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G I

Geographic Information Syste

Deals withgeography,

geographical

phenomena,

location, earth

surface

Process data to itsready to use form

i.e information

It is amade

comp

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It requiresIt requires

Data : Base Map, Arial Photo, GPS data, SatelData : Base Map, Arial Photo, GPS data, Satel

ExistingExisting databasedatabase

Hardware :Hardware : ComputerComputer

GIS software : Arc GIS, ILWISGIS software : Arc GIS, ILWIS..

Human resourceHuman resource

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Components of GI

HardwareThe computer forms the backbone of the GIS hardware, which gets

the Scanner or a digitizer board. Scanner converts a picture into a further processing. The output of scanner can be stored in many foBMP, JPG etc. A digitizer board is flat board used for vectorisation objects. Printers and plotters are the most common output devicessetup.

SoftwareGIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, anageographic information.

Data

Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-housa commercial data provider. The digital map forms the basic data indata related to the map objects can also be attached to the digital d

PeopleGIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintathose who use it to help them perform their everyday work.

MethodAnd above all a successful GIS operates according to a well-desig

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GeographicData Types

1. Spatial and Non-spatial data

Geographic data are organized in a geographic database. There are

components of this geographic database: its geographic position an

properties. In other words, spatial data (where is it?) and attribute d2. Attribute Data

The attributes refer to the properties of spatial entities. They are ofte

spatial data since they do not in themselves represent location in

Spatial data

Geographic position refers to the fact that each feature has a locatio

specified in a unique way. To specify the position in an absolute way

is used.

Geographic object can be shown by points, lines, areas and raster.

PointData

Points are the simplest type of spatial data. They are-zero dimensio

position in space but no length. (e.g. house, data collection stations

Line Data

Lines (also termed segments or arcs) are one-dimensional spatial o

having a position in space, they also have a length (e.g. road, river,

AreaDataAreas (also termed polygons) are two-dimensional spatial objects w

in space and a length but also a width (in other words they have an

different land uses)

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Creating

GIS

Essentially, geographic information states what is where. So to cr

information, we have to record these two elements somehow. Ththrough many different types of observations, measurements andsourced from aerial photography, satellite images, field samples,

population censuses, global positioning systems (GPS) and governrecords among others.

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HOW TO COMBINE EOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION?

If we are

differen

themes t

from dif

formats

study are

to use a

*dispara

them so

combine

A Geogra

does jus

input of

informat

can be s

displaye

geograpdenomin

themescombine

answers

geograp

*Disparate

dissimilar

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Relating info. from

different sources

Data capture

Data integration

Projection and registration

Data structures

Data modeling

Techniques used in GIS

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DATA

I TEGRATIO

A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, informat

difficult to associate through any other means. Thus,

combinations of mapped variables to build and analyz

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PROJECTIO & R EGISTRATIO

A property ownership map might be at a differenmap. Map information in a GIS must be manipularegisters, or fits, with information gathered fromBefore the digital data can be analyzed, they maother manipulationsprojection conversions, forintegrate them into a GIS.

Projection is a fundamental component of mapm

projection is a mathematical means of transferrfrom the Earth's three-dimensional, curved surfadimensional mediumpaper or a computer screeprojections are used for different types of mapsprojection is particularly appropriate for certainexample, a projection that accurately representcontinents will distort their relative sizes.

Since much of the information in a GIS comes froa GIS uses the processing power of the computedigital information, gathered from sources with projections, to a common projection

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Glossary of Terms

Arc Lines connecting nodes

Attributes Non-spatial descriptions of what point, line and area feat

Buffering The process of creating areas of calculated distance from

Coordinate A measurement of distance an direction from a pre-selec

Coordinate system A system that allows a position to be located in

two-dimensional space. It has an origin, two axes and a u

measurement.

Database A storage system of linked tables

Ellipsoid Sphere-like representation of the earth

Geographic Information Information relating to what is where on the earthGIS (Geographic

Information System)

A tool for storing, organising, displaying and analysing geo

information

Latitude Angular measurement north and south from the equator

Longitude Angular measurement east and west from the prime meri

Node A constant point location linking arcs

Polygon A vector graphic figure that represents an area

Projection Formula to transform 3D spherical shape of earth onto a

Raster Representation as a regular grid of cells

Spatial Anything dealing with the concept of space. In a geograp

deals with distribution on surface of the earth

Topology Mathematical properties that remain consistent througho

Vector Representation in the form of points, lines and polygons b

WGS84 The most accurate ellipsoid to date

Glossary of terms

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