthisLordwasna medas"BilwaVanaNathar"i.e.LordofBilwaforest.ThisnameoveraperiodoftimebecameSreeV ilvaranyeswararandhisconsortNithyaKalyaniAmman.Therearestoneinscriptions,whichsay thatNayakar'sofMaduraidevelopedthetemple.VilvatreeissthalavrukshamandtheerthamisCh akkratheertham,aroundthreehundredyearsold.IfonebreakstheVilvafruitfromthesthalavru ksham,onecanfindaLingamshapedformationinside,whichcannotbeseeninanyotherVilvafrui t.ThetempleisoneoftheThevaaraVaippuSthalamofLordSiva.ThemainRajaGopuramisseven storeyswiththreeprakarams.ItissaidthatthePeetamisaDharaniPeetam

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ItissaidthatGoddessNithyaKalyaniwasverypowerfulandthepoojasperformedinthetempled uringearlierperiodswerenotperfectasdesiredbytheGoddess.Thisledtolotofmishappenings,resultinginthepeoplestayingawayfromvisitingandprayingatthetemple.ABrahmi nfromSringagiriwhowaswellversedwithVedadidsanthii.e.propitiousceremoniesfortheGodd ess,resultinginsomeofHerpowerspassingintothepeetamandanewsanctumsanctoriumwasco nstructedfacingsouth.TheGoddesshasbeenbestowingwealth,happiness,wellbeingandAnant haKalyanaGunastothepeoplewhoworshippedandalsothosewhoperformedpoojasforher.Fro mthenon,shecametobeknownasNithyaKalyani.(Onewhobestowswell-beingtoeverybody) ThereisapushkaronthesmallhillockknownasSarabangaMamuniSunaitheertham.ThereisaMa nimandapamwhereweseeNatarajarwithSivakamiAmmai,andalsootherdeitieslikeSriChandr ashekaraandSriSoundraNayaki,SriDakshinaMoorthy,SomaskandaMurthy.Theinscriptionso nthetemplewallssaythatParivaaraDevadhaswereinstalledintheyear1216AD.Thetempleisstil lolderandfindsamentioninKapilaPuranam.SageSundaramurthyNayanaarhassungaCouplet inpraiseofthedeities.

SRIPATHRAKALIAMMANTEMPLE-KILAKADAYAM SriPathrakaliammanTempleisinKilakadayam.Itisdedicatedfor18Patti(Village)Nadarpeople. Theyarecelebrating8daysfestival.Onthe8thdaySriPathrakaliammanandhereldersisterSriMu pudathiammanwillmeet,whichisaspiritualmovement.Theyareprotectingourvillage. Allthe18villagepeoplewillparticipateandtheywillbringPathrakaliammanontheirshoulders.T heybringPatharakaliAmmantoMelaPathrakaliammankoilbyaspiritualwalk. In'18patti',thesecondpathrakaliammantempleisinArunachalampattyonly.Whichisinnext(No rth)tokadayam. IncaseofSriMupudathiammantempleseveralpeoplesbelongingtoseveralcastegetunitedandce lebrating10daysfestival.1stdayofcelebrationstartswithyadavcommunitypeopleandfinalday endswithcopsinkadayam. THETHALAMALAYANTEMPLE IntheforestedhillsnearthevillageistheSastha(ThalaMalayan)temple.TheRamanadhi(atributa ryoftheThamirabarani)flowspastthistemple. ThehistoryaboutArulmiguThalaimalaiAyyantempleisthatwheneverthevillagefacedwaterfa mine,dayswithoutrain,vedicscholarsusedtodo"varunajapam"sittinginsideabigvesselfilledwi thwaterwithinthetempleprecincts.TherainGodusedtobestowhisblessingsbypouringrainabu ndantly.Thistemplebeingopen-toskyfromtimeimmemorialandsituatedintheforest(about7kms.outsidevillagelimits)severalwi ldanimalsusedtocomeinsidethetemple.Ononesuchoccasion,awildboarenteredwhenthevedicscholarswerechanting"varunajapam".AllofthemcalledupontheGo

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dbyloudlyuttering"SwamiyeSaranamAyyappa",atwhichtimethewildboarbecameastonething.Thisstoneanimalcanevennowbeseeninsidethetemple. SRIMUTHUARAMANTEMPLE-KILAKADAYAM SriMuthuaramanTempleisinkilakadayam.Itisanancienttemple,dailypujaiwillhappenat6pm. Peoplearecomingfromdifferentvillages. KatteripattyMuppudathiammanTemple KatteripattyisoneofthemostimportantvillageintheKilakadayam'18patti'(Village)andhasaTe mpleknownasARULMIGUMUPPUDATHIAMMAN.HerefivedaysIPPASIPERUNTHIRUVILAisaf amousspiritualfestivalcelebratedbythepeopleofKatteripatty.oneveryTuesdaySpecialEvenin gPoojaconductsatthistemple. JebamalisituatedinkeelaMathapuramKadayamTirunelveli.ThoughChristianitytriump hantlylandedinIndiaviaoneoftheSouthIndianPortson69AD,theadventofsalvationaljoypractic allyventuredintotheheartsoftheTamilspeakingSouthIndiansonlywhentheselflessmissionari esmaneuveredinthissoutherntipfromthemiddleofthe18thCenturyAD. Inthissituation,ourLORDhadaveryspecificpurposetohavethegenesisofourJesusRedeemsMin istryasasmallPrayerGroupinaveryinteriorsmallhamletNalumavadion2ndOctober1978whileourNationcelebratedthe109thBirthAnniversaryoftheF atherofourNation MahatmaGandhi,who,aswasperceptwidely,redeemedourNationfromthewretchedbondageof thealienrule.NowourJesusRedeemsMinistryguidesthepeoplethosewhoareunderthemiserabl eservitudeofsin,inthepathwheretheirgloriousredemptionbythepreciousbloodofCalvaryawai ts AsthisministryisbuilduponvaluableandearnestprayersofGod'schildren,Prayerisgiventhefirs tpriority.Toenhancethisnearly5000prayerfriendshavejoinedwithusfromdifferentplaces.The "HouseofGod"buildingismainlybuildupforthispurposeonly.

1.IntercessoryPrayer

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Theministryhasagroupofdedicatedpeopleforprayers.Dailytheypraywithburdenforpeoplean dministry.OnThursdays,hundredsofpeoplegatherandtakepartinthefastingprayer.EveryTues daynightspecialprayersareofferedbytheJesusredeemsTeammembers.Apartfromthis,everym onth,twoprayermeetingsareconductedonagrandscale. Theministryhasagroupofdedicatedpeopleforprayers.Dailytheypraywithburdenforpeoplean dministry.OnThursdays,hundredsofpeoplegatherandtakepartinthefastingprayer.EveryTues daynightspecialprayersareofferedbytheJesusredeemsTeammembers.Apartfromthis,everym onth,twoprayermeetingsareconductedonagrandscale. OnthesecondSaturdayofeverymonth,hundredsofpeopleassembleintheHouseofGodandpray withtearsforthesalvationofthepeople,thenationandtherulers,fortheprotectionofthemissiona ries,forrevivalinthechurches,fortheprotectionofournationanditsprosperity.Theprayerconti nuesfrom9PMto5AM.Ignoringtheirexhaustionbytheday'sworkanddeprivingthemselvesofth eneedfulhoursofrest,manymen,womenandchildrencomeforwardwithenthusiasmtoprayfort hecountry.Bytheprayerofthesepeoplewhosacrificethemselves,theLordhasbeguntoworkinIn dia.Whenweseetheeagernessofthepeople,wecanunderstandthatthesalvationofournationisn otsofar. 3.Standing-in-the-GapPrayer(ThirappinVasalJebam) ThisisaprayerofferedbypeopleintearsandlamentationsinthepresenceofGodforthesou lsperishinginsinandcurse.Forthisprayer,nearly25,000peopleassembleintheHouseofGodCa mpus.Inthisprayertherearetimesforsweetsongswiththeaccompanimentofmusic,worshiptha texhilaratesthespirit,andthepowerfilledwordofGod.PrayersareofferedfortheNationandthemissionariesandalsoforthosewhoha vesoughtprayersupportthroughletters. Considering the needs of the population of Kadayam and having sough the advice of the present Parish Priest of St.Antonys Church, Karuthapillaiyur and Members of the Priests Council and considering the salvation of souls, I hereby bifurcate the Parish of St.Antonys Church, Karuthapillaiyur and erect this new Parish, the Church of St.Ignatius of Loyola, Kadayam with the rights of a Parish, according to the Code of Canon Law Nos:515 and 516,i.e. of a juridical personality belonging to the R.C. Diocese of Palayamkottai. St.Ignatius of Loyola Parish ,Kadayam is now constitute dinto a new Parish with effect From 5th June,2011. Rev.Fr.Arockiasamy CSC. is appointed as its. Considering the needs of the population of Kadayam and having sought the advice of the present Parish Priest of St.Antonys Church, Karuthapillaiyur and Members of the Priests Council and considering the salvation of souls ,I hereby bifurcate the Parish of St.Antonys Church, Karuthapillaiyur and erect this new Parish, the Church of St.Ignatius of Loyola, Kadayam with the rights of a Parish, according to the Code of Canon Law Nos:515 and 516,i.e. of a juridical personality belonging to the R.C. Diocese of Palayamkottai.

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St.IgnatiusofLoyolaParish,KadayamisnowconstitutedintoanewParishwitheffectfrom5thJun e,2011.Rev.Fr.ArockiasamyCSC.isappointedasitsfirstParishPriest. ST.IGNATIUSOFLOYOLACHURCH,KADAYAM

About Pottalpudur Dargah : The centre of attraction of this place is the oldest dargha built around the year 1674. This dargha attracts not only the Muslims but Hindus and Christians also in equal numbers. This has been built adopting Hindu temple pattern. If the prayers of the pilgrims are answered, they pay their offerings, through the dargha in large numbers during Kanthuri festival with great reverence. In this dargha where the lebbais act as priest, customs almost similar to that of Hindus are followed in the rituals. Here holy ashes obtained from tamarind bark, ghee, and flowers called nerchai are distributed to the devotees. For this Andavar, sheep and fowls are brought by all the classes of people and sacrificed before him as they do before the local Amman deities. Now refined people offer fruits for their worship rather than fowls and sheep. Sandal paste is prepared in a pot on a large scale during the time of the kanthuri and is sent to the Hindu village of Ravanasamudram, from where it is brought back to this dargha with great pomp. This is offered to the Andavar. Afterwards this sandal paste is distributed to the eagerly awaiting crowd without discrimination as to caste, creed or religion. This stands as an example of communal harmony and secularism. This Dargah is considered as a pious and a sacred one equal to the Nagore dargha and only next to Baghdad by the people of this place. General Information about Pottalpudur Dargah : Location: Tirunelveli State: Tamil Nadu Capital: Chennai Language: Tamil, Hindi, English Temperature: Max 40C, Min 27C (summer), Max 29C, Min 20C (winter) Best Season: November to March How to Reach Pottalpudur Dargah : By Road: Tirunelveli is well connected by road. The city is located on the National Highway no. 7. It is well connected to all the major cities of Peninsular India by National as well as state highways. The Tamilnadu Transport Corporation operates buses to Chennai, Bangalore, Salem, Coimbatore, Nagapattinam, Erode and Tirupati originating from Tirunelveli. By Rail/Train: The Tirunelveli Junction railway station is an extremely busy and important railway junction in Tamilnadu. It connects Tirunelveli to all the major cities in India and Tamilnadu such as Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, Trichy, Thanjore and Kanyakumari. Various express and super fast trains pass through Tirunelveli. By Air: The nearest airport from Tirunelveli is Tuticorin airport that is located at a distance of 28 kilometres from the downtown Tirunelveli. Tuticorin airport sees very less flights but Trivandrum airport that is around 150 kilometres in Kerala has regular flights for various cities in India as well as South and West Asia.

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The centre of attraction of this place is the oldest dargha built around the year 1674. This dargha attracts not only the Muslims but Hindus and Christians also in equal numbers. This has been built adopting Hindu temple pattern. If the prayers of the pilgrims are answered, they pay their offerings, through the dargha in large numbers during Kanthuri festival with great reverence. In this dargha where the lebbais act as priest, customs almost similar to that of Hindus are followed in the rituals. Here holy ashes obtained from tamarind bark, ghee, and flowers called nerchai are distributed to the devotees. For this Andavar, sheep and fowls are brought by all the classes of people and sacrificed before him as they do before the local Amman deities. Now refined people offer fruits for their worship rather than fowls and sheep. Sandal paste is prepared in a pot on a large scale during the time of the kanthuri and is sent to the Hindu village of Ravanasamudram, from where it is brought back to this dargha with great pomp. This is offered to the Andavar. Afterwards this sandal paste is distributed to the eagerly awaiting crowd without discrimination as to caste, creed or religion. This stands as an example of communal harmony and secularism. This Dargah is considered as a pious and a sacred one equal to the Nagore dargha and only next to Baghdad by the people of this place POTTALPUDUR DARGAHTirunelveli is well connected by road. The city is located on the National Highway no. 7. It is well connected to all the major cities of Peninsular India by National as well as state highways. The Tamilnadu Transport Corporation operates buses to Chennai, Bangalore, Salem, Coimbatore, Nagapattinam, Erode and Tirupati originating from Tirunelveli.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT POTTALPUDUR DARGAH Location State Capial Language - Tirunelveli - Tamilnadu - Chennai - Tamil, Hindi, English

Tempreature - Max 40o C, Min 27o C (summer), Max 29o C (winter) Best Season - November to March How to Reach Pottalpudur Dargha: By Road Tirunelveli is well connected by road. The city is located on the National Highway no.7. It is well connected to all the major cities of Peninsular india by National as well as state highways. The tamilnadu Transport corporation operates buses to Chennai, Bangalore, Salem, Coimbatore, Nagapattinam, Erode and Tirupati originating from Tirunelveli.

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By Rail/Train: The tirunelveli junction railway station is an extremely busy and important railway junction in tamilnadu. It connects Tirunelveli to all the major cities in India and Tamilnadu such as Delhi, Kolkatta, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, Trichy, Thanjore, and Kanyakumari. Various express and super fast trains pass through Tirunelveli. By Air: The nearest airport from Tirunelveli is Tuticorin airport that is located at a distance of 28 kilometers from the downtown Tirunelveli. Tuticorin airport sees very less flights but Trivandrum airport that is around 150 kilometers in Kerla has regular flights for various cities in india as well as South and West Asia.

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CONCLUSION

Village is the basic unit of Indian democracy. We can enjoy democracy only when these villages of our country function in full freedom. The Kadayam village is developing step by step. Many development projects of both the centre and state governments are carried out in this village. These works have put this village on the path of progress. Kadayam a small village situated in Tirunelveli District is of great significance for its role in the development of this region.

In the Primary Health Centre of this village blood tests are conducted, treatment for socially transmitted diseases, traeatment for pregnant women and such other ailments are treated. Treatment for the common diseases like fever, cough, etc, Special and intensive treatment is given for the epidemics like Malaria, Dysentery, Chickkun kuniya, etc. Apart from Alopathy, a separate Siddha Unit the Indian system of Medicine is also functioning in the Primary Health Centre, all the 18 Panchayats are getting benefits. This post office is one of the ancient and prominent serving with a lot of schemes to the public with smile. The speed post introduced by the postal department is more the people as it is reach the destination quickly. By its Historical background it is understood that Kadayam is multidisciplinary place. That is why this place is Historically, Geologically, Environmently and economically gets importance.

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Maintanance of village roads, provision of street lights, buildings of small bridges, drainage, drinking water supply through pipes and bore wells, etc. are the basic and important duties of a panchayat. In addition house plan approval, permission for divisionand sub-division of plots and sites are the other duties of the panchayat. The panchayat unions or councils are functioning like a link between the people and the Government and thus carry the welfare measures of the Government to the people through the respective organizations. Villages are the backbone of our nation. So, village administration should be best. In that way Panchayats are very important. Kadayam Panchayat is one of the important panchayats of the Tirunelveli District. The way of life and the life style of the people of this village are very simple. They lead a simple but systematic life. Probably, their work culture is traditional. Their physical labour earns their bread. Most of the women folk engage in Beedi Rolling activities as their primary sources of income simply by staying in their houses. Some of them work in Brick Kiln. It is to be observed that whatever religion the people may follow, almost all the religious segments conducts marriage celebrations in the name of and asking and seeking the blessings of the God, the Allah and the Jesus Christ. In that sense, the human being stands in the same line while thinking about the Almighty. Festivals and marriages are being celebrated according to their economic capability. In the field of education, the village is doing commendable services to the people through various educational institutions. In this village a Primary, Middle and Higher Secondary Schools are situated there importing knowledge to the children. Development of a country is based on the development of

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society and education. In that way social and educational status of a place should be best. Thus development of Kadayam can be measured on the basis of its educational development. Temples form the primary source for writing the history of a place. Mostly the famous temples were built before 14th century A.D. in Tamilnadu. They give informations of the kingdom. The above mentioned temples belong to 10th century. Hence these temples and that place Kadayam get historical importance. Also the festivals which are celebrated by the local people bring out the believes in ethics and culture of that people. The Economic life of the people is enriched by the Lemon sales & Exporting Business, Brick manufacturing industries and Beedies Rolling business. It will provide employment opportunities to many people. Apart from these industries the traditional agricultural occupation provides lot of employment opportunity to the people. From this research we come to know about the life style, society, educational level, religion, economic progress and the role of the panchayat in shaping the life of the Villagers of Kadayam. If some more steps are taken this village will improve to a great extent. THORANAMALAI MURUGAN TEMPLE Thoranamalai Murugan Temple is located in the indian state of Tamil Nadu at the longtitude of 77.33 and lattitude of 8.86. Courtalam is the nearest city from Thoranamalai Murugan Temple Thoranamalai Sri Murugan Temple Very Famous Temple in Near Kadayam Tirunelveli District. THIS TEMPLE'S SPECIALITY

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60 water source 'Sunai' around the Hill. At the top of the hill is the Murugan Swamy temple. Very Attractive place. Vaikasi Visagam (May - June) A large number of devotees, numbering about two lakhs, participate in the festival. Avani Festival (August - September) Devotees numbering about two lakh participate in this festival. On this Avani festival 7th, 8th and 10th day functions are more important.

7th Sikappu sathi Festival 8th Pachai Sathi Festival 10th Car Festival (Big cars will not be available) Skanda Sasti Festival - 7 days (October - November) Devotees numbering about five lakhs will participate in the above festival. On this festival occasion, devotees fast for all six days. On the 6th day Surasamharam is demonstrated. On the 7th day Thirukkalyanam to Deivanai is celebrated in a grand manner. Masi Festival - 12 days (February - March) More than three lakh people participate in this festival.

7th day Sikappu Sathi 8th day Pachai Sathi 10th day Car festival - (yearly twice) - Big cars will be available 11th day Floating festival (yearly once)

The hallowed full moon day in the month of Vaiksi, under the Viskam star is the Vaiksi Pournima also termed Vaiski Paurnima. The Vaiksi moonlight floods the world with a glorious effulgence making the over arching sky infinite and vast. In our tropical skies, the moon, 'slowly and silently walks the night in her silver shoon.' The

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transparent clouds seem to salute her as she moves unhurriedly. This is indeed Nature's magnificence manifesting itself with an overwhelming grandeur. And with this mysteriously beautiful soft light of sanctity, comes a hush, deep and strange reminding the Hindus and Buddhists of the significance of this sacred day. It is well known that the asterism Viskam is considered to be the birth star of Murukan who is called Viskan. The Viska asterism is a combination of three stars which shine brightly in the sky and its pattern in the sky resembles the torana or entrance. It is the fourteenth asterism in the month of Vaiksi when the sun's vernal equinox falls which accounts for the hot days during this month. The hallowed full moon day in the month of Vaiksi, under the Viskam star is the Vaiksi Pournima also termed Vaiski Paurnima. The Vaiksi moonlight floods the world with a glorious effulgence making the over arching sky infinite and vast. In our tropical skies, the moon, 'slowly and silently walks the night in her silver shoon.' The transparent clouds seem to salute her as she moves unhurriedly. This is indeed Nature's magnificence manifesting itself with an overwhelming grandeur. And with this mysteriously beautiful soft light of sanctity, comes a hush, deep and strange reminding the Hindus of the significance of this sacred day It is well known that the asterism Viskam is considered to be the birth star of Murukan who is called Viskan. The Viska asterism is a combination of three stars which shine brightly in the sky and its pattern in the sky resembles the torana or entrance. It is the fourteenth asterism in the month of Vaiksi when the sun's vernal equinox falls which accounts for the hot days during this month SKANDA SASTI FESTIVAL - 7 DAYS (OCTOBER - NOVEMBER) Devotees will participate in the above festival. On this festival occasion, devotees fast for all six days. On the 6th day Surasamharam is demonstrated. On the 7th day Thirukkalyanam to Deivanai is celebrated in a grand manner. Thaipusam Thaipusam is a Hindu festival celebrated mostly by the Tamil community on the full moon in the Tamil month of Thai (January/February). The word Thaipusam is derived from the month name Thai and Pusam, which refers to a star that is at its highest point during the festival. The festival commemorates the occasion when Parvati gave Murugan a vel "spear" so he could vanquish the evil demon Soorapadam. PANGUNI UTHIRAM (MEENA UTTARA-PHALGUNI IN SANSKRIT) Panguni Uthiram is a day of importance to Tamil Hindus. It falls on the day the moon transits in the asterism or nakshatram of Uttara-phalguni or Uthiram in the twelfth month

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of the Tamil solar calendar i.e. Panguni (MarchApril). It is the full moon of the month of Panguni. This month is special because the Uthiram nakshatram coincides with the full moon. This full moon signifies the marriage of Parvati and Parameswara (Lord Shiva), Muruganand Deivanai,

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CHAPTER V

ECONOMIC CONDITION

Kadayam is big village surrounded by number of small villages, economically backward. Hence, in order to give employement opportunity to the educationally backward sections of the people, lemon exporting business, Beedi Rolling, and Brick manufacturing business is the familiar work of the people, and thus Kadayam playing a role in earning foreign exchange to our country.

LEMON BUSINESS The lemon (Citrus limon) is a small evergreen tree native to Asia, and the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit. The fruit's juice, pulp andpeel, especially the zest, are used as foods. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade. Citrus can grow well in wide range of soils. Soil properties like soil reaction, draingage, free lime and salt concentrations, etc. are some important factors that determine the success of citrus planatation. Citrus fruits flourish well on light soils with a good drainage. Deep soils with PH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are considered good. LEMON EXPORT Lemon keep well for a long time under ambient conditions and hence can be transported to distant places for marketing. Citrus fruits are sold throughout the country. Sevaral fruit processing units also purchase citrus fruits in bulk. Indian sweet lemons are exported to all over tamilnadu. BEEDI ROLLING A Term beedi derived from Hindi, also spelled bidi or biri is a thin, Indian cigarette filled with tobacco flake and wrapped in a tendu leaf tied with a string at one end. The word comes from beeda, Marwari for a leaf wrapped in betel nuts, herbs, and condiments. A traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East, today beedies are popular and inexpensive in India. There, beedi consumption outpaces

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that of conventional cigarettes although these tobacco-filled leaves deliver more nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar and carry a greater risk of oral cancers. Beedies accounted for 48% of Indian tobacco consumption in 2008. Like all tobacco use, beedis increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers, heart disease and lung disease. HISTORY OF BEEDI Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century, and beedies were first created when tobacco workers took left over tobacco and rolled it in leaves. The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time but also helped by Gandhi's support of Indian industry and Indian products. Perhaps due to this, educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies over cigarettes although this is no longer the case. Muslim leaders, calling cigarettes foreign products, have also endorsed beedies over cigarettes at times. By the middle of the 20th century beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive industry. This stage of commercial productionat the height of the beedi's popularity[citation needed]saw the creation of many new beedi brands as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred, primarily male, beedi rollers. Factory-based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s, '50s and 60s and beedi-making became a cottage industry with a home-based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling. In contrast, males continue to be employed in all aspects of beedi production.

MANUFACTURE Over thousand of peoples are employed in the manufacture of beedies, a cottage industry that is typically done by women in their homes. Workers roll an average of 500-1000 beedies per day, handling 225-450 grams of tobacco flake, and inhaling tobacco dust and other volatile components present in the work environment. Studies have shown that cotinine levels in the bodily fluids of beedi workers are elevated even among those who do not use tobacco. It is estimated that 325,000 children make beedies despite beedi manufacture being classified by the India Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act as hazardous work. .

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BRICK WORKS Brick manufacturing Industries are very active in Kadayam. Brick Kiln was started in 1972. Currently, it provides employment thousands of people of this village. Totally there are eight Chambers and nearly fifty people have been employed in each chamber.

Normally the brick manufacturing activities are carried on by Contractors. The owners of the brick chamber lease out their chambers to the contractors for a specified sum and the contractors run the chambers by engaging laborers and they earn profits after meeting charges for raw material. As no skill in any specialized wing is a pre-requisite demand of this industry, all the lay men especially uneducated women willingly come to this industry seeking employment opportunity. Adult workers are getting a daily wages of Rs.100 to Rs. 150 depending upon size and capacity of the brick chamber. This industry provides employment to the workers daily excepting during rainy season. The Brick industry in Kadayam provides employement opportunity to sizable large number of both men and women. Employment potential is growing day by day with the increased demands for brick in the construction activities. LOCATION OF THE KILNS In Kadayam, there are about fifteen brick manufacturing industries are functioning on the Tirunelveli Kadayam road stretch of land. Each and every kiln is formed in thousand square meter area. REASON FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF BRICK KILNS The major factor for flourishing the brick industries in Kadayam is the availability of raw material like silt, firewood, water resources etc. As this industry provides employment to even illiterate people, the economic conditions of this segment of the people are slightly high. The available soil for the manufacturing of the bricks is very suitable. RAW MATERIAL Silt soil is abundantly available in Kadayam. Moreover, water is amply available, besides firewood. As cheap labor is an added advantage, the industries prosper. METHOD OF MANUFACTURING OF THE BRICKS First the silt and the Karambai soil are soaked in water for a day and the mixture becomes just like a paste after duly pressing the mixture with legs. Thereafter, the mixture is filled in sized blocks of 1 / 4 / 3thickness, after leveling, company seal is placed on the wet bricks. They are being cut and arranged in the kiln in columns. Within the kiln, country fire material are dumped and piled. Thereafter, they are burnt. After a period of ten days,

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the kiln is extinguished and the burnt bricks are taken out of the kiln and piled one on the top of the other. Now, the bricks are ready for sale. LABOUR IN BRICK INDUSTRIES There are fifteen kilns in Kadayam. As no technical skill is required to do work in these industries, both men and women are working for wages. They come early in the morning and leave after the sun set. During day time women folk work in large numbers and during night men are working. This is industry provides both direct and indirect employment to thousands of men and women. CONCESSIONS TO LABOURERS IN BRICK INDUSTRIES Free medical facilities are provided for those who met with in accident while discharging their duties in brick kilns. Drivers engaged in transporting the bricks through Lorries are having insurance facilities. The laborers are getting wages as and when they turn for word. No recover is effected for their future protection. To meet their urgent need, the brick companies extend their helping hand in the form of advance or loan etc. to their employees. Approximately 90% of people in Kadayam work in brick manufacturing industries either directly or indirectly. As per their select time schedule they work in the kilns. Normally, in each chamber, one hundred and fifty persons are working. There are Accountants, Load men, Godown Keepers etc. Normally a load man lifts about one thousand five hundred bricks a day. BRICK MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES Expecting rainy seasons, brick manufacturing activities are in full swing throughout the year, In Tamil months Purattasi, Iyppasi and karthigai, the monsoon will set and there will be rainy. As rainy days are not conductive to the manufacturing activities, the production of bricks is stopped in these rainy season months. And in the middle of the rest of the season, if there is rain, the work is stopped for rainy days. The brick Chamber President said that normally a chamber produced twenty lakshs bricks a year and the manufactured bricks are transported to the market according to requirement. FINANCIAL CONDITON OF THE BRICK INDUSTRIES The President of the Chamber said that though there is much profit in the brick industries, yet they earn at least 10 % margin after meeting the expenses of all kinds. At rainy season, loss may be inevitable. When the wet bricks are arranged in columns in the kiln, they are to be guarded against rain. If there is rain, the bricks will dissolve and total damage cannot be prevented. On rainy days and at rainy season viz. in the months of Purattasi, Iyppasi and karthigai the production of bricks will be stopped there will be inflation.

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ELECTION OF PRESIDENT OF THE CHAMPER There are eleven chambers. The chambers are under the control of private entrepreneurs. The owners of the Chamber assemble and available and elect their President from one among them. As raw material as available in plenty, brick chamber are numerous. LOAN FACILITY BY BANKS The Nationalized Banks like Indian Bank, Indian overseas bank and Canara bank provide loan facility to the brick chambers. Hence, the manufacturings are going on smoothly without facing any financial hurdles. RISKS IN THE INDUSTRIES Besides natural disasters, some persons in authority and sometimes anti-social elements haunt these industries for collecting donations for some frivolous reasons and in the name of temple festivals etc. and pester the owners of the brick chambers. If donations were refused, peaceful running of the industries would be prevented from attending their normal duties. Sometimes, quite unexpectedly unforeseen rain may result in heavy loss. PRIVATE ENTERPRISES Private persons alone are in the brick production line. All the brick chambers are owned to private entrepreneurs. Though the industries belong to individuals, Government interface is heavy. The manufacturing activities are streamlined by some framed rules by the Government; the entrepreneurs should conduct their business. Rules and regulations of the Government must invariably be followed by the brick chambers. ADVANTAGES Most of the people especially uneducated and women get employment opportunity. Their economic conductions are elevated. As no technical expertise knowledge is requird to work in brick chambers, number of persons gets a decent livelihood because of the regular work and wages in the brick chambers. For urgent need, the workers obtain advances from their employers. These advances are given to them interest-free, Besides, they get bonus on festive occasions like Deepavali etc. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES Agriculture is the major profession to the people of Kadayam. Around Kadayam, there is two hundred acres of land suitable for cultivation. Paddy and Plantain is major product of this area. As water base and the fertility of the soil are the major factors for successful cultivation of the above produce.

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SEED VARITIES USED Varities of Paddy seeds are used in this area. Some of the seed varities are: Ambai 16 (100 days), Aaduthurai 36(110 days), ADT 43, ADT 45 (90 days), ADT 39 (115 days), Ir 20 (100 days to 105 days). The days given in brackets refer cultivation period and its harvesting. METHOD OF PADDY CULTIVATION Land is ploughed extensively and intensively by using bulls and left for a day and thereafter they water it sufficiently. Thereafter sowing takes place. Thereafter nursing the seedlings and application of manure, After second wedding, takes place. Once again, second weeding is lone. After second weeding, fertilizers are sprinkiled. Pesticides are used if at all necessary. Then they let the crop gros. After ripe time, they harvest them. The harvest c rops of thrashed and the grains separated and bundles in gunny bags. Now they are the ready for marketing. Besides paddy, plantain also being cultivated in Kadayam. After ploughing the land, they plant the young plants in rows and after sometimes they apply manure and let the young plants grow duly watering the plants. When the young plants falling from its position due to blowing wind, when the growth is at its optimum, it bears fruit, The unripe plantains are cut and they are loaded to different market. BLACK GRAM Black gram is cultivated in the month of Masi as water is not required in plenty. Sometimes, they are cultivated as inter-crop. Black grams are collected from the plants within 60 to 75 days. As it is a cash crop, it is to the agriculturists. MANURE OF FERTILIZERS At the time of seeding, DAP complex is applied for the paddy crop. After 15th day, Urea and Potassium mixture is applied after 30th day. After 45th day, urea and sulphite are applied. In the meantime, if there are pests, pesticide is sprayed to protect the plants or crops from the worms and pests. Before the seedlings are planted, as a preparatory measure, compost manure is applied to make the soil fertile. In the indigenous manure, cow dung plays a significant role. FINANCIALASSISTANCEORLOANFACILTIESTOAGRICULTURE Forthefinancialassistancetotheagriculturists,NationalBanks,CooperativeBanksextendagriculturalloansatasubsidizedrateofinterests.Smallfarmersarealsop rovidedwithloanfacilitiesaspernormsoffinancialneedsandtimelyloansaregranted.Longterm andshorttermloansareprovidedtotheagriculturistsinrelationtotheircroporcommoditiesthey produceintheirlands.Theseloanscanberepaidaslumpsumorininstallmentsasperthetermsalre

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adyagreedupon.Governmentalsopatronizetheagriculturistsbywayofsubsidiesandconfession alratesforfertilizers,seedsetc,Thus,theagriculturistsareprotectedfromdebtsetc.

CULTIVABLESEASONS Paddyiscultivatedintwoseasons.EarlyKharifseasonandkharifseasons,Sufficientrainis obtainedintheTamilmonthsofIppasitoThaiandpoorrainresultsinMasi,Panguni,andChitrai.In boththeperiod,thelandsinKadayamreceiveitswaterresourcesfromGambunathiDamthroughi tschannel. AGRICULTUREEXTENSIONCENTRE ThereisanAgricultureExtensioninKadayamforthepastthirtyyears.Thiscentreisfunctio ningunderthecontrolofagricultureDepartment,GovernmentofTamilnadu.Thesecentersprovi dequalityseedsforbothpaddyandcashcropshavinginmindthewelfareofthepoorandsmallfarm ers.QualityseedsareproducedintheGovernmentAgriculturalfarmsandtheyarebroughtothese centersandsoldtothefarmersatresponsiblecostsandatsubsidizedratesalso.Theseedsaresubje ctedtoqualitytestandQualityControlTests,laboratoriesconducttestsandcertifyforitsquality.N ecessaryadviceisalsobeingtotheagriculturists.Thesecentersaregreatboontosmallfarmers.An officialin-chargeofthiscentreandasalesmanintheoutletsectionaremanningthecentre. SEEDDEPOT Intheseedoutletdepartment,seedsofvariouscropsarestocked.Theyarebroughtherefro mtheAgriculturalSeedProductionFarms.TheGovernmentofTamilnaduismaintainingseedsFo rmsinvariouspartsofthecountrylikeKillikulam,Coimbatoreetc.Hybridseedsareproducedfort hedistributiontothefarmersofTamilnadu.Astheseedsaresubjectedtovariousqualitycontrolte stsinspecializedlaboratories,theyareuptothemarkofhighyielding.Alltheseedsarescientificall ytestedandprocessedandpreservedformdecay,Hence,theseedscouldbestoredforfutureuse.A griculturalResearchInstitutedoesnumberofresearchesandspecifythestandardforbetterusec onductivetothesoilofvariouskindsandweatherconditionsofTamilnadu.SeedQualityControlU nit,AgriculturalResearchInstitute,SoilTestinglaboratoryetc.aregreatboontotheagriculturists ofTamilnadu.TheAgriculturalExtensionCentreinKadayamrendersvarioushelptothefarmerso fKadayam. CO-OPERATIVEBANK ACooperativeBankisfunctioninginKadayamtocatertheneedsofthevillagerslivinginandaroun dKadayam.ThisCo-operativebankisunderthecontrolofDistrictCentralCooperativeBank,Tirunelveli.AlikeotherCo-operativeBanks,membersoftheCooperativeBankelecttheirExecutivemembersamongthemoneiselectedPresident.TheGovern menthasappointedSpecialOfficerswhocoordinatetheaffairsoftheBank.Byremittingshareamount,anordinarypersonlivingwithinitsjuri sdictioncanbecameitsAMemberwhobecomeseligibleforalloperationalfacilitiesoftheBank.

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HebecomesanelectorintheBank.Hecanevencontesttheelections.rendersallfacilitiestothefar mers.Thisbankextendscreditfacilitiesforcultivatingtheirlandsandforgrowingcashcropsinthe irfields.Itextendsloanstosmallcottageindustriesinthevillage.Throughtheweek,jewelloansare alsogiven.SinceitisaCooperativeBanks,theprofitoftheBank,aftermeetingalltheexpenses,bankissharedamongitsme mbersintheformofdividends.Aslongtermandshorttermloansaregrantedbyfollowingsimples tprocedures,thevillagersavailthemselvesalmostalltheloanfacilitiesextendedtothem.Whenev er,Governmentannouncessubsidies,cancellationofinterestetc.itiseffectiveinthisbank.Themo ttoOneforall;allforallbecomestruewhenoneseesthefunctioningofthisbank. INDIANOVERSEASBANK EvenifKadayamisaruralarea,thenationalizedBankIndianOversesBankhasestablishe ditsbranchherewithaManager,oneAssistantManager,anAccountantandaCashier.Alikeotherb anks,thisbranchprovidestothecustomerssomanyservicessuchasSavingsBankAccount,Curre ntAccount,FixedDepositandRecurringDeposits.TheVillagersinandaroundKadayamareopera tingtheiraccountsinthisbank.ThisbankprovidesJewelLoan,PersonalGuranteeloanandsuchot herloansareallextendedtothepeopleofthisvillage.Aspertheirnorms,interestsarecharged.Besi des,selfhelpgroupalsoenjoythefruitaspernorms.Educationalloanstostudentsareprovided.Th isbankisagreatboontoKadayamarea. WOMENSELFHELPGROUPS Inordertoimbibeselfconfidenceamongwomenfolk,duringA.I.A.D.M.K.regime,WomenSelfHelpSchemewasimplem ented.Bywhich,womenwouldformateambyenrollingunemployedwomenofvariedageswhocr osseseighteenyearsofageandtheyworkjointlyforraisingtheirstandardofliving.Theywouldper formvariedworkrelatedtoproducesomeconsumergoodslikeCandle,needlework,toys,paperp roducts,eatableslikepickles,appalametc.Someselfhelpgroupswouldmanufacturephynile,soa ps,etc. TheSelfhelpgroupswouldnormallyconsistoftwenty.Theywouldregistertheirnamesan dfromthegroupsandthegroupwouldbeindentifiedwithsomenameanditwouldbeheadedbyatr ustworthypersonwithsomeleadershipqualities.Thegroupswouldbegrantedanapprovalbyan officialbytheSocialWelfareDepartmentandtheywouldbecomeeligibletoobtainbankloansforst artingsmallunitsforinvolvinginmanufacturingactivities.TheGovernmentwouldextendsubsid eyfacilitiestothegroupssoapproved.TheleadbankwoulddirecttheNationalizedBankforprovid ingfinancialassistancetothegroupswhichwouldberecoveredfromtheindividualsonequalmon thlyinstallmentsspreadingoveraperiodaccordingtothequantumofloan.Themembersofthesel fhelpgroupswillconvenemonthlymeetingandexchangetheirviewforbetterimprovementofthe iractivities. TheSelfhelpgroupswillgoroundthemarketingareaandmarkettheirproduceandthusbe sideshelpingotherstheyimprovetheirlivingstandars.

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ThemembersoftheSelfhelpgroupswillhavesomekindofuniformbywearingsetsareesan dwillhavesomenamefortheirgroup.SomelargeSelfhelpgroupswillhavecontactswithotherSelf helpgroupsandthusconductcourierservicesalso. MostoftheselfhelpgroupmanufactureperfumeryandmarkettheminsomeExhibitions,H omeneedshowsandanysupplyingthemtoshopownersetc.Sometimes,theyorganizeSpecialM elawithsomespecialattractionslikeMusic,Film,ProgrammeandMarkettheirproductsbyjoinin ghandswithotherSelfhelpgroups. InKadayamthereareabouttwentySelfhelpgroupsundertheleadershipofablewomenoft hevillageandtheyproduceconsumergoodsinlargequantitiesandmarketthemtonearbytownsa ndcitieslikeTenkasi,Papanasam,AmbasamudramandTirunelveli. Selfhelpgroupsareusefulforthewomeninthewaytoimprovetheirstandardoflivingandt ospendtheirleisuretimeinausefulmanner.

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadayam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanya_Bharathi Bharati Chellammal Uyil. Author S. Divan Bharatiyar Kavithaigal Book Vanathi pathipagam pp. 174-175 http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#geo_data

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http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/irrigation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadayam#The_Thala_Malayan_Temple40

http://www.jesusredeems.com/Jebamalai

http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html#pottal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beedi

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