Mint ppt

Advances in production technology

OF

P. VASUDEV NAIK

Assistant professor & Ph D scholar

(Hort)

By

22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK

Botanical name : Mentha spp.

Family : Labiatae(Lamiaceae)

English name : Mint

Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)

Pudina (Hindi & Kannada)

Putina (Tamil)

Podina (Telugu)

22 September 2015 2 P. V. NAIK

• Genus Mentha there are several commercially grown species, varying in their major chemical content, aroma and end use. Their oils and derived aroma compounds are traded world-wide.


The four most commonly cultivated species are

Ø Japanese Mint/Menthol Mint (M.arvensis)

Ø Peppermint (M.piperita)

Ø Spearmint (M. spicata)

Ø Bergamot mint (M. citrata)


Silent feature of mint crop

• All species are herbaceous plants, readily

sending out runners (rainy season) and

Stolons (winter), which develop new roots and

shoots at the nodes and form plants.


• The entire aerial shoots together with foliage

is a source of essential oil rich in menthol,

Carvone, Linalool and Linanyl acetate having

use in pharmaceutical preparations and

flavour industry.


• For the past four decades, mints are commercially cultivated in India. Of these, the Japanese Mint, yielding menthol is grown extensively in northern India.

• Other major producing countries are China. USA and Brazil and to a smaller extent Thailand and Vietnam.


Origin

• The cultivation of mint originated from Brazil and China.

• Subsequently, China and India overtook Brazil and more recently India has taken the leading position in cultivation of this essential oil yielding plant.


Botanical Description Mint is a perennial ascending herb growing about 60-80 cm. in height

and under favourable conditions may attain a height upto 100 cm.

It is propagated mainly by its stolons. Leaves are lanceolate-oblong,

sharply toothed; petiole is small about 5mm. in length.

The leaf lamina varies from 5 to 15 cm. The leaf surfaces mainly lower

side is covered with dense hairy growth of glandular trichomes.

Flowers are borne in axillary and terminal verticillaster , abundant in

number , purplish in colour.

The flowers are small with corolla measuring 4-5mm., calyx 2-3mm.,

narrowly deltoid and acuminate.

It does not produce seed and propagation is through vegetative means

only.


Economic Importance

Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis sub sp haplocalyx

var. piperascense) is an aromatic perennial herb, grown as an annual in sub-tropical parts of north India.

The over-ground herb (foliage) on distillation yields an essential oil, containing high (75 – 80%) menthol content. The oil has a bitter cooling taste, harsh odour and is the principal source of menthol.

It is used in combating cold, used as an ingredient in cough drops and related pharmaceuticals, dentifrices, cosmetics, mouth washes, scenting of tobacco products and flavouring of beverages.


Common name Botanical name Main constituents of mentha oil

Japanese mint

Pepper mint

Bergamot mint

Spear mint

Scotch spear mint

Garden mint

Mentha arvensis

M. Piperita

M.citrata

M. Spicata

M. cardiaca

M. viridis

Menthol (70-80 %)

Menthol (35-50 %)

Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)

Carvone (60-95%)

Carvone (53-68 %)

Carvone (very less)

Cultivated mint species and their main constituents


Area and Production

• At present, Japnese mint is cultivated in India on about 103,000 ha. of land with estimated production of 19,400 tonnes of mint oil which accounts for about 55% of total menthol mint production in the world.

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013),


Estimated area and production of mint in India and abroad.

Species Area (ha.)

(India)

Production

(tonnes of Oil)

(India)

Total world

production

(tonnes of Oil)

Major Producing

Countries

Japanese

mint

103,000 19,400 34,860 India,China, Brazil,USA

Peppermint 8,500 280 9,780 USA, France, former USSR,

Brazil, India

Bergamot

mint

4,200 65 492 USA , Brazil, Thailand

Spearmint 23,000 380 4,050 USA,China, former USSR,

India

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013),


MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY

Demand and Supply Patterns

• The Mint oils obtained from Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Mentha citrata and Mentha spicata have put India on the world map.

• Of these, mint oil and menthol are primarily exported whereas others meet the home requirement of the industry.

• Despite our quantity of peppermint and spearmint being at par with World Standards, we have not made any headway in export trade because of fierce competition by USA. The latter is also the largest consumer of these oils.


Export of mint oils, menthol and other derivatives from

India (2010-11 to 2013-14).

Item

2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014

Q V Q V Q V Q V

Mint oil

1292.0 32.2 757.0 22.5 1515.4 53.9 1421.5 50.9

Menthol

1798.4 215.3 1967.7 314.8 12809.0 567.4 8956.7 498.8

DMO 934.0 89.5 1238.6 34.3 2326.3 39.0 754.1 27.9

Total

Value - 337.0 - 371.6 - 660.3 - 579.6

Source: Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade of India, Vol II Export) Q = Quantity (tonnes) ; V = Value (Rs. crores) 22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK

• Fluctuations in price are common. Currently it

varies between ₹.550-650/Kg for oil and

₹.900-1200/Kg for menthol (July-August and

October) but the price is also governed by

demand and price prevailing in importing

countries and speculations on volumes and

crop condition within India.


Analysis and Future Strategy

India has attained position of primary and dominant

source of mint oil and menthol in the world market,

replacing China to a great extent due to (lower) price

structure and comparable quality.

At present, the growth in demand of oil and menthol

in world trade is slow and unless its demand rises

significantly in flavouring sector (where natural

products are preferred), there is little scope for any

major expansion in cultivation area.


However, because of rising input cost and expensive labour in South China, its cultivation there could presumably shrink and consequently Indian mint may find increasing larger market in next several years. There can be significant increase in area of cultivation due to this.

The country has evolved a number of new high yielding varieties which has helped to maintain India in a lead position. At present, India produces 4000 – 5000 tonnes of DMO (dementholized oil) annually which is sold at a low price.

This has several minor constituents which could be fractionated and marketed at higher price. Similarly, some low value constituents of the DMO could be synthesized into high value end products to help industry realize better value of the primary product.

Analysis and Future Strategy...


At present, Cis – 3 hexanol is fractionated from DMO

and exported at a high price. Its production started in

1994-95 and this pushed price of DMO from ₹.50 to 90

in that year itself.

There is scope for producing L-limonene, 3–octonol,

pure menthone and isomenthone. Similarly, L-menthol,

neo-menthol, isomenthone can be converted into high

value menthol and esters of menthol, like methyl

isovalerate, menthol lactate, methyl salicylate which

fetches better price in trade.

All this can sustain a high level of cultivation and

support export trade. The market demand for pure L-

menthol, iso-menthone, L-limonene, neo-menthol and

pinene is high.

Analysis and Future Strategy...


Agro-climatic Requirements

• Mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

• The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of the growing period and rainfall between 100-110 cm. (light showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting) is ideal for its cultivation.

• Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter having pH between 6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its cultivation.

• It can also be cultivated on both red and black soil. In case of acidic soil having pH less than 5.5, liming is recommended.


Mint

Japanese

Pepper

Spear

Bergamot


JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)

Highly branched and grow upto 1 meter tall

Oil content -0.5 -1%

Broad ovate leaves

Presence of glandular hairs on leaves, stem and calyx


Sr. No. Variety Characteristics given in literature

1. MAS-1 § It is a dwarf variety 30-45 cm. in height and early maturing variety.

§ Less prone to insects due to short height.

§ Menthol content-70-80%.

§ Yield: About 200 q/ha. of herbage & 125-150 kg. of oil /ha.

2. Hybrid-77

§ Early maturing variety.

§ It is 50-60 cm. in height.

§ Less prone to diseases viz. leaf spot & rust diseases.


§ Yield: About 250 q/ha. of herbage & 120-150 kg. of oil /ha.

§ It is especially well adapted to sandy loam soils and drier climate than that of the tarai

region.

3. Shivalik

(selection from

Chinese cultivar)

§ The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.4 -0.5 %.

§ Menthol content: 65-70%.

§ This variety is highly suitable for obtaining second cut through ratooning.

§ It is particularly grown in tarai region of U.P. & Uttaranchal.

§ The herbage yield is 300q/ha while the essential oil yield amounts to about 180 kg/ha.

§ Highly sensitive to the fungal diseases and pests prevailing in the tarai area.

4 Kushal § New variety developed through tissue culture.

§ Matures within 90-100 days.

§ The crop remains free from pests and diseases (particularly rust and leaf blight).

§ The variety is most suitable for transplanting after wheat in semi-arid –sub- tropical

condition of UP and Punjab.

§ It can withstand waterlogging for few days.

§ Yield: 300-330 q. /ha. having oil yield upto 175-200 kg./ha.


5. EC-41911

(selection from

Russian

germplasm)

§ This is an erect type variety, which is less affected by rains.

§ It produces 236.5 q/ha of herbage and 125.2 kg/ha of oil with

70% menthol.

§ Oil is preferred in flavouring food items.

6. Gomti § It is sturdy, light red in colour.


§ Yield is less compared to other varieties. It is less adopted by

farmers.

7. Himalaya § Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases.

§ Crop is good; size of leaves is larger than other varieties.


§ The yield of herbage is 400q/ha and essential oil is 200-250 kg/

ha.

8. Kosi § Matures early in 90 days.

§ Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases.

§ Essential oil content 75-80 % menthol.

§ Yield: 200-250 kg. of oil /ha.

9. Saksham § Developed through tissue culture from cv. Himalaya.

§ Yield: 225-250 kg. of oil/ha. having menthol content more than

80%. 22 September 2015 25 P. V. NAIK

PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)

Height of 45 -80 cm tall

Oil content is 0.3-0.7 %


3. CIM-Indus

It yields high menthoferan to meet

industrial demand in perfumery and pharma

sector (US Patent filed NF 449/2002).

4. CIM – Madhuras

• A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint.

• Used in food additives, flavors and

pharmaceutical formulations.


SPEAR MINT (Mentha spicata)

Perennial herb

Height of 90 cm tall

Oil content 0.6 %

High carvone content


1. CIMAP-MSS-1

2. CIMAP-MSS-5

3. CIMAP-MSS-98

4. Punjab spearmint-1

5. Ganga

6. Neerkalka


Spearmint

1. MSS-1 (released CIMAP, Lucknow)

• This is a selection from the spearmint cultivars

introduced from USA.

• It gives a fresh herbage of 535 q and yield 253

kg of oil per hectare in 3 cuttings containing

60 per cent carvone.


2. MSS-5

• It is a selection from MSS-1 (CIMAP,

Lucknow).

• This variety has an yield potential of 600 q

fresh herb and 349 kg/ha of oil from 3 cuttings.

• The carvone percentage in the oil is 70.


3. Punjab spearmint-1

• This variety is a clonal selection made at

CIMAP, Lucknow.

• This variety has a erect growth habit with

quadrangular purple green hairy stem.

• It produces 209 q/ha of herb having 0.57 per

cent oil and can yield 119.29 t/ha oil with 68

per cent carvone.


4. Ganga

A multipurpose culinary variety of Mentha

spicata var. Viridis leading to number of

products like disinfectant antimicrobials (NF

135/2000 US patent filed).

5. Neerkalka

Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha

arvensis and Mentha spicata with novel oil

quality, use in oral / dental care (US Patent PP

12,030).


BERGAMOT MINT (Mentha citrata)

Branching, perennial herb

60 cm tall

oil content 0.4-0.5%

oil emits lemon like smell


1. Kiran

• This is a mutant selection developed by

mutation through gamma irradiation at

CIMAP, Lucknow.

• It has high quality oil content.

• This variety can yield 239 kg of oil per hectare

with 48 per cent linalool.


Propagation

• Mint can be propagated vegetatively through stolons

and runners.

• by planting live juicy 8 to 10 cm.

• long stolons (underground stems) during early spring season.

• The seed rate: 400-450 kg. of stolons per ha.


Production of Stolons

• The plot should preferably be the best piece of land. It should be

given high level of FYM during land preparation.

• Around 200 sq.m. plot is required to produce stolons for 1

hectare.

• The nursery for the stolons is planted in August.

• Stolons are produced in autumn and are ready for use during the

months of January to March. To obtain the stolons , the soil is

opened manually or mechanically.

• These stolons can be used immediately or within a fortnight or so.


22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK 38

Systems of Stolon production

Sl. No. Materials Per acre Per hectare

1 Stolons (kg) 160 400

2 FYM (t) 16 40

Fertilizer (kg)

1 Spear mint N

P

K

48

20

16

120

50

40

2 Japanese mint N

P

K

64

20

16

160

50

40

3 Pepper mint N

P

K

50

20

16

125

50

40

4 Bergamot mint N

P

K

48

20

16

120

50

40 22 September 2015 40 P. V. NAIK

• In the plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in

temperate climate, planting is done in autumn or spring from last week

of December to 1st week of March or from 1st week of January to 3rd

week of February.

• Late planting always gives poor yield.

• Mints require thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles

of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.

• The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted in shallow

furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of 45-60 cm from row to

row manually or mechanically.

• Stolons are planted half way down on inner side of the ridges


Commercial Raised bed methods of planting


• Water requirement of mints is very high. Depending on soil and climatic

conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9 times before the first monsoon.

• The crop requires three irrigations after monsoon.

• Japanese mints require fifteen irrigations require getting maximum yield.

• Weed growth causes about 60 per cent reduction in herb and oil yield. Hence,

mints require weeding at regular intervals in the early stages of crop growth.

• Sinbar is effective as a post-emergence weedicide. Spray @ 1 kg per hectare.

• Organic mulch with combination of 0.5 kg oxyfluorfen herbicide per hectare

and weeding or Pendimethion herbicide at 1 kg per hectare and weeding has

been found to give excellent weed control throughout the crop growth


Crop Rotation

The rotation of mint crop with other food crops is

found to be a good way of controlling weeds.

Continuous cropping of any of the mints is not

advisable.

The best rotation is Mint : Rice and Mint : Potatoes

and Mint : Vegetables : Peas etc. depending upon

cropping system followed in the region


Insects Scientific name of

insects Nature of damage Control

Hairy

Caterpillar

Diacrisia obliqua The caterpillar starts eating the

under-surface of the leaves.

Application of Thiodan

@1.7ml/ litre of water

Cutworms Agrotis flammatra Young plants are damaged at

the collar region during spring

season.

Soil treatment with

Phorate 10g before planting.

Red Pumpkin

Beetle

Aulocophora

foevicollis

The pest feeds on the growing

leaves and buds.

Spraying 5% dipterex

Mint Leaf

Roller

Syngamia

abrupatalis

The caterpillar folds the leaf in

the form of a roll and feed

inside the leaf tissue during

August-September. The edges of

the leaves are held together

with silk-like filaments.

Two to three sprayings of

Thiodan @1.5ml/litre of

water at weekly intervals.


Name of

disease Causal organism Symptoms Control

Stolon Rot Macrophomina

phaseoli

During rainy season, stolon

rot occurs on the

underground parts; the

infected stolons show brown

lesions which enlarge and

turn black, resulting in a soft

decay.

Crop rotation. It is better to

follow 3-year-crop rotation

with rice, wheat and mint.

Treatment of the stolons

with 0.25% solution of

Captan or 0.1% Benlate, 0.3

% Agallol solution for 2 to 3

minutes before planting is a

preventive measure.

Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum Affected leaves turn yellow,

curled and finally dry.

Application of Benlate,

Bavistin and Topsin. @ 2g/l

Leaf blight Alternaria sp. Cause loss of foliage during

summer season.

Application of copper

fungicide @ 5%


Leaf blight at early stage


Leaf blight at

severe stage

Indices:

Generally the crop are harvested 100-120 days after planting

when the lower leaves start turning yellow. Further, harvesting should

be done in bright sunny weather.

Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle 2-3 cm

above the ground.

A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and the third

after about another 80 days.

The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in September or

October.

The average fresh yield from three cuttings is 20 to 25 t/ha

Essential oil yield about 125-250 kg/ha. 22 September 2015 49 P. V. NAIK


Mechanically harvesting of mint

Shade drying


o Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours

o Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation

o To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a day before it is distilled

o Steam distillation usually preferred and duration of distillation is 1.5-2 hours

o Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration

o Moisture present in oil can be removed by application of anhydrous sodium sulphate

o GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time storage

EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION


Extraction of Peppermint oil

Peppermint oil is extracted

from the whole plant

above ground just before

flowering.

The oil is extracted

commercially by steam

distillation

• Fresh or partly dried

plant herb

• Yield is 0.1 - 1.0 %.


Different types of distillation apparatus

Water distillation

Direct steam distillation

Water & steam distillation

steam

water

water


Steam distillation


Different types of oil and water separators

water

oil

water

oil


It was performed by I. Gainar

et al. and was compared

with that of peppermint oil

isolated by hydro

distillation and found SFE is

better.


Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

Schematic diagram of SFE


Microwave extraction

• The process is based on heat generated by ionic conduction and/ or dipole rotation, and its efficiency depends on the dielectric properties of the material.

• The extraction occurs when the water inside the plant absorbs energy coming from the microwaves and increases the pressure inside the material causing the cell structure to break allowing the solvent to penetrate into the matrix (Wang and Weller, 2006; Chan et al., 2011; Eskilsson and Björklund, 2000; Routray and Orsat, 2012).


Industrial concrete production


Plant for absolute production


Ancient method for oil extraction


Home extraction

• Easy method

• Suited for small sample extracts

• Time consuming

• Materials required • Mason jar

• Mint leaves

• Grain alcohol or high-proof

• vodka

• Sieve, strainer, or cheesecloth

• Knife

• Funnel


• Step 1: Mince fresh mint leaves with a knife. The finer the leaves are chopped, the more surface area will be available for oil extraction.

• Step 2: Place the chopped leaves into a glass mason jar. Fill the jar with three parts of a high proof alcohol such as grain alcohol or vodka for every one part minced leaves. The alcohol will act as an agent to pull the oils out of the mint.

• Step 3: Cap the jar and shake well. Leave the container of herbs to sit in a dark place for the next four to six weeks. Shake the jar to stir up its continue every few days.

• Step 4: After the mint has soaked for four to six weeks, separate the plant material from the liquid by pouring the mixture into a clean bowl through a sieve or strainer. Wrap the soaked leaves in a piece of fine cheese cloth and squeeze out any captured extract.

• Step 5: Store the mint extract in small glass bottles or jars in a cool dark place.

66 22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK

Steps in extraction of mint oil

Step I Step II Step III

Step IV Step V 67 22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK

Chemical constituents

• Various constituents of peppermint oil as per monographs of International Pharmacopoeia are

limonene (1.0-5.0%),

cineole (3.5-14.0%),

menthone (14.0-32.0%),

menthofuran (1.0 -9.0%),

isomenthone (1.5-10.0%),

menthyl acetate (2.8-10.0%),

isopulegol (max. 0.2%),

menthol (30.0-55.0%),

pulegone (max. 4.0%) and

carvone (max. 1.0%).

• The ratio of cineole content to limonene content should be minimum two.


Standards for Evaluation • International Pharmacopoeia monograph

• Relative density : 0.900 to 0.916.

• Refractive index : 1.457 to 1.467.

• Optical rotation : -10° to -30°. • Specific gravity : 0.8997 to 0.9011

• Optical rotation : -370 11’ to 370 29’

• Acid value : maximum 1.4, determined on 5.0 g diluted in 50 ml of the prescribed mixture of solvents.

• Fatty oils and resinified essential oils : Complies with the test for fatty oils and resinified essential oils.

• Peppermint oil contains

• not less than 4.5 % w/w and not more than 10.0 per cent w/w of esters: menthyl acetate, C12H22O2,

• not less than 44.0 per cent w/w of free alcohols: menthol, C10H20O, and

• not less than 15.0 per cent w/w and not more than 32.0 per cent w/w of ketones: menthone, C10H18O.

• Chromatographic profiling of peppermint oil can be done with Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector.


Adultration

• Peppermint oil can be adulterated by addition of much cheaper cornmint oil (Mentha arvensis).

• Peppermint oil blends well with: Although most essential oils blend well with one another, peppermint oil blends particularly well with benzoic, eucalyptus, lavender, marjoram, lemon and rosemary.

• Synthetic analogues of menthol can be prepared in the labs


Storage

Store in well-filled, tightly-closed, light-resistant

containers in a cool place.

Good quality PVC drum with screw caps: Short

term storage.

Galvanized iron drums or aluminium containers:

Long term storage.


• Marketing: – It is commonly sold in 1 oz. or 4 oz. bottles.

– US$ 13.50 for 10 ml

• Products

– Burners and vaporizers

– Blended oil or in the bath

– Mouthwash

– Cream or lotion


Leaf proteome profiling of transgenic mint infected

with Alternaria alternata

• Ragini Sinha, Dipto Bhattacharyya, Aparupa Bose Majumdar, Riddhi Datta,

Saptarshi Hazra, Sharmila Chattopadhyay Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute

of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India


Ragini Sinha et. al., (2013)


Hydrophobic derivatives of guar gum hydrolyzate

and gum Arabic as matrices for microencapsulation

of mint oil Shatabhisa Sarkara, Sumit Guptab, Prasad S. Variyarb, Arun Sharmab, Rekha S. Singhala,∗

a. Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga,

Mumbai 400 019, India

b. Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India


Paola Veronese et.al (2001)


SOURCES OF INFORMATION

• Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,

Lucknow

• G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pant Nagar – 263 145, District – Udham Singh Nagar, Uttaranchal

• National Medicinal Plants Board, New

• Indian Horticulture Research Institute, Bangaluru.


1. Dr. K Umesh, Professor of PMA, College of Horticulture, Bangaluru.

2. Dr. Himabindu, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru

3. Dr V.K Rao, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru

4. Mr. Mahanthesh jogi P.hD (Hort) scholar.,

5. Mr. Udachappa pujare P.hD (Hort) scholar.,

6. Mr. saidulu, P.hD (Hort) scholar.,

7. www.google.com.


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