MinMars ProjectSurface Infrastructure Update

A DevelopSpace ProjectJune 15th, 2008

Overview• Ongoing process to size all surface infrastructure elements based on

previous literature– This presentation is not to detail surface infrastructure element sizes, but

to discuss several key points and ask opinions on overall concept• Key questions being analyzed

– What infrastructure is needed?– Can this be done in 5 – 10 mt landed payloads

• No analysis of landing systems• Focused on two types of elements

– Cargo• Either pre-deployed or re-supply

– Pre-deployed must survive 2+ years on the surface– How much autonomous construction is required?

– Crewed• 30-day surface survival capability• EVA Suits and Mobility included• No consideration for in-space transit

Surface Infrastructure Categories• Structures

– Pressurized & Unpressurized– Habitation– Rigid & Inflatable

• Power– Minimal integrated power (for keep

alive of pre-deployed elements)– Deployed surface power

• Thermal– Minimal integrated thermal– Deployed surface radiators

• Communication & Navigation– Mars surface network– Mars-Earth network

• Life Support– Based on Wilfried’s assessment

• In-situ Resource Utilization– Basic vs. extended capability

• Crew Systems– Medical– Hygiene

• Maintenance & Repair– Facilities, Spare Parts, Raw Materials

• Science & Exploration– Facilities & Tools

• Extra Vehicular Activities– EVA Suits & Spares

• Surface Mobility– Unpressurized Crew Mobility– Pressurized Crew Mobility– Asset Mobility

• Consumables & Logistics– Initial cache & resupply

Cargo Landers• Cargo Landers

– Individual units that are able to sustain initial period without interaction with other systems

• Common structure (5m by 5m rigid cylinder) (~1mt)• Basic power, thermal, communications, avionics (~ 1mt)• Each element can carry ~3mt of payload

• Approximately five cargo landers required– Deployable power & thermal systems– Central life support and ISRU– Logistics & cargo lander– Habitat lander(s)– Mobility asset (pressurized and unpressurized rovers & asset

mobility)

Crewed Lander• Deliver crew to Martian surface

– Maintain crew for 30-days• Requires consumables for 30-days without ISRU capability• Requires fully functioning power, thermal, and life support systems

– Provide EVA capability to enable base assembly and initialization

• Mass will be very tight on this element– Structures (1mt)– Crew & EVA Suits (1mt)– Consumables (0.5mt)– Life Support (0.5mt)– Power & thermal (1mt)– Avionics, communications (0.5mt)

Questions/Discussion

• Currently creating sizing sheets to better flush out details of the elements

• Pre-deployed assets– At what point does the infrastructure have to be to

send crew?• Successful landings vs fully-functioning

• Crew lander– How does the crew lander interact with the in-space

habitat?– How is this achieved

BACK-UP SLIDES

Structures

• Common 5m by 5m rigid cylinder (~100 m3)– Baseline: Al 6061 T6 & MLI– Two floors: ~39 m2 (420 ft2) of floor area– Mass: ~1 mt

• Inflatable Structures– Used to add habitable volume– Free-standing vs. attached

Power• Baseline: Non-Tracking Solar & RFC

– Volume Specific Power• 0.0019P3-0.3882P2+29.933P+955.28

– Mass Specific Power• 0.00004P3-0.0082P2+0.6887P+6.1184

– Valid from 35kW – 80kW– 50kW requires ~2mt & 30m3

• How densely can this be packed?• Concept one dedicated cargo lander with power

systems (including deployment assets) with connections to all other units

• All other assets will require integrated power to survive for period between landing and connection

Thermal

• Each element will be required to have plumbing, cold plates, heat exchangers, and survival radiators– Will also require deployable radiators on the

Martian surface to handle operational heat loads

• Not considering Thermal Protection System for landing

Communication & Navigation

• Each element requires low-data rate surface network and Earth-Mars network

• System will require high-data rate networks for operation

• Avionics in NASA’s DRM is ~150 kg per element– (from Exploration Blueprint)– 1.5 mt in DRM-1

Life Support/ISRU• Baseline: Components from Wilfried’s presentation

– 4BMS– Solid state compressor– Sabatier reactor– Methane pyrolysis reactor– Electrolysis unit– Multi-filtration– Vapor compression distillation

• Hardware mass is approximately 250 kg/person• One system could be deployed and attached to all

elements– Each element would require plumbing, fans, sensors, etc.

Crew Systems

• Hardware for basic survival– Food preparation & storage– Hygiene– Sleep provisions– Housekeeping– Washing machine

• Total system mass can vary greatly• Components can be spread out between

elements

Near-Term Mars Colonization

-A DevelopSpace Project-June 15th, 2008

Mars ResultsMass Specific Power vs. Average Power Level On Mars

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

25 35 45 55 65 75

Avg Power (kW)

Mas

s S

peci

fic P

ower

(W/k

g)

Non-Tracking+RFC

Non-Tracking+Li-Ion batteries

Nuclear+stirling

Nuclear+Brayton

Tracking+RFC

Tracking+Li-Ion

Non-Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)

Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)

Non-Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)

Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)

Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)

Tracking+RTG(20kW)

2xMass Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)

Mars Results ContinuedVolume Specific Power vs. Average Power Level On Mars

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

25 35 45 55 65 75

Avg Power (kW)

Mas

s Spe

cific

Pow

er (W

/m̂3)

Non-Tracking+RFC

Non-Tracking+Li-Ion batteries

Nuclear+stirling

Nuclear+Brayton

Tracking+RFC

Tracking+Li-Ion

Non-Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)

Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)

Non-Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)

Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)

Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)

Tracking+RTG(20kW)

2xMass Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)

Mars Solar Surface Power

• Issues to be resolved– RFC performance may be significantly reduced

compared to our assumptions• 300 Wh/kg or less• Could possibly be enhanced by generating oxygen for

RFC in-situ (~ 25% of RFC mass)– Effect of wind speed on roll-out arrays

• Would they be blown away?– Degradation, dust removal– Robotic deployment

Mars Surface Infrastructure (1)

DRM 1.0: infrastructureafter 1st opportunity

Mars Surface Infrastructure (2)

DRM 1.0: infrastructureafter 2nd opportunity

Mars Surface Infrastructure (3)DRM 1.0: infrastructureafter 3rd opportunity

Mars Surface Infrastructure (4)

DRM 1.0: hab or lab module final landing

Mars Surface Infrastructure (5)

DRM 1.0: mobile hab and lab modules connected

Mars Surface Infrastructure (6)

DRM 3.0: hab-module with inflatable extension

Mars Surface Infrastructure (7)

Hab module for dual landers DRM

Mars Surface Infrastructure (8)

DRM 1.0:MAV under-slung cargo delivery and deployment

Mars Surface Infrastructure (9)

Mass allocations for Mars Direct components on surface of Mars

ERV components mT Habitat components mTERV cabin structure 3 Habitat structure 5Life Support System 1 Life Support System 3consumables 3.4 Consumables 7Solar Arrays (5 kW) 1 Solar Arrays (5 kW) 1Reaction Control System 0.5 Reaction Control System 0.5Communications and Information Management 0.1 Communications and Information Management 0.2Furniture and Interior 0.5 Furniture and Interior 1Space Suits (4) 0.4 Space Suits (4) 0.4Spares and Margin (16%) 1.6 Spares and margin (16%) 3.5Aeroshell (for Earth Return) 1.8 Pressurized Rover 1.4Rover 0.5 Open Rovers (2) 0.8Hydrogen Feedstock 6.3 Lab Equipment 0.5ERV Propulsion stages 4.5 Field Science Equipment 0.5Propellant Production Plant 0.5 Crew 0.4Nuclear reactor (100 kW) 3.5           Total Mass 28.6   25.2

Mass Budget for Habitat-1

  Mars Direct DRM-3 MSM Explanation for MSM figuresHabitat Module Structure 5 5.5 4.8 Scaled from DRM-3Furniture and Interior 1 0 1.5  Life Support System 3 4.7 3.8 NASA model for crew of sixComm/Info 0.2 0.3 0.3 DRM-3Hydrogen and Hab ISRU 0.4 0 0  Health Care 1.3 0 0  Thermal 0 0.6 0.5 DRM-3 ScaledCrew accommodation 0 11.5 0  Spares and Margin 3.5 0 0 Included in individual listingsScience 1 0 0  Crew 0.4 0.5 0.4  Surface power (reactor) 0 1.7 5 At least 25 kWe neededPower Distribution 0 0.3 0.3 DRM-3 ScaledEVA Suits 0.4 1 1 DRM-3Open Rovers 0.8 0.5 0 Mass budgeted with surface powerPressurized Rover 1.4 0 0  Consumables 7 0 3.2 98% closed H20/02 + food (=0.630 kg/per/day for 600 days)EVA Consumables 0 2.3 0 Produced by ISRU on MAV and HabDescent fuel cell 1 3 1.3  Reaction Control System 0.5 0 0.5 Mars DirectTotal Landed 26.9 31.9 22.6 Total of Above

Mars Wish List

Transportation• Automated Mars landing and hazard avoidance

navigation systems • Mars in-situ propellant production friendly rocket

combustion / performance characterization (C2H4/LOX; CH4/LOX); more important if people want to come back

• Large-scale (20mt+) Mars aero-entry (and EDL more generally) technology

• Low mass, cost, power and ideally autonomous deep-space (out to at least ~2 AU) navigation systems (software, hardware)

Power

• Automated, large scale (football field+) solar array transport, surface deployment, and maintenance systems

• High energy density electrical power storages systems (aiming in particular towards high energy density relative to Earth imported mass)

• Mars surface internal combustion engines (LOX, plus various fuels, e.g., C2H4, CH4, CO, etc), possibly with water exhaust reclamation.

Life Support, Logistics, ISRU• Mars atmosphere collection systems (at minimum CO2; adding N2 and Ar is useful;

H2O depends on energy/mass intensity relative to other options) • Mars permafrost mining systems (for varying wt% H2O); note, this is much easier

than mining putative lunar ice • Good, high capacity Mars surface cryocoolers (options for just soft/medium

cryogens (e.g., LOX, CH4, C2H4), or also for hard cryogen (LH2)) • Earth-Mars hydrogen transport systems (not necessarily as LH2) • Basic ISRU chemical processing systems (e.g., H2O electrolysis, Sabatier, RWGS,

CO2 electrolysis, ethylene production, etc.) • High closure physical-chemical life support systems (e.g., air revitalization, water

recycling) • "Food system" for food supplied from Earth. Consider being able to survive on

food shipped 5 years ago. • Mars surface food production systems • Simple in-situ manufacturing systems (e.g., for spare parts) • Simple raw materials production (e.g., plastics such polyethylene, epoxies,

ceramics, etc.)

Outpost Ops and Surface Exploration

• Mars surface communication and navigation systems (e.g., for rovers), sans extensive satellite constellation

• Very high data rate Mars-Earth back-haul comm system

• Good Mars surface EVA suits • Data collection, analysis in support of landing site /

outpost location selection • Very long distance surface mobility systems

(including with people) • Solar flare / SPE warning systems