A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“RATIO ANALYSIS OF ……..”

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Supervised By: Submitted By:“Name of Faculty”(Faculty “college name”)

“COLLEGE NAME”

“COLLEGE ADDRESS”

NEW DELHI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In pursuing and completion of my BBA and other commitments, I undertook the task of

completing my project on “Ratio analysis of ……………..”.

I am fortunate in having sought and secured valuable guidance, continuous encouragement

and strong support at every stage of my guide and supervisor “Name of Faculty” and I’m

deeply grateful to her.

I want to acknowledge the help provided by my guide and friends. The precious inputs

provided by them have helped in compiling this report.

I express my deep-hearted thanks and gratitude to all of those who helped me in this

Project.

(NAME)

2

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Work entitled “Ratio Analysis of ………” is a record

bonafide work carried out by “NAME OF STUDENT “at Name of College affiliated to

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, under my supervision towards partial

fulfillment for the award of the degree of “BACHELOR OF BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION”

Place:

Date:

“Name of Faculty”

PROJECT GUIDE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Particular Page No.

Ch-1: Introduction To The Study

1.1Brief overview of study

1.2 Objectives of the study

1.3Scope & significance of the study

1.4 Limitations of the study

Ch-2: Research Methodology

2.1 Statement of the Research Problem

2.2 Data collection (Primary and secondary)

2.3 Presentation tools used

2.4 Research Tool Used

Ch-3: Industry Overview

3.1 Past, present and future trends

3.2 Major Players and their respective market share

Ch-4: Company Profile

4.1 History

4.2 Vision, Mission and objectives of the industry

4.3 Organizational structure/Management hierarchy

4.4 Products and services offered

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Ch-5: Theoretical Perspective

(An introduction to Ratio Analysis)

Ch-6 Findings and Analysis

6.1 General Findings

6.2 Analysis

Ch-7 Conclusion and Recommendations

Annexure

Bibliography

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Chapter -1

Introduction to theStudy

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INTRODUCTION

In the era of globalization the utilization of finance is considered as the most important

function of an organization. The firms are facing a stiff competition from the whole

market, so the inflow and outflow of funds will be manage well inflow and outflow of

funds will be manage well. Finance is considered as the life blood of an organization.

The management of sources and application of funds will be done carefully. Every

organization is trying to earn the maximum profit by the effective investment of funds.

Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper

financial planning an enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid

asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an organization.

Financial analysis is the process of using financial statements to enable the users to

take economic and investment decisions. Managers use accounting information to ensure

that the enterprise is on the right direction and if not, take decisions to put it on the right

track.

Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of a

firm by properly establishing relationships between the items of Balance Sheet and Profit

and Loss Account. Analysis is the process of critically examining in detail accounting

information given in the financial statements. Analyzing financial statement is a process

of evaluating relationship between component parts of financial statements to obtain a

better understanding of firm’s position and performance. The main aim of the financial

statement analysis is to find out the profitability and financial position of the firm.

There are various methods used in analyzing financial statements such as Ratio analysis,

Comparative statements, Trend analysis, Common statements, Fund flow statements and

Cash flow statements. The purpose of financial analysis is to diagnose the information

contained in financial statements so as to judge the profitability and financial soundness

of the firm.

The techniques of financial analysis serve as a tool for the management in determining

the impact of financial decisions on financial conditions and the profitability of the

enterprise. This can be used by the financial manager as the basis to plan future financial

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requirements by means of forecasting and budgeting procedures. With the help of tools of

financial manager can rationalize his decision and reach the goal.

Financial analysis is helpful in assessing the financial position and profitability of a

concern. This is done through comparison by ratios for the same concern over a period of

years; or for one concern against another; or for one concern against the pre-determined

standards. Accounting ratios calculated for a number of years show the trend of the

change of position. That is whether the trend is upward or downward or static.

1.1 BREIF OVERVIEW OF STUDY

This study focus on the process of evaluating businesses, projects, budgets and other

finance-related entities to determine their suitability for investment. Typically, financial

analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable

enough to be invested in. When looking at a specific industry, the financial analyst will

often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. In addition,

one key area of financial analysis involves extrapolating the industry's past performance

into an estimate of the industry's future performance.

One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the

data to compare against those of other companies or against the industries own historical

performance. For example, return on assets is a common ratio used to determine how

efficient a industry is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could

be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis.

1.2OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1. Assessment of Past Performance

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Past performance is a good indicator of future performance. Investors or creditors are

interested in the trend of past sales, cost of goods sold, operating expenses, net income,

cash flows and return on investment. These trends offer a means for judging

management's past performance and are possible indicators of future performance.

2. Assessment of current position

Financial statement analysis shows the current position of the firm in terms of the types

of assets owned by a business firm and the different liabilities due against the enterprise.

3. Prediction of profitability and growth prospects

Financial statement analysis helps in assessing and predicting the earning prospects and

growth rates in earning which are used by investors while comparing investment

alternatives and other users in judging earning potential of business enterprise.

4. Prediction of bankruptcy and failure

Financial statement analysis is an important tool in assessing and predicting bankruptcy

and probability of business failure.

1.3SCOPE&SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The fund management is the essential function in every organization for the effective

utilization of funds for making profits. The fund management influences the managerial

decisions regarding the investment policies

Scope of the study is limited to the financial ratio Analysis, for the accounting

years 2013-14 to 2014-15 which have been taken as base year. The process of Financial

Statement Analysis involves compilation and study of financial and operating results and

preparation and interpretation of measuring devices such as ratios, source and application

of fund.

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

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1. Ignores the qualitative statements – Since the financial statements are concerned to the

monetary matters only, the qualitative elements like quality management, quality of

labor, public relations are ignored while carrying out the analysis financial statement

only.

2. Not free from bias – In many situations, the account has to make choice out of various

alternatives available, e.g. choice in the method of depreciation, choice in the method of

inventory valuation etc. since the subjectivity is inherent in personal judgment, the

financial statement are therefore not free from bias.

3. Estimated position on ongoing concern basis – Since the financial statement are

prepared on a ongoing concern basis as against liquidation basis, they report only the

estimated periodic results and not the true results since the true results can be ascertained

only on the liquidation of the enterprise.

4. Ignores price level changes in the case of financial areas prepared on the historical

costs – In case of financial statements prepared on historical costs, the fixed assets are

shown in balance sheet at historical costs less depreciation and not at the replacement

value which are often far higher than the value stated in the balance sheet.

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CHAPTER 2

Research Methodology

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Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The

Research Methodology includes the various methods and techniques for conducting a

Research. “Marketing Research is the systematic design, collection, analysis and

reporting of data and finding relevant solution to a specific marketing situation or

problem”. D. Slazenger and M. Stephenson in the encyclopedia of Social Sciences define

Research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of

generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in

construction of theory or in the practice of an art”.

Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for

its advancement. The purpose of Research is to discover answers to the Questions

through the application of scientific procedures. Project have a specified framework for

collecting data in an effective manner. Such framework is called “Research Design”.

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Ratio analysis is being used as the technique for checking the financial health of the

Name of Companies. Secondary data in the form of income statement & the balance

sheets of the industry have been taken for 4years (2012 to 2015). The data has been

analyzed by taking the relevant ratios for achieving the research objectives

The research process followed by us consists of following steps

2.1Research Design:-

2.1.1 Conclusion Oriented Research: - The research was conclusion oriented because

this research aimed at identifying the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.

In other words it is a research when we give our own views about the research.

2.1.2 Descriptive Research: - The research was a descriptive research as it was

concerned with specific predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics

concerning individuals specially entrepreneurs. In other words descriptive

research is a research where in researcher has no control over variable. He just

presents the picture which has already studied.

2.2 Data collection (Primary and secondary)

1. Primary data

2. Secondary Data

Primary data-Primary data is a type of information that is obtained directly from first-

hand sources by means of surveys, observation or experimentation. It is data that has not

been previously published and is derived from a new or original research study and

collected at the source such as in marketing.

Secondary Data-Secondary data is any information that was collected by someone other

than the person, industry, or party analyzing or using the data.  This contrasts with

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primary data, which is data that is collected by the person conducting the investigation or

research.

Financial data in the form of balance sheet and profit& Loss accounts of four years has

been taken for analysis

2.4 Research Tool Used

Research Tool used is Ratio Analysis

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CHAPTER 3

Industry Overview

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3.1 Past Trend

Past trend of industry in 2 pages

3.2Present Trend

Present trend of industry in 2 pages

3.3 The Growth Drivers

The Growth Drivers 2 paragraph

3.4 Future Trend

2PAGES

3.2 Major Players and their respective market share

2 PAGES

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CHAPTER 4

COMAPANY PROFILE

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4.1 History

1 PAGE

Timeline

Year wise growth from the year of incorporation 2 pages

Vision:

Mission:

Our Values

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4.3Company Profile

1 PAGE

4.4 Organizational Structure/Hierarchy Management

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4.5Products and services offered

1 PAGE

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CHAPTER 5

Theoretical Perspective

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RATIO ANALYSIS

One of the ways in which financial statements can be put to work is through ratio

analysis. Ratios are simply one number divided by another; as such they may or may not

be meaningful. In finance, ratios are usually two financial statement items that may be

related to one another and may provide the prudent user a good deal of information.

Of the myriad of ratios that could be generated, some will be more meaningful than

others. Generally ratios are divided into four areas of classification that provide different

kinds of information: liquidity, turnover, profitability, and debt.

Liquidity ratios indicate a firm's ability to meet its maturing short-term

obligations.

Turnover indicates how effectively a firm manages resources at its disposal to

generate sales.

Profitability indicates the efficiency with which a firm manages resources.

Debt indicates the extent to which a firm is financed by debt.

Mainly the persons interested in the analysis of the financial statements can be grouped

under three heads (i) Owners or investors, (ii) Creditors and (iii) Financial executives.

The importance of analysis varies materially with the purpose for which it is calculated.

The primary information which seeks to be obtained from these statements differs

considerable reflecting the purpose that the statement is to serve. The significance of

these ratios varies for these three groups as their purpose differs widely. These investors

are mainly concerned with the earning capacity of the industry whereas the creditors

including bankers and financial institutions are interesting in knowing the ability of

enterprise to meet its financial obligations timely. The financial executives are concerned

with evolving analytical tools that will measure and compare costs, efficiency, liquidity

and profitability with a view to making intelligent decisions.

Ratio analysis is a tool used to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a

industry’s financial statements. Ratios are calculated by individuals from current year

numbers and are these numbers are then used to judge the performance of the industry by

comparing them to previous years, other companies, the industry or even the economy. A

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ratio analysis can help give a quick indication of how a industry is doing in certain key

areas and the ratios can be categorized as short-term solvency ratios, debt management

ratios, asset management ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratio

CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

The following classification is based on the financial statement from which the ratios are

calculated. Thus, there are:

(A)Liquidity Ratios

(B) Solvency Ratio

(C) Activity Ratio

(D)Profitability Ratios or Income Ratios

Examples of ratios that can be calculated under each of the above categories are as

follows:

(A) Liquidity Ratios

Current ratio

Liquid ratio

(B) Leverage or Capital Structure Ratios

Debt Equity Ratio

Debt to Total Funds Ratio

Proprietary Ratio

Fixed Assets to Proprietor’s Fund Ratio

Capital Gearing Ratio

Interest Coverage Ratio

(C) Activity Ratios

Stock Turnover Ratio

Debtors Turnover Ratio

Creditors Turnover Ratio

Working Capital Turnover Ratio

Fixed assets-turnover ratio

(D) Profitability Ratios

Gross Profit Ratio

Net Profit Ratio

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Operating Ratio

Expenses Ratio

Return on Capital Employed

ANALSIS FOR SHORT-TERM CREDITORS

The analysis is also called analysis for ‘short-term solvency’ of the industry. Short-term

creditors of the industry are primarily interested in knowing the industry’s ability to pay

its short-term creditors as and when they become due. For this purpose creditors focus

their attention on the industry’s cash- generation power and on industry’s total current

assets in relation to its total current liabilities. Industry must have as much as total current

assets as to be able to meet its obligation on account of current liabilities and have

something to meet day to day requirements of the business. Ratios calculated for this

purpose are liquidity ratios.

(i) LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Liquidity refers to the ability of the industry to meet its current obligations. The liquidity

ratios, therefore, have to do with the size and relationships of current liabilities, which are

the obligations soon becoming due, and current assets, which presumably provide the

source from which these obligations will be met. A industry’s financial position is not

sound unless it has adequate liquidity.

Liquidity ratios include two ratios:

(a) Current ratio.

(b) Quick ratio.

(a) Current ratio

The current ratio is computed by dividing current assets by current liabilities. The

formula for its computation is as follows:

Current assets/ Current liabilities

OBJECTIVES:

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Current ratio is the relation of a industry’s current assets to its current liabilities. This

ratio establishes the ability of the business to meet its short-term obligations and is,

therefore, of particular significance to short-term creditors. It is always desirable that in a

business there should be a considerable excess of current assets over current liabilities. In

a business, a 2:1 ratio of current assets to current liabilities is treated a satisfactory

relation, which may vary from business to business. The idea of having almost twice as

much asset as liabilities is only to tide over the contingency loss on account of realization

of assets in order to meet liabilities and leave some amounts as working capital in the

business. For example, there may be large amounts of bad debts or stocks may become

unsalable or losses may occur in realization of short-term investments.

(b) QUICK RATIO

Quick ratio is calculated by dividing quick current assets by current liabilities. The

formula for its computation is as follows:

= Quick current assets

Current liabilities

OBJECTIVES:

This ratio is a better test of financial strength than the current ratio as its gives no

consideration to stocks which may be very slow moving and may not be easily

convertible into cash. Stock in trade may take a lot of time before it is converted into

debtors or bill receivable and finally into cash. Similarly, ‘prepaid or unexpired expenses’

do not provide cash at all; they merely reduce the amount of cash required in one period

because of payment in a prior period. Quick ratio is a measure of the instant debt paying

capacity of the business enterprise. It is, therefore, a measure of the extent to which liquid

resources are immediately available to meet current obligations. It is a supplementary

measure of liquidity and places more emphasis on immediate conversion of assets into

cash than does the current ratio. A quick ratio of 1:1 has usually been considered

favorable since for every rupee of current liabilities there is a rupee of quick assets. But

accounts receivable (or sundry debtors) may not be convertible into cash at face value on

a short notice.

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SOLVENCY RATIO- AN ANALYSIS FOR LONG-TERM CREDITORS

Long-term creditors include debenture holders, vendors selling equipment in installment

basis and other financiers supplying long-term loans. Long- term creditors are primarily

interested in whether the industry has ability to pay regular interest due to them and to

repay the principal at the maturity date. Solvency ratios indicate ability of the industry to

meet its interest costs and repayment schedules associated with its long-term indebt ness.

The lenders are mainly interested in:

Security of their loans

Interest payable thereon

Repayment of their loans at maturity date

Thus, solvency ratios primarily include.

(a) Debt-equity ratio

(b) Interest coverage ratio

(c) Debt to total fund ratio.

(A)DEBT-EQUITY RATIO

This ratio expresses the relationships of long term liability to net worth. Long-term

liabilities are those which are repayable after one year and these are other than those

appearing under ‘current liabilities’. The long-term or term liabilities include debentures

and other secured and unsecured loans which are repayable after one year. Net worth or

equity represents equity share capital, reserves, irredeemable preference share capital and

preference share capital not redeemable within a period of 12years from the date of the

balance sheet. Preference shares redeemable within 12 years are considered as debt. It is

computed as follows:

= Debt

Equity

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OBJECTIVES:

This ratio is a measure of owner’s stake in the business. Proprietors are always keen to

have more funds from borrowings because:

1. Their stake in the business is reduced and subsequently their risk too.

2. Interest on loans or borrowings is a deductible expenditure while computing taxable

profits. Dividend on shares is not so allowed by income tax authorities.

But creditors always like proprietors to have more stakes in the venture, because it

provides a margin of safety to them. Moreover, excessive outside debt may cause

insolvency of the business and is harmful. The normally acceptable debt-equity ratio is

2:1 but relaxations are allowed. If an analyst looks at this ratio and finds that the debt has

reached its maximum level, he may expect rights issue of shares depending upon the

industry’s expansion/ modernization performance. On net worth is possible, provided the

growth plans are to be funded from untapped borrowings. The other aspect of high debt is

that profits would be adversely affected in case of a fall in sales.

(B) INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO

Here, ‘net income’ stands for net income before charging income tax and interest on

long-term debts and ‘debt service’ stands for interest on long-term debts. This ratio is

calculated as follows

= Net income before charging interest and income tax

Periodic interest on long-term debt

OBJECTIVES:

Since the borrower has earned 5 times the fixed interest to be paid to long-term creditors

after meeting out his usual business expenses, he is likely to pay off his liability on

account of interest and other periodic fixed profits are calculated keeping future in mind,

this type of ratio can serve as a good index on long-term solvency. The interest coverage

ratio of debt-service ratio indicates how much interest charges are covered by operating

profits available to pay the interest charges. A higher ratio is desirable, but too higher a

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ratio indicates that the firm is very conservative in using debt and that it is not using

credit to the best advantage of shareholders. A low ratio indicates excessive use of debt or

inadequate operations. Thus, both these ratios- debt-equity ratio and interest coverage

ratio- help the creditors and investors of the industry to assess the financial status of the

industry in order to take a rational decision for long-term investment of their funds in the

business.

(C)DEBTS TO TOTAL FUNDS RATIO

The ratio compares the total liabilities to total assets. it is computed by the formula:

Debt to total funds ratio = DEBT *100

Total assets

OBJECTIVES:

This ratio indicates the extent of trading on equity and measures the percentage of assets

financed through borrowings.

ACTIVITY RATIOS- AN ANALSIS FOR MEASURING THE MOVEMENT OF

CURRENT ASSETS

Both the current ratio ant the acid test ratio will be misleading if debtors are too high

because of slow credit collections. Similarly, the current ratio will be misleading if stock

is too high because it is not being turned over (sold) as fast as it should be. Since liquidity

ratio (i.e., current ratio and acid test ratio) ignore the movement of current assets, it is

necessary for short-term creditors to focus their attention on the analysis of policy for

collection of debtors and turnover of stock. Activity ratios signify the effective utilization

of a concern of its available resources. Mainly, activity ratios include:

Capital Turnover Ratio

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio

Net Working Capital Turnover Ratio

Stock Turnover Ratio

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Debtors’ Turnover Ratio

A.CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO:

This ratio is computed by the following formula:

= Net sales or cost of good sold

Capital employed

OBJECTIVES:

This ratio measures the effectiveness with which a firm uses financial resources as its

disposal. An enterprise must make full use of fixed assets at its disposal, must maintain

stocks at proper levels and debts must be realized in time. Variations in capital turnover

ratio must be properly looked into. A low ratio may signify that the capital is lying idle or

that there is a fall In sales have been suppressed or that any of the constituents of capital

employed has been inflated. Management sometimes suppresses sales by resorting to

deliberate manipulation. Sales relating to current year may be shown as sales of the next

accounting period. A high capital turnover ratio indicates that either the business firm is

overtrading to an extent that its financial health is in risk or danger or there is

manipulation in the figures.

B. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO

This ratio is computed by dividing the net sales or cost of sales of the concern bt its net

fixed assets.

The formula used is:

= NET SALES, i.e., total sales less sales returns

Fixed assets less depreciation

OBJECTIVES:

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This ratio is expressed in as number of times. Examples of fixed assets are land and

buildings, plant and machinery, furniture, etc. this ratio shows the efficiency of the

business house in utilizing its fixed assets. Higher this ratio, better it is because it

indicates higher efficiency, i.e., every rupee invested in fixed assets generates higher

sales. A lower ratio signifies inefficiency of assets. It may also point to the

underutilization or non-utilization of certain assets. With the help of this ratio,

arrangement for disposal or alternative uses of such unutilized or underutilized assets

may be made.

C. NET WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO

This ratio is computed by dividing the net sales, i.e., total sales less returns by net

working capital. The term net working capital means the excess of current assets over

current liabilities.

The formula is:

= Net sales or cost of sales

Net working capital

Net working capital signifies the excess of current assets over current liabilities.

Examples of current assets are cash in hand, cash at work, bill receivable, sundry debtors,

stock in trade, short-term investments. Current liabilities include sundry creditors, bill

payable, bank overdraft etc.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this ratio are:

The efficiency of the use of working capital in the unit can be measured.

For an expected increase in sales, the requirement of working capital can be

calculated by computing this ratio.

A high working capital turnover ratio (if it is expressed in %) indicates efficient use of

working capital and quick turnover of current assets like stock and debtors. A low ratio

indicates low turnover of these assets.

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D. STOCK TURNOVER RATIO

How many times stock is purchased during the year is an important calculation because

this depends on the industry’s purchase policy. Buying in small lots results in repeated

buying and buying in bulk results in infrequent buying. Bulk buying though gives various

advantages of external and internal economies, yet results in heavy carrying costs and

blocking of funds and thus limiting liquidity of the concern. Buying in small lots keep

funds quite free but gives the danger of going out of stock at any time and reduces the

bargaining power of the industry. But high turnover of stock does not necessarily mean

that the industry buys in small lots. It may be that the industry is efficient and sells it

always quickly. It is calculated as under:

= Cost of goods sold

Average stock held during the year

This ratio is best calculated by dividing annual turnover by the average of the stock

figures at the end month, as ratios based upon opening or closing stock for the year, or

the average of these, may be misleading, unless stocks are constant throughout the year.

The ratio signifies the number of times, on an average, the inventory or stock turned over

or sold during the period. A higher stock turnover ratio is desirable because it leads to

higher liquidity. It indicates efficient sales performance. Care should be taken to ensure

that turnover of stock does not rise too much signified by a very low ratio, otherwise it

may become difficult to fulfill customer’s order promptly. A low stock turnover indicates

that stock does not sell quickly and remains in the go down for a long time. This will lead

to excessive blocking up of working capital in inventories. Moreover, slower stock

turnover will reduce liquidity.

E.DEBTORS’S TURNOVER RATIO:

Debtor’s turnover ratio establishes the relationship of receivables to net credit sales.

Debtors, as used in this context, include bills receivable bur exclude debtors which are

not on account of goods, e.g., debtors arising out of sale of furniture will not be included

in this list of debtors for this purpose. This is calculated as follows:

= Net credit sales

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Average of debtors

OBJECTIVES:

The collection period so calculated is compared with the credit period allowed and then

conclusions are drawn. This shows, the rate at which customer are paying for credit sales.

This ratio should approximate to the credit terms allowed by the business and is,

therefore, a comment on the efficiency of credit control. If 90 day’s credit is extended to

customers, then the normal ratio should be 4:1. the higher the ratio, the more favorable

the effect upon working capital, because outsiders are being financed to a lesser extent

while liquid resources will, other things being equal, increase.

PROFITABILITY RATIOS

The main object of every business concern is to earn profits. A business must be able to

earn adequate profits in relation to the risk and capital invested in it. The efficiency and

the success of a business can be measured with the help of profitability ratios.

Profitability Ratios are calculated to provide answers to the following questions:

Is the firm earning adequate profits?

What is the rate of gross profit and net profit on sales?

What is the rate of return on capital employed in the firm?

What is the rate of return on proprietor’s funds?

What are the earnings per share?

(A) GROSS PROFIT RATIO:

This ratio shows the relationship between gross profit and sales. The formula for

computing this ratio is:

= Gross Profit * 100

Net Sales

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Net Sales = Sales –Sales Return

Significance:

This ratio measures the margin of profit available on sales. The higher the gross profit

ratio the better it is. No ideal standard is fix for this ratio, but the gross profit ratio should

be adequate enough not only to cover the operating expenses but also to provide for

depreciation, interest on loans, dividends and creation of reserves.

(B) NET PROFIT RATIO:

This ratio shows the relationship between net profit and sales. The formula for

computing this ratio is:

Net Profits *100

Net Sales

Significance:

This ratio measures the rate of net profit earned on sales. It helps in determining the

overall efficiency of the business operations. An increase in the ratio over the previous

year shows improvement in the overall efficiency and the profitability of the business.

(C)RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED:

This ratio reflects the overall profitability of the business. It is calculated by comparing

the profit earned and the capital employed to earn it. This ratio is usually in percentage

and is also known as ‘Rate of Return’ or ‘Yield on Capital’. The formula for computing

this ratio is:

Profit before interest, tax and dividends X 100

Capital Employed

Capital employed can be computed by any of the following two methods:

1. Capital Employed = Equity share capital + Preference share capital + All reserves +

P&L Balance+ Long term loans - Fictitious Assets - Non Operating Assets

2. Capital Employed = Fixed Assets + Current Assets - Current Liabilities

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D)RETURN ON TOTAL SHAREHOLDER’S FUNDS:

For calculating this ratio ‘Net Profit after interest and tax’ (but before preference

dividend) is divided by total shareholder’s funds. The formula for computing this ratio

is:

Net Profit after interest and tax

Total Shareholder’s Funds

Here, Total Shareholder’s Funds= Equity Share capital + Preference share capital + All

reserves + P&L a/c Balance - Fictitious Assets.

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CHAPTER-6

Findingsand Analysis

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6.1 General Findings

The significance level of Current Ratio is 2:1 the investment current assets is quite low

for Moser Baer. Hence it is advice to increase the level of current assets

The significance level of Quick Ratio is 1:1.Moser Baer is not stabilizing as high liquid

assets are quite low. Hence it is advice to increase the liable liquid assets and have the

optimum utilization.

The significance level of Debt Equity Ratio is 2:1. Ratio of a industry is quite

satisfactory as the liability is less in comparison of equity which suggest strong solvency

of position. The above comparative comparison none on owner fund as compare to

borrow fund by which it can gain the benefit making control.

The significance level of Total Assets to Debt Ratiosis 2:1. Hence industry have to

increase the assets for better condition,

The significance level of Inventory Turnover Ratio is 2:1 this quite low for Moser

Baer. Hence it is advice to increase the level of total assets.

The significance level of Debtor Turnover Ratio is equal. Is quite unstable which

significance quality of debtors it is not satisfactory and it also indicate in efficiency of the

staff interested with collection of good debt.

The significance level of Working Capital Turnover Ratio is equal. It can be drawn

that the working capital or current assets have been efficiency utilize making sales to

2014 but in the year 2015. Working Capital Turnover Ratio sleeper decline which is

matter of concern same control measure be adopted

Is on a decline trend all though absolute figure sales have gone up. It means increase in

investment in fixed assets have not brought about commensurate gain. It is advised to the

management to go for the optimum of fixed assets.

36

It is indicating about the promptness of Moser Baer in making payment of credit

purchase, thus enhancing worthiness of the industry. It also indicate the industry is not

taking full advantage of the credit period allow buy the industry.

6.2 Liquidity Ratio- A class of financial metrics that is used to determine a industry's

ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. Generally, the higher the value of the

ratio, the larger the margin of safety that the industry possesses to cover short-term debts.

6.2.1 Current Ratio - The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a industry's

operating cycle or its ability to turn its product into cash.

Companies 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 0.70 1.09 1.02 0.91

Current Ratio

current ratio

37

INTREPETATION: Using the above data we analysis that the Current Ratios for

Moser Baer. The significance level of current ratio is 2:1 the investment current assets is

quite low for Moser Baer. Hence it is advice to increase the level of current assets

6.2.1.2 QUICK RATIO

This ratio is a better test of financial strength than the current ratio as its gives no

consideration to stocks which may be very slow moving and may not be easily

convertible into cash.

QUICK RATO = QUICK ASSETS/CURRENT LIABILITY

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 0.96 0.78 1.71 2.04

38

Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above data we analysis thatthe QUICK RATIO for Moser Baer. The

significance level of quick ratio is 1:1.Moser Baer is not stabilizing as high liquid asset

are quite low. Hence it is advice to increase the liable liquid assets and have the optimum

utilization

6.2.2 SOLVENCY RATIO

One of many ratios used to measure a industry's ability to meet long-term obligations.

The solvency ratio measures the size of a industry's after-tax income, excluding non-cash

depreciation expenses, as compared to the firm's total debt obligations. It provides a

measurement of how likely a industry will be to continue meeting its debt obligations

.

39

6.2.2.1 DEBT-EQUITY RATIO-A measure of a industry's financial leverage calculated

by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders' equity. It indicates what proportion of

equity and debt the industry is using to finance its assets.

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 5.03 1.46 1.75 1.29

Debt Equity Ratio

Debt Equity Ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above data analysis that the Debt EquityRATIO for Moser Baer. The

significance level of Debt Equity ratio is 2:1. Ratio of a industry is quite satisfactory as

the liability is less in comparison of equity which suggest strong solvency of position.

The above comparative comparison none on owner fund as compare to borrow fund by

which it can gain the benefit making control.

40

6.2.2.2 Total Assets To Debt Ratio-A relationship between total assets and total long

term debt

= Total Assets/Long Term Debt

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser Baer 0.59 0.51 0.52 0.5

Total Assets To Debt Ratio

Total Assets To Debt Ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above analysis the Total Assets to Debt Ratios for Moser Baer.The

significance level of Total Assets to Debt Ratios is 2:1. Hence industry have to increase

the assets for better condition

41

6.2.3 Activity Turnover Ratio- these ratio measures the effectiveness will which

concern uses resources at its disposal.

6.2.3.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio

6.2.3.2 Debtor Turnover ratio

6.2.3.3 Working Capital Turnover Ratio

6.2.3.4 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio

6.2.3.5 Creditor Turnover Ratio

6.2.3.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio- Inventory turnover ratio establish relationship

between the cost of goods sold during a given period and the average amount of

inventory carried during that period.

= Cost of Goods Sold/Average Stock

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 0.39 1.24 0.81 2.46

Stock Turnover Ratio

Stock Turnover Ratio

INTERPETATION

42

Using the above analysis the Total Assets to Debt Ratios for Moser Baer. The

significance level of Total Assets to Debt Ratios is 2:1. Hence industry have to increase

the assets for better condition

6.2.3.2 Debtor Turnover Ratio-the relational ship between net credit sales and average

debtors (or receivable) of the year.

=Net credit sales/Average Debtors

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 2.15 2.46 2.27 4.16

Debtor Turnover Ratio

Debtor Turnover Ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above data the Debtor Turnover Ratio for Moser Baer. The significance level

of Debtor Turnover Ratio is equal. Is quite unstable which significance quality of

debtors it is not satisfactory and it also indicate in efficiency of the staff interested with

collection of good debt.

43

6.2.3.3 Working Capital Turnover Ratio- establishes relationship between working

capital and sales. It indicates the no. of time a unit invested in working capital and sales.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio =Net sales/ working capital= no. of time

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 0.39 1.24 0.81 2.46

working capital turnover ratio

working capital turnover ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above data analysis that the Working Capital Turnover Ratio for

Moser Bear The significance level of Working Capital Turnover Ratio is equal.

It can be drawn that the working capital or current assets have been efficiency

utilize making sales to 2013 but in the year 2014.Working Capital Turnover Ratio

sleeper decline which is matter of concern same control measure be adopted

44

6.2.3.4 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio- establishes relationship between Fixed Assets and

net Sales indicating how efficiently they have been used in achieving the sales.

Fixed Assets Turnover=Net Sales/ Net Fixed Assets= times…

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

Moser bear 0.33 0.47 0.41 0.47

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio

INTERPETATION

Using the above data analysis that the Fixed Assets Turnover for Moser Baer. Is on a

decline trend all though absolute figure sales have gone up. It means increase in

45

investment in fixed assets have not brought about commensurate gain. It is advised to the

management to go for the optimum of fixed assets.

6.2.4 Profitability Ratio-class of financial metrics that are used to assess a business's

ability to generate earnings as compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred

during a specific ex period of time. For most of these ratios, having a higher value

relative to a competitor's ratio or the same ratio from a previous period is indicative that

the industry is doing well.

6.2.4.1 Gross Profit Ratio

6.2.4.2 Net Profit Ratio

6.2.4.3 Return on Investment

6.2.4.1 Gross ProfitRatio -A financial metric used to assess a firm's financial health by

revealing the proportion of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of

goods sold. Gross profit margin serves as the source for paying additional expenses and

future savings.

=Gross Profit*100/Net Sales=%

Comapany 2012 2013 2014 2015

25.23 24.5 20.6 19.36

46

Gross Profit Ratio

Gross Profit Ratio

INTERPETATION

The analysis the degree to which selling price per unit are declining due to resulting into

increase in operating cost.

6.2.4.2 Return on Investment -A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency

of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. To

calculate ROI, the benefit (return) of an investment is divided by the cost of the

investment; the result is expressed as a percentage or a ratio.

= EBIT*100/Capital employed

*Capital employed=Share capital + Reserve +Long term debt –Fictitious Assets–Non

opt assets

Company 2012 2013 2014 2015

32.08 37.18 33.49 22.65

47

Return On Investment

Return On In-vestment

INTERPETATION

Above data analysis shows indicates that unstable return on investment which will

increase the risk of the shareholders posing a thread to the amount of dividend payable to

them which ultimately result the decreasing the value of industry.

48

CHAPTER-7

Conclusion

and

Recommendations.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The significance level of current ratio is 2:1 the investment current assets is quite

low for Moser Baer. Hence it is adviced to increase the level of current assets

49

The significance level of Debt Equity ratio is 2:1. Ratio of industry is quite

satisfactory as the liability is less in comparison of equity which suggest strong

solvency of position. The above comparative comparison none on owner fund as

compare to borrow fund by which it can gain the benefit making control.

The significance level of Total Assets to Debt Ratios is 2:1. Hence industry

have to increase the assets for better condition

The significance level of Debtor Turnover Ratio is not good and is quite

unstable and withthis quality of debtors it is not satisfactory and it also indicate in

efficiency of the staff interested with collection of good debt

The significance level of Working Capital Turnover Ratio is equal. It can be

drawn that the working capital or current assets have been efficiency utilize

making sales to 2014 but in the year 2015.

The Fixed Assets Turnover is on a decline trend all though absolute figure sales

have gone up. It means increase in investment in fixed assets.

50

ANNEXURE

BibliographyBooks Referred

1) Pandey I. M. - Financial Management- Vikas PublishingHouse Pvt. Ltd. - Ninth

Edition 2006

2) Srivastava R., Financial management(2014) , Oxford Publications

Websites: www. moserbaer .com

http://www.moneycontrol.com/

Financial Statements

Dec '15 Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12

9 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Sources Of FundsTotal Share Capital 198.31 168.31 168.31 168.31

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Equity Share Capital 198.31 168.31 168.31 168.31

Share Application Money 6.30 20.00 0.00 0.00

Preference Share Capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Reserves -343.64 180.71 700.53 1,099.58

Networth -139.03 369.02 868.84 1,267.89Secured Loans 1,653.07 1,755.30 1,256.86 1,819.94

Unsecured Loans 0.00 0.00 0.00 394.75

Total Debt 1,653.07 1,755.30 1,256.86 2,214.69Total Liabilities 1,514.04 2,124.32 2,125.70 3,482.58

Dec '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12

9 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Application Of FundsGross Block 816.94 4,498.49 4,480.24 4,484.23

Less: Revaluation Reserves 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Less: Accum. Depreciation 0.00 3,528.38 3,246.22 2,983.80

Net Block 816.94 970.11 1,234.02 1,500.43Capital Work in Progress 0.00 0.38 13.93 54.80

Investments 672.89 684.04 700.92 700.87Inventories 501.21 527.74 559.39 649.83

Sundry Debtors 496.48 636.06 728.80 962.68

Cash and Bank Balance 71.55 130.90 37.01 60.06

Total Current Assets 1,069.24 1,294.70 1,325.20 1,672.57

Loans and Advances 709.71 695.83 612.75 239.40

Fixed Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 123.04

Total CA, Loans & Advances 1,778.95 1,990.53 1,937.95 2,035.01

Deferred Credit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Current Liabilities 1,569.09 1,392.36 1,517.98 641.60

Provisions 185.65 128.38 243.14 166.95

Total CL & Provisions 1,754.74 1,520.74 1,761.12 808.55

Net Current Assets 24.21 469.79 176.83 1,226.46Miscellaneous Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Assets 1,514.04 2,124.32 2,125.70 3,482.56

Contingent Liabilities 2,369.20 2,644.93 2,578.62 2,211.98

Book Value (Rs) -7.33 20.74 51.62 75.33

Standalone Profit & Loss account ------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------  Dec '15 Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12

  9 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

52

IncomeSales Turnover 944.35 1,466.31 2,082.13 1,876.54 2,110.62

Excise Duty 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.08 52.18

Net Sales 944.35 1,466.31 2,082.13 1,820.46 2,058.44

Other Income -144.02 81.84 46.16 78.33 219.52

Stock Adjustments -0.29 -10.10 -88.68 28.37 12.11

Total Income 800.04 1,538.05 2,039.61 1,927.16 2,290.07ExpenditureRaw Materials 503.21 787.53 1,078.81 1,093.29 1,034.42

Power & Fuel Cost 0.00 192.91 202.59 172.88 165.66

Employee Cost 113.63 180.16 179.74 189.34 226.48

Other Manufacturing Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.02 120.03

Selling and Admin Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 153.61 98.39

Miscellaneous Expenses 318.06 298.17 283.08 61.44 26.74

Preoperative ExpCapitalised 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Expenses 934.90 1,458.77 1,744.22 1,749.58 1,671.72

  Dec '15 Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12

  9 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Operating Profit 9.16 -2.56 249.23 99.25 398.83PBDIT -134.86 79.28 295.39 177.58 618.35

Interest 157.52 196.67 239.00 201.96 186.83

PBDT -292.38 -117.39 56.39 -24.38 431.52

Depreciation 154.27 290.23 375.82 385.58 491.89

Other Written Off 0.00 51.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

Profit Before Tax -446.65 -459.16 -319.43 -409.96 -60.37

Extra-ordinary items 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.23 16.51

PBT (Post Extra-ord Items) -446.65 -459.16 -319.43 -400.73 -43.86

Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -7.65

Reported Net Profit -446.66 -459.17 -319.42 -400.71 -36.21Total Value Addition 431.69 671.24 665.41 656.28 637.29

Preference Dividend 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Equity Dividend 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.10

Corporate Dividend Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68

Per share data (annualised)Shares in issue (lakhs) 1,983.06 1,683.06 1,683.06 1,683.06 1,683.06

Earning Per Share (Rs) -22.52 -27.28 -18.98 -23.81 -2.15Equity Dividend (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00

Book Value (Rs) -7.33 20.74 51.62 75.33 100.53

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Source : Dion Global Solutions Limited

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THANK YOU

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