Investigation on Plant Derived Products as Control Agents for House fly and Development of

Formulation

INTRODUCTION:• Plant materials as insecticide (Shaalan et al. 2005; Isman 2006) • Traditional medicine• Easily accessible to Rural population• Chemical Insecticides: Costly, Insect develop Resistance (Shen et

al.,1990;Oi et al.,1992)

Desirable characteristics of Plant materials for use in pest control:

• Should be safe to use • Non hazardous to environment • Should be easy to extract and formulate

Target organism: house fly

Why ? Vectors of pathogens which cause human and

livestock diseases (Howard 2001). Irritate livestock and working personnel affecting

their productive efficiency (Fogg, 1971) Very few studies available on eco-friendly house

fly control (Malik et al., 2007) Systematic studies lacking as difficult to culture

under laboratory condition

Objectives:

To control different stages of house fly with application of different botanicals and oil

To formulate these botanicals and oils to make it easy for application

Screening of Plants :

Essential oils Formulation of Essential oils

Formulation of Botanicals

• Repellency• Larvicidal• Pupacidal

Repellency

Eucalyptusleaf

Lemon grass leafMentha piperita leaf Khus Turmeric

Life –cycle of House fly

Repellency

Larvicidal

Pupacidal

LARGERCHAMBER

Petri plate containingOil on filter paper

OUTERCHAMBER

REPELLENCY CHAMBER

Results for repellency experiment:Conc. Of oil used: 0.28 μl/cm2 Conc. Of oil used: 0.7 μl/cm2

*max repellency=70% by Mentha Piperita **repellency inc. to 88 % at higher conc

***Mentha Citrata become more effective at higher conc. Of oil

010

2030

405060

7080

90100

Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Mentha citrata Lemon grass Khus khus Turmeric

Rep

elle

ncy

(%)

After 30 min After 60 min After 120 min

010203040

50607080

Menthapiperita

Eucalyptus Lemon grass Menthacitrata

Khus khus Turmeric

Flie

s R

epel

led

(%)

After 30 min. After 60 min After 120 min

Repellency of field flies with different Essential Oils

Results for pupacidal experiment:

Results for larvicidal experiment: Dead larvae after treatment with oil

Live larvae 02468

10

Mentha piperi

ta

Pipermint

Eucalyp

tus

Lemon gra

ss

Turmeri

c

Control

Avg

. mor

talit

y of

larv

ae

24h 48h

Larvae (10) + essential oil (1 ml in 0.01 % Tween 80)

Pupae (20) + essential oil (200μl in 0.01 % Tween 80)

Larvicidal & Pupacidal with Essential oil

02

468

10

121416

1820

Mentha Piperit

a

Pipermint

Eucalyp

tus

Lemon gra

ss

Turmeri

c

Control

Oil

Avg

no.

of f

lies

emer

ged

96h 144h

%IR=95 (Lemon grass), 55 (Turmeric)

FormulationTypes of formulation

The main factors governing the choice of formulation are•Physico-chemical properties•Biological activity and mode of action•Method of application•Safety in use•Formulation costs•Market preference

Preparation of Emulsion from Essential oil (40 EC)Active Ingredient : 40 % (4 gm)Solvent (xylene) : 45 % (4.5 gm)Co- surfactant (Butanol-1) : 3 % (0.3 gm)Surfactant : 12 % (1.2 gm)Code A- NP20Code B- Castor oil ethoxalate

S no. Formulation Code A Code B

1 EC I 0.7 0.5

2 EC II 0.5 0.7

3 EC III 0.6 0.6

4 EC IV 0.8 0.4

5 EC V 0.4 0.8

6 EC VI 1.0 0.2

7 EC VII 0.2 1.0

8 EC VIII 0.9 0.3

9 EC IX 0.3 0.9

[40 EC stands for 40 % of Active Ingredients in the mixture]

Preparation of formulation from essential oil:

40 EC Eucalyptus Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g

40 EC Mentha piperita Active Ingredients (Eucalyptus oil): 4.0 gSolvent (xylene): 4.5 gCo-Surfactant (Butanol): 0.3 gSurfactant: NP 20 0.7 g Castor Oil Ethoxalate 0.5 g

Measure the requisite amount of ingredients and mix properlyKeep it for 24 h

Results for repellency experiment (with formulated Essential oil)

0102030405060708090

100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min.)

Flie

s re

pelle

d (%

)

2% 5%

40 EC Eucalyptus40 EC Mentha Piperita

0102030405060708090

100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Time (min.)

Flie

s re

pelle

d (%

)

2% 5%

*Formulated product of oil is better control agent for House fly than pure oil** Formulated Mentha Piperita is more effective than the formulated form of Eucalyptus

Conc. Of pure oil=0.7µl/cm2

Conc. of formulated Mentha Piperita & Eucalyptus= 0.000028μl/cm2

Fig. Comparative efficacy between oil and its formulation

0102030405060708090

100

Mentha Piperita Eucalyptus Pure oil (Menta Piperita)

Repe

llenc

y (%

)

30 min 60 min 120 min

Results for larvicidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)

0

20

40

60

80

100

pure oil (Mentha) M. piperita &Eucalyptus (Neat)

M. piperita (10%) Eucalyptus (10%)

Larv

al m

orat

ality

24h 48h 72h

0

20

40

60

80

100

2% 5% 10% Neat

Conc. of formulation

Larv

al m

orta

lity

(%)

24h 48h 72h

0

20

40

60

80

100

2% 5% 10% Neat

Conc. of formulation

Larv

al m

orta

lity

(%)

24h 48h 72h

40 EC Mentha piperita 40 EC Eucalyptus

* Formulated product of oil is better larvicidal for House fly than pure oil

** Formulation of both Mentha Piperita and Eucalyptus has similar in efficiency (76.6%) at 10% conc. of product

Results for pupacidal experiment (with formulated Essential oil)

* Control showed 80% fly emergence** IR (%)= 83.75 (M. piperita) & 87.5 (Eucalyptus) at 5% conc. of formulation*** Both the formulation were at par for their efficiency

0

20

40

60

80

100

2% 5% 10% Neat

Conc. of formulation

Emer

genc

e of

Adu

lt fli

es (%

)Mentha piperita Eucalyptus Control

Preparation of Dhoop-batti formulation with plant extracts

Constituents: Cow dung, ghee, rice particle and raal powder (5:1:1:1) Active ingredient equivalent to the amount of cow dung

Not feasible inRural Areas

Essential oils: Need rigorous extractionNeed extensive mechanizationExpensive

Result: Caused less than 10% repellency

FIELD EXPERIMENTS

Experimental Site: Gaushala, Karol bagh

DUMP SITE

HOSPITAL

BULL SHED

OPEN AREA

CLOSED SHED

CALF AREA

CALF AREA

CALF AREA

TREE

FROM RIGHT SIDE

FROM FRONT

AREA OF PROBLEM

Surface application on the body surface of animal

Hind portion of an injured animal infested with House flies

Before Application After Application

No flies

M. piperita (40 EC) Vol.-100ml Conc.-10%

After ApplicationBefore Application

050

100150200250300350400450500550

Control Cow Treated Cow

No. o

f flie

s /h

r

* Cows sprayed with formulation of M. piperita was visited by an average of 20 flies/hour (percentage reduction of 96.08 flies/hour) ** Control was visited by 509 flies/ hour for the same time period

Surface application

Before Application After Application

0150300450600750900

10501200135015001650

Control Mentha piperita(10%)

M. piperita(undiluted)

No. o

f flie

s/hr

*Treated surfaces with 40 EC formulation of M. piperita was visited by 151 flies/hour (10% conc.) and 17 flies/hour at 100% conc.**Control was visited by 1645 flies/ hour for the same time period

% Reduction of 90.8 flies

%Reduction of 98.9 flies

M. piperita (40 EC)

Area-2x2 m2

Vol.-25ml

References: Fogg. C.E., 1971. Livestock waste management and the conservation plan.

In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, Mich., pp. 34--35.

Howard. J.,2001 Nuisance flies around landfill;pattern of abundance and distribution. Waste management. Res.19, 308-313.

Isman, M.B.. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual review of Entomology 2006, 51, 45-66.

Oi, M.; Dauterman, W.; Motoyama, N. Toxico kinetic analysis of dermally applied diazinon in resistant and susceptible house flies, Musca domestica L. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1992, 27, 371–383.

Malik, A.; Singh, N.; Satya, S. 2007. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B (2007) 42, 453–469

Shaalan, E.A.S.; Canyon, D.; Younes, M.W.F.; Wahab, H.A.; Mansour, A.H. 2005. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ. Int., 31, 1149-1166.

Shen, J.; Plapp, Jr. F. W. Cyromazine resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Genetics and cross resistance to diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol. 1990, 83, 1689–1697.

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