Mis 004-pgdm-1 (full & final)

*IIMSHE*Dr. S.A. Pillai, MIIRSM (UK)Consultant ,BHEL.&Secretary, National Safety Council, M.P. Chapter

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

WELCOME TO IIMSHE

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*VISIONTO PROVIDE A SAFE WORKPLACE, FREE FROM ALL RECOGNIZED HAZARDS...MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE* Pray as if everything depended on God, & work as if everythingDepended upon man

- Cardinal Francis J. SpellmanQuotationMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Success follows doing what you want to do. There is no other way to be successful

-Malcolm ForbesQuotationMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*PREVENT WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS!PREVENT PERSONAL INJURIES BETWEEN MOVING EQUIPMENT AND THOSE WORKERS WHO ARE ON FOOT.YOU MUST SEE AND BE SEEN!!!

Goal and ObjectiveMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*The Operation of Heavy Equipment in the Presence of Personnel On the Ground

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*BEING STRUCK BY, OR CAUGHT IN- BETWEEN, TWO OF THE LEADING CAUSE OF INJURIES AND FATALITIES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES! STRUCK BY (22%)CAUGHT IN-BETWEEN (18%)Unsafe ActUnsafe Condition

Todays SituationMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Many Mobile Construction Equipment are available for use.Contractors doing a wide variety of work. Operate within a close proximity to persons on foot. Present similar types of known hazards.This training session is devoted to identify, and better educate those who must work around or operate these types of equipment,All possess the capability to cause serous injury or death.

SITE SENARIOMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONManagement Commitment Employee InvolvementPre-construction Work-Site AnalysisHazard Prevention and ControlsEquipment MaintenanceEmployee Awareness TrainingPeriodically Review ProceduresAvailable Solutions

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONIdentify hazardsCommunicationEngineering revisionProcess changeEducation and trainingP.P.EEnforcement

C.E.O. Responsibilities(Chief Executive Officer)

IIMSHE

*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*

PROBLEM:YOU HAVE A CONGESTED CONSTRUCTION SITE WITH PERSONNEL ON FOOT, AND MOBILE MACHINES WORKING IN THE SAME AREA, AT THE SAME TIME!

CONCERNS FOR SAFETYMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.SECOND LARGEST EMPLOYER.TURNOVER OF 4000BILLION.WORKERS ARE MOST VULNERABLESEGMANTS OF UN ORGANISED SECTOR.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONHIGH RATE OF FATEL ACCIDENT4 TO 5 TIMES OF MANUFACTURING SECTORCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.10 MILLION CONSTRUCTION WORKERSCONSTRUCTION WORKERS

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONRELATIONSHIP TO EMPLOYER.UNCERTAN OF WORKING HOURSLACK OF BASIC AMENTIES.INADEQUACE OF WELFARE FACILITIES.INHERANT RISK TO LIFE

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONAPPLICABLE CONSTRUCTION ACT.PROVISION OF LABOUR LAWS.MINIMUM WAGES ACT 1948CONTRACT LABOUR ACT 1970.INTER STATE MIGRANT WORKMEN ACT1979

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.CENTRAL LEGISLATION.1.THE BUILDING &OTHER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ACT-19962.THE BUILDING &OTHER CONSTRUCTION WORKERS WELFARE CESS ACT-1996

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.DIVEDED IN TO THREE SEGMENTS1.GENERAL CONSRUCTION2.HEAVY CIVIL ENGINEARING3.SPECILISED CONSRTUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.THE LAW & REGULATION OBJECT TOREGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT&CODITION OF SERVICE OF WORKERSWORKERS SAFETY ,HEALTH ANDWELFARE MEASURES

Contd:-

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.Factories act 1948 & Mines Act1952CONSTRUCTION ACT 1966 PROVIDEA.PROVISION OF ADV.COMMITTEE

(CENTRAL & STATE LEVEL) B.REGISTRATION OF FIRM C.REGISTRATION OF WORKERS

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.D.CONSTITUTION OF WORKERS WELFARE BOARD E.RELIEF TO ACCIDENT,OLDAGE PENSION,GROUP INSURANCE,MEDICAL ASSISTANCE. ETCF.HEALTH & SAFETY MEASURESG.SAFETY COMMITTEEH.PENALITIES & FINE

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.NATIONAL BUILDING CODE-NBC2005.MODEL CODE FOR LOCAL BODIES GOVT.DEPT PVT.CONST.AGENCEY

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONManagement Commitment

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Identify Potential Known Hazards.Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.Lay down/Storage Areas.Office, Tool, Storage and Change Trailers.Methods of Construction, (increases Risk?)Also Consider: Unwanted side effects of the Job Schedule.MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONPre-Construction Work- Site Analysis

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Types of hazards:1. Electrical hazards2. Hazards associated to vehicles and equipment3. Hazards in excavation4. Hazards due to failure of centering, shuttering and shoring


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONHAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONHAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTIONOverhead serviceUnderground serviceWork PlaceFalling loadsEquipment failure

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

Hazards in blasting Welding hazards Dust hazards

Noise hazardsMiscellaneous


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONHazards associated with vehicles and equipment:Large number of vehicles moving inside construction sites Equipment like cranes are moving there is always possibility of collision of vehicles and equipment There should be warning signs on the roads.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

Types of accidents:1. Fall from heights2. Fall on the same level 3. Fall of objects4. Stepping on objects5. Striking against objects6. Struck by moving objects MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Hazards associated with vehicles and equipment (contd..): Displaying the various safety instructions and the railway crossings. The drivers should possess heavy duty licenses. The vehicle should be periodically tested and Maintained MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENT & SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONFront-end loaders; Rubber-tired and trackedCrawler tractors/bulldozers, skid steer bobcatsWheel tractor-scrapers, elevating scrapers, tandem powered scrapersRubber-tired backhoes and tracked hydraulic excavatorsOn and off-road haulage vehicles

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONAsphalt Pavers and associated support equipment - pavement rollersVibratory rollers and compactorsMotor graders, grade tractors, industrial tractorsConcrete mixers and pump trucksSpecial use construction equipment: grinding, Pulverizing, milling, water trucks, etc

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*No work under loadsOperators remain in cabMalfunctions

Exposure to Falling LoadsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Warning systemBarricadesHand signalsMechanical signalsStop logsGrade away from excavation

Mobile EquipmentMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONMaterials and Equipment

Equipment used for protective systems must not have damage or defects that impair function. If equipment is damaged, the competent person must examine it to see if it is suitable for continued use.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONMaterials and Equipment

If not suitable, remove it from service until a professional engineer approves it for use.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONSPECIFIC:The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!Know Where your Blind Spots Are.Look For People on Foot Around You.STOP! When Signaled; When Waived at Violently; Or If You Are In Doubt.Maintain a Safe Operating Speed.EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Keep Machine Under Control at all Times.Take Machine Out of Service, if it is Unsafe to Operate.MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES (contd)

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Make Sure You Are Familiar with the Operating Characteristics of your Machine.Be On The Look-Out For Other Trades Working in the Same Area.EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Be Aware of Other Machines Operating In the Area. Frequently check for the Location of other Machines. Keep Lights and Backup Alarm in Operating Condition.Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason!EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Clean windows and Adjust mirrors.Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or Changes made in Machine and/or Job Procedure or ConditionsEQUIPMENT OPERATORRESPONSIBILIES (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*

Report Unsafe Workers to Supervision.Talk-up Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain Constant Awareness.Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand.

EQUIPMENT OPERATORRESPONSIBILIES (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*

Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your Clearance. (Backing on the Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible).Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Install barricadesUse hand / mechanical signalsGrade soil away from excavationFence or barricade trenches left overnightUse a flagger when signs, signals and barricades are not enough protectionProtection from Falls, Falling Loads, and Mobile EquipmentMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Falls and EquipmentTo protect employees from these hazards, OSHA requires the employer to take the following precautions: Keep materials or equipment that might fall or roll into an excavation at least 2 feet from the edge of excavations, or have retaining devices, or both. Provide warning systems such as mobile equipment, barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs, to alert operators of the edge of an excavation. If possible, keep the grade away from the excavation. Provide scaling to remove loose rock or soil or install protective barricades and other equivalent protection to protect employees against falling rock, soil, or materials. Prohibit employees from working on faces of sloped or benched excavations at levels above other employees unless employees at lower levels are adequately protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment. Prohibit employees under loads that are handled by lifting or digging equipment. To avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials, require employees to stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded. If cabs of vehicles provide adequate protection from falling loads during loading and unloading operations, the operators may remain in them.

*IIMSHE*EXCAVATIONMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*

*IIMSHE*Excavation a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by earth removal.Trench a narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employeesShoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-insSloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle varies based on assessment of impacting site factors.

DefinitionsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.650Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.

Shoring (shoring system) -- a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.

Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.

*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCompetent Person

Must have had specific training in and be knowledgeable about:Soils classification The use of protective systemsThe requirements of the standard

Must be capable of identifying hazards, and authorized to immediately eliminate hazards

IIMSHE

*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.650Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.


Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.

*IIMSHE*All work on, or in, excavations must be supervised by a competent personDrawings of all services must be obtained and a check instituted to ensure that where necessary all services have been exposed and marked.Where electricity/gas high pressure petroleum services are concerned, they must be exposed by hand.

ExcavationsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONExcavations

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Plan a safe method of operation to ensure safety of timbermen and workforce.Trench frames, or other suitable methods, must be used to ensure the safety of timbermen where trenches are in excess of 4ft. Deep.All excavation in excess of 4ft. Must be either be properly supported benched battered.

Excavation (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Daily Inspections of ALL excavations by Competent Person Start of shift, as needed, following rainstorms or other hazard-increasing eventPossible cave-insProtective system failureWater accumulationHazardous atmospheres

Excavation InspectionsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Type A - 3/4:1

Type B - 1:1

Type C - 1 :1

Simple SlopingMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

Type A

Type B (cohesive soil)

Type C

NABenchingMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using an adequately designed protective system

Protective systems must be able to resist all expected loads to the system

Protection of EmployeesMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a)Protective system a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.

*IIMSHE*

A well-designed protective system Correct design of sloping and benching systems Correct design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems

Requirements for Protective SystemsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Several factors come into play when developing a total protective system. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.

*IIMSHE*

PlusAppropriate handling of materials and equipment

PlusAttention to correct installation and removal

Equals Protection of employees at excavations Requirements for Protective Systems (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Several factors come into play when developing a total protective system. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.

*IIMSHE*The employer shall select and construct :slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systemssupport systems, shield systems, and other protective systems

Design of Protective SystemsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic. Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.

*IIMSHE*

Shield - can be permanent or portable. Also known as trench box or trench shield.Shoring - such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides Sloping - form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation

Design of Protective Systems (contd)MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic. Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.

*IIMSHE*Cave-ins are the greatest risk

Other hazards include:Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygenInhalation of toxic materialsFire Moving machinery near the edge of the excavation can cause a collapseAccidental severing of underground utility lines

Excavation HazardsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Instructor note: OSHA Standard Exemptions:House foundation/basement excavations (including those that become trenches by definition when formwork, foundations, or walls are constructed) are exempt from the OSHA standard. The specific information regarding the interpretation of this exemption may be found on the OSHA public web site. Reference 29 CFR 1926.652.

The exemption specifies height and width for the excavation, impact of water and environmental conditions, soil and equipment factors, and operation of heavy equipment in the vicinity.

*IIMSHE*This excavation has inadequate support posts and egress accessInadequate protective systemCave-in HazardMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a) and 1926.652(c)(1)Designs for aluminum hydraulic shoring shall be in accordance with paragraph (c)(2), but if manufacturer's tabulated data cannot be utilized, designs shall be in accordance with appendix D.

Employees exposed to potential cave-ins must be protected by sloping or benching the sides of the excavation, by supporting the sides of the excavation, or by placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.

1926 Subpart P Appendix D Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring for Trenches Contains information that can be used when aluminum hydraulic shoring is provided as a method of protection against cave-ins in trenches that are not more than 20 feet deep.

*IIMSHE*Inadequate Protective System MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a) and (b) and (c)

*IIMSHE*Excavating is one of the most hazardous construction operationsMost accidents occur in trenches 5-15 feet deepThere is usually no warning before a cave-in

Injury and DeathMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*

*IIMSHE*Soil classificationDepth of cutWater content of soilChanges due to weather and climateOther operations in the vicinityFactors Involved in Designing a Protective SystemMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*1926.652(c) The employer or his designee must select and construct designs of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems

Trenches more than 5 feet require shoring or must have a stabilized slope

Trenches less than 5 feet - a competent person must inspect to determine that a protection system is not necessary in soils where there is no indication of a potential cave-in

In hazardous soil conditions trenches under 5 feet need protection

*IIMSHE*General

Provides a framework to work in Uses wales, cross braces and uprights Supports excavation wallsOSHA tables provide shoring data

Must know soil type Must know depth and width of excavation Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables

ShoringMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*

*IIMSHE*A competent person must make daily inspections of excavations, areas around them and protective systems: Before work starts and as needed, After rainstorms, high winds or other occurrence which may increase hazards, and When you can reasonably anticipate an employee will be exposed to hazards.

Inspections of ExcavationsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.651(k)Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.

*IIMSHE*If the competent person finds evidence of a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions:Exposed employees must be removed from the hazardous areaEmployees may not return until the necessary precautions have been taken

Inspections of ExcavationsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.651(k)(2) Where the competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.

*IIMSHE*Slope or bench the sides of the excavation,Support the sides of the excavation, or Place a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area

Protect Employees Exposed to Potential Cave-insMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a)Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when:Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; orExcavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.

Reference 1926.652(b) Design of sloping and benching systems.

*IIMSHE*Protection from cave-in requires a systematic approach including:Soil classificationProtective systemsInspectionEmployee training

An oh sh_t!Cave-inMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Excavation RescueMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

Excavation RescueMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Initial Size-up Type of incident?Cave-in, flooding, medical, fire, spillInjuries?Number and typeMissing personnel?Chemical (or sewage) exposures?Safety of excavation for rescuers?


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Notify:Field personnelHSO = Emergency CoordinatorFire DepartmentPolice DepartmentEmergency Medical Services (EMS)/Hospital


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Stabilize cave-inControl floodingHazardous Atmospheres?VentilateSafety harness and lineBasket stretcher


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*The best rescue is the one you never have to make!Practice proper proceduresMake sure everything is safe before anybody goes in!

DONT ROLL THE DICE!!!Excavation RescuesMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONSpoils

Dont place spoils within 2 feet from edge of excavationMeasure from nearest part of the spoil to the excavation edge Place spoils so rainwater runs away from the excavationPlace spoil well away from the excavation

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONWater accumulation

Oxygen deficiency

Toxic fumes

Access/Egress

Falls

Mobile equipmentOther Excavation Hazards

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONMeans of Egress

A stairway, ladder, or ramp must be present in excavations that are 4 or more feet deep, and within 25 feet of the employeesThis ladder does not meet the requirements of the standardThe ladder should extend 3 feet above the excavation

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONThese two ladders which are lashed together are not an adequate means of egressThe ladder should extend 3 feet above the top of the excavationAccess and Egress

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONExcavations

Guard excavations more than 6 feet deep when they are not readily seen because of plant growth or other visual barriersIn addition to needing guarding, this excavation is not properly shored

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Before beginning excavation: Evaluate soil conditions Construct protective systems Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gasesFissureSite Evaluation PlanningMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person: Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F]. Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652]. Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system. Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases, especially when gasoline engine-driven equipment is running, or the dirt has been contaminated by leaking lines or storage tanks. Insure adequate ventilation or respiratory protection if necessary. Provide safe access into and out of the excavation. Provide appropriate protections if water accumulation is a problem. Inspect the site daily at the start of each shift, following a rainstorm, or after any other hazard-increasing event. Keep excavations open the minimum amount of time needed to complete operations.

Surface crossing of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions:-- Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer. -- Walkways or bridges must: -- have a minimum clear width of 20 inches, -- be fitted with standard rails, and -- extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench.

*IIMSHE*Before beginning excavation (contd):Provide safe in and out access Contact utilities Determine the safety equipment neededFissureSite Evaluation PlanningMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person: Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F]. Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652]. Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system. Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases, especially when gasoline engine-driven equipment is running, or the dirt has been contaminated by leaking lines or storage tanks. Insure adequate ventilation or respiratory protection if necessary. Provide safe access into and out of the excavation. Provide appropriate protections if water accumulation is a problem. Inspect the site daily at the start of each shift, following a rainstorm, or after any other hazard-increasing event. Keep excavations open the minimum amount of time needed to complete operations.

Surface crossing of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions:-- Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer. -- Walkways or bridges must: -- have a minimum clear width of 20 inches, -- be fitted with standard rails, and -- extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench.

*IIMSHE*The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.Employees can be protected through sloping, shielding, and shoring the excavation.A competent person is responsible to inspect the excavation. Other excavation hazards include water accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic fumes, falls, and mobile equipment.

SummaryMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*

Fall Protection MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the construction industry.

Most fatalities occur when employees fall from open-sided floors and through floor openings.

Falls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious lost-time accidents and sometimes death.

Open-sided floors and platforms 6 feet or more in height must be guarded. Falls in ConstructionMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##The issues of how to provide fall protection for employees at construction sites are difficult ones. There are so many different types of work and so many different kinds of fall hazards that it is not possible to organize fall protection into a neat set of rules that fit all situations. OSHA reflects this difficulty when it places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the Construction Standards, depending primarily on the nature of the work being undertaken. There are separate locations, for example, for fall protection during work on scaffolds, during work on certain cranes and derricks, during work in tunnels, during work on stairways and ladders, during steel erection, etc.

*IIMSHE*Falls in ConstructionMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


*IIMSHE*This presentation will discuss:

The working conditions that prompt use of fall protection

Options that are available to protect workers from falls

Fall ProtectionMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


*IIMSHE*At the end of this topic, you will be able to:

List at least four methods of fall protection available for protecting workers

State the main criteria that prompts use of fall protection for construction workers

Fall ProtectionMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


*IIMSHE*Personal Fall Arrest System(PFAS)GuardrailsSafety NetFall Protection OptionsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*## Reference 1926.501(b)(1)

General rule: If an employee can fall six feet or more onto a lower level, fall protection must be provided.

What type of fall protection will I need? In most cases, a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system must be used. In some cases fences, barricades, covers, equipment guards or a controlled access zone may be used.

Employees must be protected not just from falling off a surface, but from falling through holes and from having objects fall on them from above.

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONPersonal FallArrest Systems You must be trained how to properly use PFAS. PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.





*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONSafety Line AnchoragesMust be independent of any platform anchorage and capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs. per worker





*IIMSHE*Fall protection systems and work practices must be in place before you start work.Lanyards and PFAS in useFall Protection PlanningMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926 Subpart M App C

An employer may use a variety of fall protection systems to protect employees. These systems must meet OSHA requirements. The competent person must make frequent and regular inspections, as required, to determine if these systems meet OSHA requirements before employees rely on these systems. More detail may be found in 29 CFR 1926.502.

Employers engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete erection work, or residential construction work who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or it creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection equipment may develop a fall protection plan that provides other measures to be taken to reduce or eliminate fall hazards for workers. Fall protection plans must conform to OSHA provisions and be prepared by a qualified person. Although a fall protection is required, it does not have to written, nor does it have to be site specific. Fall protection plans must identify locations where conventional fall protection methods cannot be used and set up controlled access zones and any necessary safety monitoring systems.

See STD 3-0.1A

*IIMSHE*Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tallToeboards at least 3 1/2 inches high

Top RailMid- RailToeboard GuardrailsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.502(b) and 1926.502(j)

How do guardrail systems protect me from falling? Guardrail systems provide a barrier to protect the employee from falling: Top edge of the guardrail must be 39-45 inches above the walking/working level. There must also be protection from falling between the top rail and the walking/working surface. Midrails, screens, mesh, or intermediate vertical members may be used for this protection. There are specific requirements for their installation. The protective barriers must be strong enough to support a falling employee. Wood, chain and wire rope may be used for top rails and midrails.

*IIMSHE*Place as close as possible, but no more than 30 feet below where employees workSafety Nets


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.502(c)

How do safety net systems protect me? Safety net systems catch the employee if he/she does fall. The safety nets: Must be strong enough to support a falling employee; Must have sufficiently small mesh openings so the employee cannot fall through the net; Must be close enough to the surface of the walking/working surface so that the fall into the safety net will not still injure the employee (never more than 30 feet below the walking/working level); Must be close enough to the edge of the working surface (the outer edge of the net between 8-13 feet from the edge of the walking/working surface, depending on the distance to the walking/working surface) so that the falling employee will not slip past the net.

*IIMSHE*Walkways & rampsOpen sides & edgesHolesConcrete forms & rebarExcavations

RoofsWall openingsBricklayingResidential Construction

When Fall Protection is NeededMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Where should I expect fall protection to be provided? When an employee is on a walking/working surface that has an unprotected edge. When an employee is constructing a leading edge. When an employee may fall through a hole in the walking/working surface. When an employee is working on the face of formwork or reinforcing steel. When employees are on ramps, runways and other walkways. When employees are working at the edge of an excavation, well, pit, or shaft. When employees are working above dangerous equipment (even employees working less than six feet over dangerous equipment must be protected). When an employee is performing overhand bricklaying and related work. When an employee is performing roofing work. When an employee is engaging in precast concrete erection (with certain exceptions). When an employee is engaged in residential construction (with certain exceptions).

*IIMSHE*Guard ramps, runways, and other walkwaysWalkways and RampsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.501(b)(6)

Ramps, runways, and other walkways must be protected by guardrail systems when employees can fall 6 feet or more.

The walking/working surface must be strong enough to support employees safely. If not, employees may not work on the surface. This knowledge will be gained during frequent and regular inspections made, as required, by competent persons designated by the employer.

*IIMSHE*In residential construction, you must be protected if you can fall more than 6 feetFall Protection -Residential Construction MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


This is correct for activities not covered by STD 3-0.1A

All other activities refer to STD 3-0.1A, Interim Fall Protection Guidelines for Residential Construction

*IIMSHE*Unprotected edgeUnprotected sides and edges must have guardrails or equivalentUnprotected Sides & EdgesMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


*IIMSHE*Sides & Edges-This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floorImproper GuardingMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.502(b)

Whats wrong with this? inch rope is allowed, but it must meet the criteria of 1926.502(b)(3), etc. no midrail no toeboards

- sagging is not allowed

*IIMSHE* Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected This opening could be made safe by using a

guardrail, or strong coverSky Lights and Other OpeningsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.501(b)(4)(i), 1926.501(b)(10), 1926.501(b)(11), and 1926.502(i)

Covers must be:-- able to support at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on them at one time. -- secured to prevent accidental displacement from wind, equipment, or workers activities.-- color coded or bear the markings HOLE or COVER.

Holes - 1926.501(b)(4): Personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrail systems shall be erected around holes (including skylights) that are more than 6 feet above lower levels.NOTE All floor holes must be protected against slips/trips even if less than 6 feet

*IIMSHE* Cover completely and securely If no cover, can guard with a guardrail

Floor Holes

ImproperlyCoveredMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION


*IIMSHE* Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar Cover or cap protruding rebar

Concrete Forms and Rebar


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)

Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.

1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.

*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONIf you work on roofs and can fall more than 6 feet, you must be protectedRoofs




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONIf you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above lower levels you must be protected from fallingWall OpeningsWall opening




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONInstall barricadesUse hand / mechanical signalsGrade soil away from excavationFence or barricade trenches left overnightUse a flagger when signs, signals and barricades are not enough protection

Protection from Falls, Falling Loads, and Mobile Equipment




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONThe ends of this scaffold are not properly guardedCan use PFAS instead of guardrails on some scaffoldsUse PFAS & guardrails on suspension scaffoldsUse PFAS on erectors and dismantlers where feasible

Fall Protection Requirements




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONFall Object ProtectionWear hardhatsBarricade area below scaffold to forbid entry into that areaUse panels or screens if material is stacked higher than the toeboardBuild a canopy or erect a net below the scaffold that will contain or deflect falling objects




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONFall HazardsFall may occur While climbing on or off the scaffold Working on unguarded scaffold platforms When scaffold platforms or planks fail




*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONSummary

If you can fall more than 6 feet, you must be protected Use fall protection on:walkways & ramps, open sides & edges, holes, concrete forms & rebar, excavations, roofs, wall openings, bricklaying, residential constructionProtective measures include guardrails, covers, safety nets, and Personal Fall Arrest Systems




*IIMSHE*SAFETY IN TRAFFIC CONTROL





*IIMSHE*Safety speed restrictions must be imposed. The vehicles should not be overloaded Speed restrictions should be imposed. The ruling gradient which the vehicle can negotiate should be known to the driver. Near excavated trenches proper barricading must be done to prevent vehicles going too close. MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE* Contd.

Collision of trucks with existing equipment power lines and other line. To effect perfect coordination the routes for plying vehicle should be laid down and by joint consultations could be get implemented MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONProtection from Vehicles

Install barricadesHand/mechanical signalsStop logsGrade soil away from excavationFence or barricade trenches left overnight

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*A trench shield was built around this work areaTrench ShieldMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Using hydraulic jacks the operator can easily drop the system into the holeOnce in place, hydraulic pressure is increased to keep the forms in placeTrench pins are installed in case of hydraulic failureHydraulic Trench SupportMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*HAZARDMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Hazardous ConditionsThe weight and vibrations of the crane make this a very hazardous condition. They should not be working under this crane.MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##In addition to the unprotected trench, a cave-in hazard is increased by machinery which gets too close.

Even normal vehicular traffic, such as that along an adjacent interstate or road through an industrial part may impact an excavation. The vibrations from continuous or heavy traffic may undermine the soil and cause a cave-in.

*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONNote that these workers are not wearing hardhats to protect them from materials falling into the trench Water is Hazardous When water is present in an excavation it is extremely hazardous to enter

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.651(j)(2) Protect employees from materials or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.

You may also use retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations

*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONThese workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water in the bottom of the trench. This is a very hazardous condition!Water = Cave-in Hazard



*IIMSHE*

MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONTest excavations more than 4 feet before an employee enters the excavation for:Oxygen deficiencyHigh combustible gas concentrationHigh levels of other hazardous substances

Hazardous Atmosphere



*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONOverhead CranesWorkers OverheadPoor Housekeeping

Overhead Hazards

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONPerimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.Spotters Provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment.Poor Planing Forces Workers to Commit Unsafe Acts! (office trailers, change trailers, haul roads, parking areas).Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.Temporary Barricades around Hazards.

HAZARD PREVENTION and CONTROLS

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONDIRECT PARTICIPANTS: Need to be on siteForemen, Supervisors and other related contractor staff.Surveyors, Rodmen, Layout Crews.Mechanics and oilers.Any other Craft and/or Trade workingOn the project, or passing through the work areas.HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE OPERATING.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONDIRECT PARTICIPANTS: Need to be on siteSignal Persons, Observers, Flaggers, Grade Checkers, Dump Persons.Equipment Operators, Teamsters.Laborers, Iron Workers and Carpenters. HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE OPERATING.

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONPERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE OPERATING. PARTICIPANTS WHO NEED TO BE ON SITE: (On a Periodic Basis)Delivery Trucks, Service Providers, Concrete Mixers, Pump Trucks.Contracted Services; Crane Rental, Concrete Saw Cutting, Port-to-let Service Persons,Roach Coach Drivers, Trash Removal Vehicles..HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONArchitects and Engineers, Inspectors,Clients Staff/Owners Reps.Engineering Service Providers: Concrete Testing, Compaction Testing, Vendor Sales Personnel or Product Installation Specialist(s).Other Utility Service Providers & Locators: Phone, Gas. Electric, Water, Sewer, Cable, etc.Transportation Industry; Trucking, Buses, Taxicabs, First-Aider, Ambulance/Emergency Vehicle.

HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONNON-PARTICIPANTS, NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON SITE:Environmentalists independently reviewing compliance with Laws/Restrictions..Scavengers, Wood collectors, Junk Collectors, Dumpster Divers.Lawyers, Investigators, Thieves, Burglars and Law Breakers.The Media etc.PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE OPERATING


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONNON-PARTICIPANTS, NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON SITE:Pedestrians, Spectators, On-lookers, Sidewalk Superintendents. Children (of all ages).Job Seekers, (all types).Joggers, Bicycle Riders, Skate Boarders, Walkers.PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE OPERATING


IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONCATERPILLAR STATES:Clear all Personnel from the Machine and the Area.The Operator Must be Satisfied that No One will be Endangered Before Moving the Machine.Look Behind Machine Before Backing.

HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)RECOMMENDATIONS

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONHAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS (Continue)Have a Signalman Present when Moving In or Out of a Building (or structure).Stop Machine Frequently at Night, Walk Around and Inspect Machine, Stay Alert.Clear All Obstacles from the Path of the Machine, Beware of Hazards such as Wires, Ditches, etc..

RECOMMENDATIONS

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE* SCAFFOLDSMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Duty to have fall protection. OSHA requires employees to provide fall protections systems that must meet certain criteria:Walking and working surfaces must have sufficient strength and structural integrity to support employees safely. Employers must provide protection to employees working in areas with unprotected sides or edges 6 feet or more above a lower level. Specific types of protection are required in work areas with leading edges, in hoist areas, in work areas with holes, ramps, runways, and other walkways, in areas where excavations are being conducted, where dangerous equipment is being used, during overhand bricklaying, in roofing, in precast concrete erection, in residential construction, and in work areas with wall openings.

Hard hats are required when workers may be exposed to falling objects.

Other requirements include either use of toeboards, screens or guardrail systems; or use of a canopy structure; or barricading area to which objects could fall and prohibiting employees from entrance.

*IIMSHE*ScaffoldsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926 Subpart L - ScaffoldingThis presentation is designed to assist trainers conducting OSHA 10-hour Construction Industry outreach training for workers. Since workers are the target audience, this presentation emphasizes hazard identification, avoidance, and control not standards. No attempt has been made to treat the topic exhaustively. It is essential that trainers tailor their presentations to the needs and understanding of their audience.

This presentation is not a substitute for any of the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.

This standard applies to all construction employees and employers who work on, under, or in close proximity to scaffolding and aerial lifts. Employees erecting and dismantling scaffolds also are covered.

General References: OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry:www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf

OSHA Construction Scaffolding eCATwww.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding_ecat/index.html

*IIMSHE*What Is A Scaffold?An elevated, temporary work platformThree basic types:Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, & outriggersSuspended scaffolds -- platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead supportAerial Lifts -- such as cherry pickers or boom trucksMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Supported scaffold - one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.

Suspension scaffold - one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead structure(s)

Aerial lifts Vehicle-mounted devices used to get a worker to an elevated position, referred to as cherry pickers or boom trucks

*IIMSHE*SCAFFOLDS HAZARDS Falls from elevation caused by slipping, unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection Struck by falling tools / debris Electrocution from overhead power lines Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or overloading Bad planking giving way

Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these hazards:MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##About 2 of every three construction workers (2.3 million) work on scaffolds frequently.

Protecting these workers from scaffold-related accidents would prevent 4,500 injuries and 50 deaths every year, at a savings of $90 million in workdays not lost.

See the Scaffolding Technical Links page - www.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding/index.html

*IIMSHE*Scaffold Support Examples Good supportInadequate support in danger of collapse? Base plateMud sillsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Cinder blocks or other similar materials should not be used to support a scaffold because they could be crushed.

Any time there is inadequate support, improper construction or a shift in the components of the scaffold (including the base upon which the structure is built), there is danger of collapse.

*IIMSHE*Essential Elements of SafeScaffold Construction Use appropriate

scaffold construction methods

Proper scaffold access

Properly use a

competent person


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Scaffold Platform ConstructionPlatforms must:be fully planked or decked with no more than 1 inch gapsbe able to support its weight & 4 times maximum loadbe at least 18 inches wideThis is not a properly constructed scaffold


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(b) and (a)

How wide does the work area need to be on scaffolding? Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches wide. When the work area is less than 18 inches wide, guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems must be used.

Employees on a walkway located within a scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system installed within 9 1/2 inches of and along at least one side of the walkway.

Planking should be graded and marked as scaffold planking.

*IIMSHE*Each abutted end of plank must rest on a separate support surfaceNo large gaps in front edge of platformsOverlap platforms at least 12 inches over supports, unless restrained to prevent movementScaffold Platform ConstructionPlanks not properly overlapped


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(b)Front edge of all platforms - No more than 14" from the face of the work - 3" from the face for outrigger scaffolds - 18" from the face for plastering and lathing operations

Platforms 10' and less to extend at least 6" but not more than 12" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly

Platforms greater than 10' no more than 18" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly

*IIMSHE*Scaffold Platform Construction No paint on wood platforms Use scaffold grade wood Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support Component pieces used must match and be of the same type Erect on stable and level ground Lock wheels and braces


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(b)Identification paint may be used on the edges of the wooden planks.Do not use dissimilar metals in scaffold assembly

*IIMSHE*Scaffold HeightThe height of the scaffold should not be more than four times its minimum base dimension unless guys, ties, or braces are used205MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Supported ScaffoldsPlatforms supported by legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights, posts, & frames

Restrain from tipping by guys, ties, or braces

Scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must be on base plates and mud sills or other firm foundationThis support is not adequate!


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(c)

Framed squares made of metal or wood, usually assembled on site

The structural members: poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must be plumb and braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than 4:1 must be restrained by guying, tying, bracing, or an equivalent means.

How can one prevent supported scaffolding from tipping?Either the manufacturers recommendation or the following placements must be used for guys, ties, and braces: Install guys, ties, or braces at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height and repeat vertically with the top restraint no further than the 4:1 height from the top. Verticallyevery 20 feet or less for scaffolds less than three feet wide; every 26 feet or less for scaffolds more than three feet wide. Horizontallyat each end; at intervals not to exceed 30 feet from one end.

*IIMSHE*Proper Scaffold AccessProvide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of access

Permitted types of access: Ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and built-ins Stair towers Ramps and walkways

May use building stairs and come out windowMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451 (e)Access requirements for employees erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds -- Must have a safe means of access provided when a competent person has determined the feasibility and analyzed the site conditions.

Direct access to or from another surface shall only be used when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches horizontally and 24 inches vertically from the other surface.

Portable, Hook-on, and Attachable Ladders - position to not tip the scaffold. Hook-on and Attachable Ladders - must be specifically designed for the type of scaffold with which they are used. Ramps and Walkways - must have guardrails which comply with [1926.502(b)] 1926 Subpart M if more than 6 feet above lower levels. Stairway-type Ladders and Stair Towers - bottom step no more than 24 inches above the level on which the scaffold is supported. Built-in Scaffold Ladders - must be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs.

*IIMSHE*Scaffold AccessNo access by crossbracesWhen using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches highCan use some end framesCan access from another scaffold, structure or hoist

End FrameDo not access by crossbracesMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(e)

*IIMSHE*Suspension ScaffoldsTrain employees to recognize hazards

Secure/tie to prevent swaying

Support devices must rest on surfaces that can support four times the load

Platforms suspended by ropes or wires. Rope must be capable of supporting 6 times the loadMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.450(b), 1926.451(a), (d), and (g)Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.

*IIMSHE*Suspension Scaffolds (contd)

Competent person: evaluate connections to ensure the supporting surfaces can support load inspect ropes for defects before shiftPFAS must have anchors independent of the scaffold support systemMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.450(b), 1926.451(a), (d), and (g)Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.

*IIMSHE*Moving ScaffoldsEmployees cant be on a moving scaffold unless:

Surface is levelHeight to base ratio is 2 to 1Outriggers are installed on both sides of scaffolds

Employees cant be on scaffold part beyond the wheels

Competent person must be on site to superviseMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451(f)(5) Scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally while employees are on them, unless they have been designed by a registered professional engineer specifically for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds, where the provisions of 1926.452(w) are followed.1926.452(w)(6) Employees cannot ride on scaffolds unless:: The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions; The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or exceed nationally recognized stability test requirements Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold; When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second; No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports.

*IIMSHE*Dont use Shore or Lean-to ScaffoldsShore scaffold supported scaffold which is placed against a building or structure and held in place with propsLean-to scaffold supported scaffold which is kept erect by tilting it toward and resting it against a building or structureMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451(f)Shore scaffold - a supported scaffold which is placed against a building or structure and held in place with props

Lean-to scaffold - a supported scaffold which is kept erect by tilting it toward and resting it against a building or structure

Do not load scaffolds or scaffold components in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less.

*IIMSHE* Using ScaffoldsDont work on snow or ice covered platforms or during storms or high windsUse tag lines on swinging loadsProtect suspension ropes from heat & acid

A covered scaffold has special wind load considerationsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(f)

*IIMSHE*Overhand Bricklayingfrom Supported ScaffoldsA guardrail or personal fall arrest system is required on all sides except the side where the work is being doneMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451(g)(1)(vi)

*IIMSHE*Competent PersonPerson capable of identifying and promptly correcting hazardsDetermines if its safe to work on a scaffold during storms or high windsTrains workers to recognize hazards

Selects qualified workers to conduct work


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*Scaffold InspectionCompetent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations

Defective parts must be immediately repairedDeformed bearerMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451(f)(3), 1926(f)(4) A competent person must inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.

Any part of a scaffold damaged or weakened such that its strength is less than that required shall be immediately repaired or replaced, braced to meet those provisions, or removed from service until repaired.

*IIMSHE*Scaffold ErectionScaffolds can only be erected, moved, dismantled or altered under the supervision of a competent person

Competent person selects & directs these workers and determines the feasibility of fall protectionMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##1926.451(f)(7) Activities must be performed by experienced and trained employees selected by the competent person.

1926.451(e)(9) & (g)(2)When erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds, the competent person must determine the feasibility of providing a safe means of access and fall protection for these operations.

1926.452(c)(6)Scaffolds over 125 feet high above the base plates must be designed by a registered professional engineer and constructed and loaded per the design.

*IIMSHE*Avoid the Main Hazards of ScaffoldsFalls from elevationBad plankingScaffold collapseGetting struck by falling tools or debrisElectrocution


IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*IIMSHE*SummaryUse appropriate scaffold construction methods Erect, move, or alter scaffold properly Protect from falling objects or toolsEnsure stable accessUse a competent person Train on scaffold construction and the hazards involved with scaffolds Inspect scaffold before each shift and after alterations Determine fall protection requirements

Remember to:MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##General References: OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry:www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf

OSHA Construction Scaffolding eCATwww.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding_ecat/index.html

Other standards that apply to scaffolds -- the responsibility to initiate and maintain programs (1926.20(b)(1)) -- exposures to dusts and chemicals (1926.33,1926.55,1926.59,1926.62, & 1926.1101) -- hand and power tools (1926.300 -.307) -- electrical (1926.400 -.449) -- personal fall arrest systems (1926.502) -- ladders (1926.1050 -.1060)

*IIMSHE*Install along open sides & ends Front edge of platforms not more than 14 inches from the work, unless using guardrails and/or PFASTop rails - 38 to 45 inches tall Midrails halfway between toprail and platformToeboards at least 3-1/2 inches high GuardrailsMIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.451(g)(1), (g)(4), (b)(3), and Appendix A, paragraph 1d.

38 inch minimum guardrail height where guardrail is primary fall protection. 36 inch minimum guardrail height where fall arrest systems are primary fall protection. Protect from falling between the top rail and surface, by using midrails, screens or mesh. Protective barriers must be strong enough to support a falling employee. Wood, chain and wire rope may be used for top rails and midrails.

Top rails - 36-48 inches tall when using the crossbracing as the top rail

When crossbracing is used as a midrail, it must be between 20 and 30 inches above the work platform.

Guardrails are not required: when the front end of all platforms is less than 14 inches from the face of the work when outrigger scaffolds are three inches or less from the front edge when employees are plastering and lathing 18 inches or less from the front edge

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONThe training is to teach you: How to recognize hazards How to minimize hazards

The training must cover: Fall hazards Fall protection systems Use of fall protection devices

TrainingEmployers must provide fall protection training

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONTraining RequirementTrain employees on scaffold hazards and procedures to control the hazards

The training must include: Nature of electrical, fall, and falling object hazards How to deal with electrical hazards and fall protection systems Proper use of the scaffold Scaffold load capacities Retrain as necessary

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*MIS-004 PGDM 1st semesterSAFETY IN CONSTRUCTIONTraining ErectorsTrain employees involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold to recognize its hazards and the correct procedures to use

IIMSHE

*IIMSHE*

IIMSHE*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##

*07/16/96*##Falls and EquipmentTo protect employees from these hazards, OSHA requires the employer to take the following precautions: Keep materials or equipment that might fall or roll into an excavation at least 2 feet from the edge of excavations, or have retaining devices, or both. Provide warning systems such as mobile equipment, barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs, to alert operators of the edge of an excavation. If possible, keep the grade away from the excavation. Provide scaling to remove loose rock or soil or install protective barricades and other equivalent protection to protect employees against falling rock, soil, or materials. Prohibit employees from working on faces of sloped or benched excavations at levels above other employees unless employees at lower levels are adequately protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment. Prohibit employees under loads that are handled by lifting or digging equipment. To avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials, require employees to stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded. If cabs of vehicles provide adequate protection from falling loads during loading and unloading operations, the operators may remain in them.*07/16/96*##*

*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.650Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.


Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.650Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.


Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a)Protective system a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.*07/16/96*##*Several factors come into play when developing a total protective system. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.*07/16/96*##*Several factors come into play when developing a total protective system. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic. Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.

*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic. Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.

*07/16/96*##*Instructor note: OSHA Standard Exemptions:House foundation/basement excavations (including those that become trenches by definition when formwork, foundations, or walls are constructed) are exempt from the OSHA standard. The specific information regarding the interpretation of this exemption may be found on the OSHA public web site. Reference 29 CFR 1926.652.

The exemption specifies height and width for the excavation, impact of water and environmental conditions, soil and equipment factors, and operation of heavy equipment in the vicinity. *07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a) and 1926.652(c)(1)Designs for aluminum hydraulic shoring shall be in accordance with paragraph (c)(2), but if manufacturer's tabulated data cannot be utilized, designs shall be in accordance with appendix D.

Employees exposed to potential cave-ins must be protected by sloping or benching the sides of the excavation, by supporting the sides of the excavation, or by placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.

1926 Subpart P Appendix D Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring for Trenches Contains information that can be used when aluminum hydraulic shoring is provided as a method of protection against cave-ins in trenches that are not more than 20 feet deep. *07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a) and (b) and (c)*07/16/96*##*

*07/16/96*##*1926.652(c) The employer or his designee must select and construct designs of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems

Trenches more than 5 feet require shoring or must have a stabilized slope

Trenches less than 5 feet - a competent person must inspect to determine that a protection system is not necessary in soils where there is no indication of a potential cave-in

In hazardous soil conditions trenches under 5 feet need protection*07/16/96*##*

*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.651(k)Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.

*07/16/96*##Reference 1926.651(k)(2) Where the competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.*07/16/96*##*Reference 1926.652(a)Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when:Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; orExcavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.

Reference 1926.652(b) Design of sloping and benching systems. *07/16/96*##The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person: Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F]. Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652]. Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system.

Mis 004-pgdm-1 (full & final)

Education

Transcript of Mis 004-pgdm-1 (full & final)