MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS, GOVERNMENT OF …
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December 2020 M INISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Consultancy Services for Design and Development of Training Programme for City Transport Professionals EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE CITY BUS SERVICES PROJECT (INDIA) HANDBOOK FOR DRIVERS
Transcript of MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS, GOVERNMENT OF …
December 2020December 2020
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Consultancy Services for Design and Development of
Training Programme for City Transport Professionals
EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE CITY BUS
SERVICES PROJECT (INDIA)
EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE CITY BUS
SERVICES PROJECT (INDIA)
HANDBOOK FOR DRIVERSHANDBOOK FOR DRIVERS
Name :
Driver ID :
Phone No. :
Address :
City :
Organization :
Personal Details
1 A. IntroductionIntroduction
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A. Understanding the Bus - Types,
Floor Height, Swept Path,
Relevant technical information &
Blind Spots.
B. Understanding the Road –
Bitumen and Cement Concrete
Road, Carriageway, Lane
Marking and Traffic Signs.
C. Eliminating common driver
errors
Understanding
Buses, Roads
and Driving
errors
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A. Risky Behaviour
B. Drive Safe & Right of Way
C. Special Driving Condition
D. Common Distractions
Managing
Risks
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A. Seat Adjustment
B. Mirror Adjustment
C. Fuel Efficient Driving Technique
D. Driver Information Management
System
Additional
information for
drivers
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A. Understand your importance
B. Appearance & Personal Habits
C. Articles to be Carried
Are you ready
for duty?
Contents
7-10
17-34
35-50
51-68
11-16
1 Helps you to ascertain your readiness for duty.
2 Helps you understand types of buses & roads.
3 Managing risks associated with duty.
4Update your understanding of driving rules &
regulations
5 Tips on fuel efficient driving
Objectives
Drivers Notes
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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The first step is for every driver to satisfy
readiness for duty. It encompasses essentials such
as role/duty of a driver, appearance & personal
habit, adequate sleep to keep fit for duty, and
articles to be carried before starting duty. All
these are covered in Chapter 2 “Are you ready
for your duty”
Chapter 2: Are you ready for your duty
A driver must be aware of the types of buses and
their key features such as floor height, swept
path, length & height along with relevant
technical aspects. Such factors are decisive in
ensuring safe & defensive driving. Understanding
carriageway & lane markings, driving on cement
concrete & bitumen road, and different traffic
signs are important.
Chapter 3: Understanding Bus & Road
Gives a brief about all the chapters in the handbook
Chapter 1: Introduction
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A bus will be sharing the road with other users
including pedestrians, 2-wheelers, Trucks, LMVs,
cyclists, rickshaws etc.
As a public transport driver, it is important to
understand the vehicular limitations/challenges
and know the risk buses may pose and take
precautions to avert mishap. It is necessary to be
aware of all the rules & regulations pertaining to
safe driving.
In Indian cities, crowding worsens the driving
situation. Safety tips are given under ‘special
conditions’ to aid the driver.
Chapter 4: Managing Risks
Additional Information for drivers on:
➢ Seat Adjustment Procedure
➢ Mirrors Adjustment
➢ Tips on Fuel Conservation
➢ Driver Information Management System
Chapter 5: Additional Information
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Drivers Notes
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Chapter 2
Readiness for duty
A. Understand your importance
B. Appearance and personal habits
C. Articles to be carried
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Understand your importance:
1. You are the brand
ambassador of thecompany.
2. Passengers are the most
important customers on your
bus as they are the purpose
of your service.
Are you ready for duty
3. Your alertness in driving, proper halting at bus
stops/stations, being on schedule etc. will show the
companyyou represent in a good light.
Appearance and personal habits
Wearing a clean uniform makes you feel fresh
before you begin your day’s duty.
i. Remember, you are the
public face of the
company and wearing
uniform properly is a
form of identification
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ii. Your appearance strengthens your customer’s trust
in your company.
iii. You must be well rested for a minimum of 9 hrs.
between two consecutive duties. You should have
one full day rest (off) on the 7th day after 6 days of
working so that you are fresh & alert before you
begin your duty.
iv. Be punctual in reporting for duty.
v. Allow yourself enough time to reach your place of
work withouthaving to rush.
vi. Remember, drinking or being under the influence
of any intoxicating substance while on duty is not
only dangerous – as it impairs your driving skills –
but also illegal.
vii. Do not smokewhile in thebus.
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Valid driving license for
HMV (Transport
Vehicles)
Identity card (ID) & badge issued by your
company
Driver badge issued by
Transport Department
Prescribed glasses/spectacles
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Remember to carry these:
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Drivers Notes
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Drivers Notes
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Chapter 3
Understanding Bus, Road
and Driving Errors
A. Understanding the Bus
B. Understanding the Road
C. Eliminating common driver
errors
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Double-decker Bus
HP:150-200 HP
Seating Capacity:35-50
Weight: 15,000-17,000 kg
Height: 4.7 m
Min. Turning Circle
Diameter: 9-10 mts
Articulated Bus
HP: 250-300 HP
Seating Capacity: 70-110
Weight: 25,000-30,000 kg
Height: 3.4 m
Min. Turning Circle
Diameter: 20-25 mts
Midi Bus
HP:125-150 HP
Seating Capacity: 23-34
Weight: 6,000-9,000 kg
Height: 3.4 m
Min. Turning Circle
Diameter: 6-8 mts
Standard Bus
HP: 150-200 HP
Seating Capacity: 35-50
Weight:15,000-17,000 kg
Height: 3.4 m
Min. Turning Circle
Diameter: 9-10 mts
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Above are approx. values
Understanding the Bus
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900mm
400mm
• Buses with floor heights of 900 mm, 650 mm and
400 mm arewidelyused in urban transport.
• While driving a low floor/clearance bus, pay
attention to potholes, speed breakers, etc., to
avoid damage to theundersidecomponents.
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Floor Height
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6.4mts
7mts
Articulated
bus
Standard
bus
Swept Path
• A bus requires much wider width while taking a
turn as compared to a car. The swept path
increases with the length of thebus.
• Sweep could be up to 4 times thebus-width.
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Swept Path
Swept paths increases with length of the bus.
4mts
Midi
bus
6.4mts
Double-
decker
bus
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Systems What the Driver should know
Engine
Horsepower, acceleration rate (i.e.,
time taken in seconds from 0 to a
speed of 30 km/hr), and fuel
consumption per km.
Transmission
Auto-transmission contributes to a
decrease in driving effort. Absence
of a clutch pedal indicates
presence of auto-transmission.
Brake/ABS
Check that ABS icon glows on
switching on. ABS improves
braking efficiency and helps
maintain stability of thebus.
Steering
Hydraulic power steering –
enables easy manoeuvring of the
bus and reduces driver efforts by
providing ease in rotating the
steering.
Relevant technical information
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• Through the side view mirrors a driver can see
road users/objects within a lateral distance of 1.5
m & 2.6 m on left & right side of the bus,
respectively. Invisible areas/blind spots are, thus,
shown in red and blue (1 and 5).
• Due to left & right pillars, view of the driver is
obstructed. These areas are shown in yellow, grey
and brown (2, 3 & 4) which form theblind spots.
• The invisible region located behind the bus
(shown in purple) is a blind spot as well. The
visibility of this area plays a vital role, especially in
reversing. To overcome this issue, take the help of
a conductor or rearview camera (if available).
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Know your Blind Spots
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Remember: Compared to bitumen road, friction
offered by CC road is less.
Precautions while driving on CC road:
✓ Keep greater distance from the front vehicle as
compared to bituminous roads.
✓ Increase braking distance.
✓ Increase the braking distance further if the road is
wet.
✓ Be aware of themirageeffect during hot weather.
Cement Concrete Road (CC road)
Bitumen Road
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Understanding the Road
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▪ Carriageway marking – usually in yellowcolour with continuous line or can be in
white colour (as per the case)
▪ Lane marking - generally in white colour
Carriageway and Lane
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The centre line separates the two carriageways to
facilitate movement of traffic in both directions.
✓ Broken lines may be crossed (if required) and if
traffic permits
✓ Broken and continuous solid line: Vehicles may
pass/overtake by crossing the broken line when
safe to do so. Never cross the solid/continuous
line.
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Centre Lane Markings
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✓ Never cross/go over the continuous solid line
Double Line
Single Line
Road with no marking –
invisible/needs repainting
The centre line separates the two carriageways to
facilitate movement of traffic in both directions.
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Centre Lane Markings
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STOP GIVE WAY
NO ENTRY
OVERTAKING PROHIBITED
U TURN PROHIBITED
NO PARKING NO HAULTING
HEIGHT LIMIT
LEFT / RIGHT TURN PROHIBITED
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Traffic Signs
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COMPULSORY TURN LEFT
COMPULSORY AHEAD ONLY
COMPULSORY TURN RIGHT
COMPULSORY AHEAD OR RIGHT
COMPULSORY AHEAD OR LEFT
COMPULSORY KEEP LEFT
COMPULSORY FOR BUS ONLY
TRACK RESERVED FOR CYCLE
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RIGHT HAND CURVE
LEFT HAND CURVE
STEEP ASCENT
STEEP DESCENT
NARROW ROAD AHEAD
ROAD WIDENS AHEAD
CYCLE CROSSING
SCHOOL AHEAD
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GAP IN MEDIAN
ROUNDABOUT
LEVEL CROSSING MANNED
LEVEL CROSSING UNMANNED
MEN AT WORK
CROSS ROAD
SPEED BREAKER
• Level crossings are preceded by speed breakers and
gradient.
• Shift to a lower gear to avoid stalling at the crossing.
• Keep window glasses open to hear any approaching
train.
• Look left/right to listen to the whistle of the engines.
Take conductor’s assistance if needed.
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1. Do check air pressure after switching on ignition.
2. Don’t press accelerator while starting engine.
3. Drive only when minimum air-pressure is 5.6 bar in
both air tanks.
4. Don’t drive at full throttle with engine making
roaring noise, instead of using the power-point
positionof theaccelerator to driveat cruising speed.
5. Use front part of the foot to press accelerator.
6. Remove foot from accelerator pedal about 100 m
before stopping – busstops, trafficsignals, etc.
7. Don’t drive under mental pressure or absent-
mindedly
8. Use correct gear to match the speed. Correct gears
for different speeds are:
Gear Correct Accelerator Position Speed
2nd 1/4th Up to 20kmph
3rd 1/2th 20-30kmph
4th 3/4th 30-40kmph
5th Full position Top speed
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Eliminating common driver errors
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Drivers Notes
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Chapter 4
Managing Risks
A. Risky Behaviour
B. Drive Safe & respect Right of Way
C. Special Driving Condition
D. Common Distractions
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Children
crossing the
road
Be careful & cognizant of other road users’ risky behaviors
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Risky behaviour
After dark,
headlights from
Vehicles in
opposite
direction may
make such road
users invisible
2-wheelers squeeze
their vehicle in
narrow available
space, making a
bad situation worse
for a bus
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Risky behaviour
Be careful & cognizant of other road users’ risky behaviors
Children
cycling in
wrong
direction
Pedestrians on
carriageway.
Often due to bad or no
footpaths.
A passenger could board
Drivers of other vehicle may not give turning indicator
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Persons with disability – e.g. people in wheelchair, using
walker, the vision impaired etc., – will take longer to cross a
road or board a bus than people without these difficulties.
Persons with disabilities (PwD)
1. Near hospitals / schools / construction site: Don’t
overtake & maximum speed 25 kmph or lower.
2. While taking a turn, check for pedestrians crossing the
road, including the one you’re turning into.
3. When PwD, pregnant ladies, the elderly cross the road,
board/alight from vehicles (i) wait till they are through
(ii) be very careful – they may also come in your blind
spot (iii) ensure your intent to halt is conveyed to the
traffic behind you.
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An emergency vehicle, while its multi-toned horn (siren)
and the multi-coloured light with flasher is on, shall have
the right of way over all the other vehicles.
Emergency vehicles
Priority vehicles within the emergency vehicles:
Fire service vehicle Ambulance
Police service vehicle
Any other vehicle designated by the State Government as
an emergency management vehicle such as for maintenance
of essential public services like water and power supply or
public transport.
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Drive Safe and respect Right of Way
1. Lane Traffic: Bus must be driven in the left lane or
lane earmarked for the purpose (example BRT). Change
the lane only after giving a proper signal.
2. Keep safe distance:
(a) from the vehicle ahead. Distance should be adequate
to stop safely, in case of sudden slowdown of front
vehicle.
(b) from the turning vehicle. Maintain safe distance till
the front turning vehicle has completed its backward
motion.
3. Left/right turn:
(a) Move to the left/right most lane (as per the case) and
while moving, watch out for following & adjacent
traffic.
(b) Give turning indication and steer the bus to the
left/right (as per the case).
(c) Ensure to give way to pedestrians, cyclists, and slow-
moving traffic.
4. U Turn:
(a) Observe the traffic in the opposite direction, as well
as on the sides and behind the bus.
(b) Make a U turn only when it is safe to do so.
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5. Entering a tunnel:
(a) Switch ON dipper lights before entering a tunnel.
(b) Remember not to overtake, make a U-Turn or
reverse inside a tunnel.
6. Precautions at the junction:
Slow down on approaching junctions, pedestrian
crossings, sharp bends, etc.
7. Roundabout:
(a) First Right of Way is given to the traffic in the
roundabout.
(b) Give way to the traffic on your right.
(c) After giving turning indicator, enter into the
intersection/junction.
(d) For exit, follow left turn procedure.
8. Use of mobile phones, etc.
While driving, do not use any hand held mobile phone
or other communication devices.
9. Use of horn: Blow horn only when you apprehend
danger.
Don’t sound the horn:
(a) Continuously or repeatedly or for a duration longer
than necessary
(b) In a residential area or in a silence zone
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10. Don’t stop the bus:
(a) On narrow roads or if the view is obstructed
(b) Near or on a sharp bend
(c) On or within 5 meters of a pedestrian crossing
11. Left side overtaking is allowed under the following
conditions:
(a) Overtaking a stationary vehicle when it is safe to do
so from the left.
(b) When the bus and the other vehicle is driven on a
multi-lane road, and vehicle ahead can be safely
overtaken.
12. While overtaking a vehicle, ensure that the speed of
your bus should not exceed the maximum permissible
speed.
13. Do not increase your speed when any vehicle
overtakes you.
14. Remember, not to overtake any vehicle near ‘school
zone’, ‘hospital zone’ & ‘construction zone’ as indicated
by traffic sign.
15. The driver must use direction indicators to show the
intention to overtake and, after overtaking, return to the
left side of the road as quickly as possible.
16. Don’t use right turn indicator to signal permission to
the vehicle following you to overtake.
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Driving in hazardous conditions
Rain: During rain, the road condition & visibility may
be poor.
1. Turn ON headlights & fog lamp even in day time.
2. Based on intensity of rain, adjust the speed of wiper.
3. Avoid driving through deep water.
4. Drive slow:
o since friction between the tire and road surface
is reduced.
o driving at high speed in water puddle may
damage the bus, stall it and cause inconvenience
to others. There may be a deep pit or
obstruction under the water.
Drive in low gear. Remember, not to change the gear
and release accelerator, till the bus is out of water logged
area. This will avoid entry of water in the exhaust
system.
Do a brake test after coming out of water.
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Fog: During fog, visibility is severely hampered and
may even go down to a few metres. Defensive driving
depends on density of fog & visibility distance.
a) Use low beam since it neither causes inconvenience
to oncoming traffic nor reflects back and impairs
visibility.
b) Use hazard light to improve visibility of your bus.
c) Watch tail lights of front vehicle & Keep safe
distance.
d) Fogging on windscreen happens when outside
temperature is cooler than inside. Open the window
slightly or turn on the A/C – use blower (hot air). If
it is still foggy, take the vehicle aside and halt for a
while to clean the windscreen with a cloth.
e) If required, switch off distracting noise and open
the windows to hear other vehicles’ sound more
clearly.
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Stopping sight distance – It is the total distance
travelled from the time the person/object is seen until
reaching the actual stop. It is sum of reaction distance
& braking distance.
Keep your bus in control
Reaction distance
Braking distance
13 mts 17 mts19 mts
17 mts 26 mts30 mts
21 mts 35 mts41 mts
Reaction distance Braking distance - dryBraking distance - wet
Km
/h
Avg. human reaction time: 2 seconds
In case of rain / fog etc. two seconds are not
adequate. Allow three seconds reaction time.
Four secondson wet roads and eight on snow.
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Common Distractions
Avoid these distractions
Talking on cell
phone
Reading/sending
text messages
Adjusting
radio/CD player
Adjusting
temperature control
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Eating or drinking Vision distraction -
looking at hoarding
Operating electronic
device (LCD screen)
Common Distractions
Avoid these distractions
Picking up items that
have fallen
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Chapter 5
Additional Information for Drivers
A. Seat Adjustment
B. Mirror Adjustment
C. Fuel Efficient Driving
D. Dashboard Information
Management System
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Adjust the height of the seat until your feet are flat on
the floor, and space is created under your thigh and
the seat to avoid getting pinch/sleepy leg (postural
habits that put pressure on nerves or reduce blood
flow causing temporarynumbness in the legs).
Make sureyou:
• Can still see the road and the instruments.
• Are not sitting at a raised height and have to bend
your head down or to the side to see.
a) Seat height
Adjust the seat back upright (i.e., 900), till you can see
over thedashboard and steering wheel.
b) Seatback adjustment
Seat adjustment procedure
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Adjust the forward/backward movement of the seat,
so that you can reach and completely depress all the
foot pedals without moving away from the seatback.
Ensure your knees are slightlybent and not straight.
C) Seat forward/backward movement
Be sure that you are comfortably seated in the driver
seat. This means that the driving control and switches
should be within your reach, and you can see over the
dashboard &steering wheel.
After adjustment, try to move the seat forward and
backward to make sure it is securely latched.
Remember, never attempt to adjust the seat or the
seatback while driving; it will lead to loss of control.
Sometimes separate instructions are given in the bus
operation manuals
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Virtually divide the mirror (vertically) in 4 or 3 equal
parts and adjust the mirror so that the
• First part of the mirror (towards bus) shows the
swept path of the rear portion of the bus from the
pivot line (shownin red).
• Second part - focus on the road, traffic, and road
users with their location around the bus.
For illustrationright handside view mirror is shown
Thumb rule for demarcation of first part and the
pivot line: Perform ‘Two-Finger Test’ – place the
middle and the index finger, touching sidewall of the
mirror (toward the vehicle). The vertical strip (first
part) thus obtained will focus/cover only on the
swept path of the rear portion of the bus. The red
line (edge of vertical strip on right) showing the limit
for the swept path is known as pivot line.
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Mirror adjustment procedure
Right
hand
side
view
mirror
Objects in
the mirror
may be
closer than
they appear
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Objects here may be
hit by rear of bus
while turning right
Use of rear-view mirrors
Objects in the mirror may be closer than they appear
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Right Mirror
Objects here may
come under wheels
while turning left
Left Mirror
Objects here may come
under wheels while
turning right.
Objects here may
be hit by rear of
bus while turning
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• Always start the engine in the neutral gear without
pressing theaccelerator.
• Switch OFF the engine whenever the bus is
expected to stop for more than 2 minutes at traffic
signals, bus stops/stations, and trafficjams.
2. Idling speed of the engine
• Maintain correct tyre pressure.
• Under-inflationreduces fuel efficiency and
over inflation damages tires.
1. Keep tyres inflated
• Detection of black smoke from exhaust is an
indication of excessive fuel consumption. Inform
thevehicle examiner for necessary action.
3. Watch out for black smoke emission
• Do not "ride on the clutch".
4. Clutch
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• Drive the vehicle at an optimum speed, select the
proper gear (as per OEM recommendation), and
change gears as soon as practical.
• Use vehicle momentum to maintaincruising speed.
• Maintaining steadyspeed saves fuel.
5. Drive in the appropriate gear
• While driving downhill, use proper gear which will
control the speed of the vehicle without any
acceleration and braking.
• Never drive downhill in neutral gear.
6. Driving behaviour
• Over-cooling leads to more consumption of fuel,
so avoid overuseof A/C.
• Turn off the demister blowers, headlights, etc.
when you don’t require them.
7. Efficient use of electric controls
Use anticipation to slow down & stop gently before
traffic ahead, bus stops, traffic signals etc to avoid
harsh braking or jolting across speed breakers.
8. Use brakes to your advantage
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“Indicators, Icons and Switches” mean devices that
show or give a signal with respect to a particular
feature in thebus, for example, fluid level.
“Tell-tale” means an optical signal that, when lit,
indicates the actuation of a device, a correct or
defective functioning or condition, or a failure to
function.
Indicators, Icons and Switches
First 4 switches are used for opening the doors,
starting from the front left side passenger door, back
left side rear door, and two middle doors (optional in
case of BRT). The fifth switch with the symbol of
“fan blades”, indicates the provision of a ventilation
fan.
Switches
Please refer to the manual provided by Authority / OEM
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3 switches correspond to lights in the passenger
compartment, driver compartment, andhelp switch.
Switches
Switches from left to right – dipper beam, battery
main cutoff, ABS, main beam.
Switches
This may vary from vehicle to vehicle. Please refer to
the manual provided by Authority / OEM
This may vary from vehicle to vehicle. Please refer to
the manual provided by Authority / OEM
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The symbols warn the driver of the current driving
situation andhelp in taking decisions.
Dashboard indicators & tell-tale
Indicators
➢ Tachometer indicates engine RPM and useful guide for
changing gear.
➢ Fuel gauge indicates level of the fuel.
➢ Temperature gauge shows temperature of engine-
coolant.
➢ On LCD screen (at center), information on engine oil
pressure & temperature, transmission temperature, and
battery charging are provided.
➢ Air pressure gauge indicates air pressure available in air
reservoirs of brake system.
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Tell Tale Signs
Before we proceed to symbols, their description, and
purpose, it is essential to know different colours, their
meaning and attention required thereof
Colour Description
Red
Danger to person or severe damage to
equipment immediate or imminent, and “hot”
in the climate control system or temperature
indicators. Example: Brake fluid/air pressure
Yellow
or
Amber
Caution, vehicle system malfunction, danger
in a vehicle likely, or other condition which
may produce hazard in the longer term.
Example: Failure of anti-lock braking system.
Green
Safe, normal operation of the vehicle system
(except if blue or yellow is required by
relevant annex). Example: Direction
indicators lamps (Turn signals)
Blue
Main (driving, upper, high) beam tell-tale only,
and “Cold” in climate control systems or
temperature indicators.
White or
Other
Other operations where none of the above
colours are appropriate.
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Headlamp main
/ driving / high
beam
Tell Tale Icons
Headlamp
dipped /
passing beam
Rear fog lamp Front fog lamp
Direction
indicators Seat belt
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Hazard warning signal: to be used
in circumstances like breakdown,
boarding-alighting of passengers at
bus stops.
Antilock Braking System (ABS)
Malfunction:
• If glowing while in motion
indicates an error in ABS. No
need to panic as it will not result
in brake failure.
• On reaching the terminal, inform
maintenance team to resolve the
issue.
Brake Failure indicates defect in
brake system. Follow the breakdown
procedure.
Fuel Level – Illumination indicates
depletion of fuel level in the tank.
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Parking/Hand Brake:
❖ If handbrake is engaged, the icon will
be ON.
❖ If the icon remains ON after release of
handbrake, check the air pressure in
the braking system; it should be higher
than manufacturer-specified pressure.
If air pressure is less than specified norms
for the bus, thebrake will not be released.
Inform the maintenance team and let
them examine thebus.
Malfunction Indication Lamp (MIL)
related engine emission
• Illumination of this symbol indicates
problems related to the exhaust
system.
• Overlooking this may lead to
underperformanceby thebus.
Engine coolant temperature - Glowing
icon indicates engine overheating. Follow
breakdown procedure.
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Electrical charging of battery
It warns the driver that battery is not
charging. If en route, don’t switch-off
theengine till you reach the terminal.
Get the problem resolved by
maintenance staff.
Low Engine oil pressure warning
– If the icon glows, it means low oil
pressure in engine. Follow the
breakdown procedure.
Low Ad Blue warning – The icon
lights up when the level of Ad blue
(diesel exhaust fluid) dips. On
reaching terminal/depot, get it
topped-up.
Washer Fluid - The illumination
indicates low level of windshield
washer fluid in the tank.
On completion of the trip, get it
refilled.
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High Exhaust System
Temperature
The icon indicates regeneration is going on in the
exhaust system. Press the ‘regen inhibit’ switch to
turn off the regeneration process (or) follow the
procedure as recommended by the bus manufacturer.
Mention the same in the vehicle log sheet & report
for necessary action by maintenance team.
Windscreens Demisting and
Defrosting System
‘Defrosting’ eliminates frost or ice from the
windscreen.
‘Demisting’ is used to eliminate mist from the inside
surface of thewindscreen.
Follow the handling instruction given by the bus
manufacturer.
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Drivers Notes
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Drivers Notes
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• Extracts drawn from AASHTO – Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets
• https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/tool
kits/UrbanBusToolkit/assets/3/3.1/35(vii)a.html
• Motor Vehicle Driving Regulations, 2017 Ministry of
Road Transport & Highways.
• WB ESMAP guide (a document in public domain)
• Canadian video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55ADswaookA
• https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/students-
walking-to-schools-in-delhi-at-risk-amid-maze-of-
cars/story-qhllhqBVcn5hmmHGi6ss5O.html
References
Drivers Notes
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