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Artificial

intelligence

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?

The branch of computer science.

The study and design of Intelligent Agent.

Problem Solving The ability of a computer or other machine to

perform those activities that are normally thought

to require intelligence.

According to John Mc Carthy, Thescience and engineering of making intelligent

machine.

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Artificial intelligence

A system that makes it possible for a machine toperform functions similar to human intelligence.

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History of AI

1956: Computer were solving word problem inalgebra, proving logical theorems and speaking

English.

In the early 80s:AI research was received bythe commercial success of Expert System.

In the 90s and early 21st century:AI

achieved its greatest successes.

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Problems of AI

The problem of simulating (or creating)

intelligence has been broken down into a

number of specific sub-problems.

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1. Deduction, reasoning, problem solving

Early AI researchers developed Algorithms that imitatedthe step-by-step reasoning that human beings use whenthey solve puzzles, play board games or make logicaldeductions.

2. Knowledge Representation

Many of the problems machines are expected to solve

will require extensive knowledge about the world.

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3. Planning

Intelligent agents must be able to set goals andachieve them. They need a way to visualize thefuture and be able to make choices thatmaximize the utility (or "value") of the available

ch

oices.4. Learning

Machine learning has been central to AI researchfrom the beginning.

The mathematical analysis of machine learningalgorithms and their performance is a branch oftheoretical computer science known ascomputational learning theory

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5. Natural language processing

Natural language processing gives machines theability to read and understand the languagesthat the human beings speak.

6. Motion and manipulationThe field of robotics is closely related to AI.Intelligence is required for robots to be able toh

andle such

tasks as object manipulation andnavigation, with sub-problems of localization(knowing where you are), mapping (learningwhat is around you) and motion planning(figuring out how to get there)

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7. Perception

Machine perception is the ability to use inputfrom sensors (such as cameras, microphones,sonar and others more exotic) to deduceaspects of the world.

8. Creativity

A sub-field of AI addresses creativity boththeoretically (from a philosophical andpsychological perspective) and practically (via

specific implementations of systems thatgenerate outputs that can be consideredcreative).