MINI Yorkshire 28 Brochure

7/30/2019 MINI Yorkshire 28 Brochure

1/32

Royal Canin Scientific ResearRoyal Canin Scientific Research:ch:Innovation in Health NutritionInnovation in Health Nutrition

The

Yorkshire TerrierBest balance ofnutrients forYorkshire Terriers


2/32

Tab l e o f Con ten t s

The AnimalBefore the Owner 3

The History of the Yorkshire Terrier 4

Long and silky hair-like coatthat grows continuously butdoes not shed 8

Very sensitive skinwith no undercoat 12

Strong teeth in a delicate jaw 15

Long life expectancy 21

High requirementsfor tasty food 25

Yorkshire Terrier: Fromthe Tips of its Toes toTip of its Nose 26

Scientificreferences 28

Mini Yorkshire 28 29

Royal Canins historyof innovation 30

Glossary 31

2


3/32

The Animal before the Owner

IN THE FIELD OF CANINE AND FELINE NUTRITION, some manufacturers put the owners firstand use them as the basis of all innovation. At Royal Canin, we put the dog and the cat at theheart of our research process. This is a radically different approach, the only rigorouslyscientific one, which forces us to choose nutritional legitimacy and refuse any marketing devices

that would only attempt to win over the consumer.

This approach, from which we have never deviated since our creation, is based on our constantdesire to make better observations that improve our understanding. The development ofMINI Yorkshire 28, the only food dedicated exclusively to this breed, is a reflection

of our philosophy.

In developing this product, as with any other Royal Canin product,we have not conducted any market research.

Therefore you wont find any mention of any analyses that could havepresented the motivations and behavior of Yorkshire Terrier owners

themselves. Our sole ambition has been to better understand this

fascinating dog the Yorkshire Terrier and therefore better answerits real nutritional needs.

For example, it was by working with a diverse group of interestedpeople, from Yorkshire Terrier breeders, to small-animal vets,nutritionists, and scientists in veterinary schools, that we were ableto penetrate the mystery of the steel blue coat with itsappearance of human hair, one of the factors that makes theYorkshire Terrier such a unique and interesting dog.

For each of us, the development ofMINI Yorkshire 28has meant another step in combining passion for dogs withnutritional precision.

3

Pascal JouannetChief Executive Officer

Royal Canin Group


4/324

THE HISTORY

OF THE YORKSHIRE TERRIERA small dog with a great historyThe ancestors of the Yorkshire Terrier are Scottish. At the turn of the 19th century, miners and

workers from the Clyde region were breeding a small hunting terrier called the Clydesdale, akind of Skye Terrier with a steel blue coat with golden head and legs.

The industrial revolution led to mass migration of workers within the United Kingdom.

The communities of miners and workers in the wool industry of Glasgow left Scotland forYorkshire, bringing their dogs with them. These dogs were used to catch rats in minesand ferret out rabbits.

These Scottish Terriers were crossed withBrokenhaired dogs from Yorkshire, creatinga new breed as small as a ferret with a silky

black and tan colored coat, which becameknown as Yorkshire Terriers.


5/325

A famous hunting dog became a noble companionThe miners' living conditions were difficult and the pay low. Poaching was a vital necessity,but was heavily punished. This situation lead to the popularity of the Yorkshire Terrier. Manypoachers, through selection by breeding, managed to reduce the dogs size.

As small as a ferret, they easily chased out rabbits which were then captured in nets. Thisblack and tan terrier was the perfect support for British poachers.

However, its silky hair was too slippery when the poacher needed to pull out his dog whendiscovered. They needed a much longer coat to facilitate the extraction from the rabbit holes.The breed was then crossed with the Maltese Terrier that brought the famous coat length that

we know today.

This small blue and tan hunter, a result of various cross-breedings, was sobeautiful that it rapidly became a big success and later a popular pet.


6/32

6

The YORKSHIRE TERRIER

A unique and different dog

1. Long and silky hair-like coatthat grows continuously but does not shed

2. Very sensitive skinwith no undercoat and a low hair density

3. Strong teethin a delicate jaw

4. Long life expectancythat requires enhanced protection for the cells,

heart, kidneys and joints

5. Very high requirements for tasty foodbecause of its morphology, its character and its lifestyle


7/32

7

MINI Yorkshire 28...

The nutritional answer!

1. Strengthen the elements of the coatand improve its beauty through an exclusive complex containing:G

amino acids with sulfurG

chelated trace elementsG

unsaturated fatty acidsG

vitamins A, B and biotin

2. Offer skin protectionthrough a combination of:G polyphenols from tea and G zinc G biotin G selenium

3. Improve oral hygienewith a unique kibble with a flaky texture:G to make grasping easierG to slow tartar developmentG to optimize the penetration depth of the tooth into the kibble

4. Reduce the effects of agingby means of the exclusive Anti-Aging complex which provides:

G heart protection (reduced sodium, arginine) G kidney protection (moderate phosphorus content)G joint protection (chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine)

5. Improve palatability viaExclusive Savor, a unique formulation containing:G highest quality selected ingredients G enhanced natural flavorings


8/32

8

The Yorkshire Terrier is admired for itsstriking long coat, which is unusual

for a dog. Its actually a lot likehuman hair.

The long hair of the Yorkshire Terrier(on average 5-9 inches long in general,and sometimes up to 14 inches in showchampions, compared to about 3/4 inchfor a short-haired dog) is perfectly

straight, both fine and silky, and it fallsfrom a parting along the ridge of theback, making you think of long straighthair on a woman.

The Yorkshire Terrier is one of those rarebreeds, together with the Maltese, the ToyPoodle, the Shih Tzu and the Lhasa Apso,

which do not shed and whose hair growscontinuously (from about 3/4 inch permonth). Because of the length of its coat,the Yorkshire Terrier therefore has 3 timesthe length of hair (measured end to end)than a dog of the same bodyweight withmedium length hair.

1Long and silky hair-like coat

that grows continuouslybut does not shed


9/32

9

MINI YORKSHIRE 28:

Strengthens the elements of thecoat and improves its beauty

1st objective: Provide the raw materialsfor building strong hair

The hair is a flexible and elastic filament that, like the skin, is mostly composed of keratin.

Skin and hair renewal can account for up to 35% of the daily protein requirements in anadult dog. Any deficiency can lead to a dull, brittle and faded coat.

GAn increased supply of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine andmethionine) are essential for keratin synthesis

GAn increased supply of chelated trace elements (iron, copper, zinc,manganese) are essential for initiating enzyme reactions

S S

Cystine (formed by the associationof two cysteine molecules) and

methionine are the most importantamino acids for the structure of the

hair protein keratin.

cystinemethionine

sulfur

hair quality

Amino acids are an ingredient in hair protein keratin


10/32

10

2nd objective: Enhance the coat's natural beauty

G

A supply of unsaturated fatty acids:Omega 3 from fish oil for an anti-inflammatory action, combined withOmega 6 from borage oil with a high nourishment factor. A deficiencyin Omega 6 fatty acids can lead to a dull coat. Borage oil is also oneof the rare omega 6 fatty acids to combine both a nourishing andanti-inflammatory effect.

It is known that many Yorkshire Terrier breeders have traditionally added unsaturated

fatty acids either in the food or directly on the coat (in the form of oils or lotions) tomake detangling easier.

G Increased supply of biotin

Biotin is a vitamin of the B Group, also called vitamin H (from the Germanword "Haut" = skin), which is essential for fatty acid metabolism. Biotin alsohelps improve the softness of the coat, reduce dandruff and combats skindehydration. (Marsh KA., Watson TD., 1999)

B8B8 B8B8

B8B8

mitochondria,or

cell's "power

plant"

fatty acid amino acids

biotinbiotin

biotin

"respiratory chain"

skin and hair

glucose

Krebs Cycle

Its role in the bodyBiotin is involved in the catabolism(chemical breakdown reaction) of glucose,fatty acids and some amino acids. It isessential for the synthesis of some otherfatty acids.

(Extract from the Nutrients guidePr D. Grandjean

Ed. Aniwa Publishing)


11/32

11

G Increased supply of vitamin A, the vitamin needed for theepithelium especially to combat seborrhea. (Miller WH., 1986; ScottDW., 1986)

G Increased supply of fats.

Even though Yorkshire Terriers live mostly indoors and are often spoiled, theyhave a lively temperament and expend a lot of energy. Therefore, they areone of the small breeds least likely to become obese. (Edney ATB., SmithPM., 1986).

The Yorkshire is less protected against the cold than other breeds, due to its lack

of undercoat and low hair density. This predisposes them to heat loss and skindehydration, which in combination with their lively temperament explains thebreeds higher calorie requirements.

This special breed characteristic has led us to increase the fat content of theYorkshire 28 diet. This supply of fat, suited to the high energy needs of theYorkshire Terrier with its high levels of activity and heat losses, also has a very

positive effect on a glossy coat and a healthy skin.


12/32

12

Breed Hair compacity index (in m)Yorkshire Terrier 200

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 530

Smooth Haired Fox Terrier 430

Cairn Terrier 337

Standard Wirehaired Dachshund 330

Shetland 440

The absence of an undercoat makes the Yorkshire Terrier more susceptible than othersmall dog breeds to adverse environmental factors such as extremes of temperatureand urban pollution.

The presence of long and low-density hairs increases this exposure to adverse factors suchas rain or wind, which accelerate drying out. The skin therefore becomes sensitive and theslightest sting or trauma can sometimes lead to skin reactions.

2Very sensitive skin

with no undercoat

Renewal

Growth Color

Anti-inflammationdermis

Sebumsecretion

Epidermis

Sebaceousgland

Dermis

Information obtained so far shows that the hairdensity of the Yorkshire Terrier is around half

that of other breeds. This is certainly due to theabsence of undercoat.

One remarkable feature of the Yorkshire Terrier is that it does not have anyundercoat. A single long hair sprouts from each hair follicle, whereas usually there are3 to 5 hairs (the main hair and secondary undercoat hairs) in other breeds.


13/32

13

1st objective:Improve nourishmentfor the skin

G Increased supplyof unsaturated fatty acids(Omega 6 and Omega 3from borage and fish oils).

Omega 3 fatty acids, as precursors ofEPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid)and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid),

slow down excessive inflammatoryreactions in the mucous membranes, theskin and the hair follicle.

(Reinhart GA., Davenport GM., 1995)

MINI YORKSHIRE 28:

Provides protection for the skin

Omega 6

FATTY ACID METABOLISM

Omega 3

Linoleic acid Linolenic acid

Linolenic acid EPA Eicosapentaenoicacid

Arachidonic acidDHA

Docosahexaenoic acid

Beautiful coat Anti-inflammatoryrole

Borageoil Fish oil

Fish oil

2nd objective: Protect the skin from adverseenvironmental factors

Supplying a unique "cocktail" to combat free radicals, prevent skin drynessand irritation.

G Increased supply of vitamin E. This antioxidant plays a major role in the protection of

cell membranes and blocks free radicals.

G

Increased supply of vitamin C. This promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, allowing itto act again against free radicals.


14/32

14

G Introduction of selenium, an essential trace element for tissue maintenance and growth,

which, in interaction with vitamin E, acts as an antioxidant and cell detoxifier. Selenium offerssupplementary cell protection because it metabolizes the peroxides that have been already

formed following a "successful" attack by free radicals.

G Introduction of polyphenols from green tea having an antioxidant effect 20 to

50 times greater than that of vitamin E and acting within the cell on the DNA, cytoplasmand nucleus.

G Increased supply of vitamin A. This plays a key role in skin regeneration, combating

the excessive formation of dead skin. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to what is familiarly

called a papery skin.

GA supply of chelated trace elements (copper, zinc and manganese). These trace

elements, whose concentration is usually only increased at the Mature stage for other smallbreed dogs, are included in MINI Yorkshire 28 from the adult stage to better protect andstrengthen the more exposed skin of the Yorkshire Terrier.

Zinc in particular is reputed for its healing power, because many enzymes (especially those thatsynthesize the skin's collagen) need zinc as a coenzyme to start their enzymatic activity.

Zn

quality of skinand coat

reproductive function

Natural sourcesZinc is found in the form ofmineral salts, but also in wholecereals and in all productions ofanimal origin.

(Extract from the Nutrients guidePr D. Grandjean-Ed.

Aniwa Publishing)


15/32

Derived from the Maltese and Scottish Terriers, the Yorkshire Terrier hasa delicate jaw armed with broad, strong teeth.3Strong teeth

in a delicate jaw

Dog Number of Ratio ofweight (kg) dogs studied mandible height / M1 height

l 5.0 33 (14.1%) 0.64 W 0.019 a

5.1 - 10.0 31 (13.3%) 0.76 W 0.020 b

10.1 - 20.0 53 (22.7%) 0.87 W 0.015 c

20.1 - 30.0 45 (19.2%) 0.97 W 0.016 d

30.0 72 (30.8%) 1.00 W

0.013 e

Radiograph of the 1st molar (M1)of a dog (Gioso MA et al., 2001)

C = height of M1D = height of the mandible

Relation between dog weight and the ratio of height of the mandible (D) / height of the M1 tooth (C)

(Gioso MA and al. 2001)

Small breed dogs have proportionately less bone tosupport their M1 molar than large breeds, which canmake them more susceptible to periodontitis. Amongthe small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier is especiallyat risk because this ratio (see graph) of 0.49 is 36%lower than that of a dog weighing 5 to 10 kg (0.76).

3.2 10 25 45

Weight in kg

Ratioofm

andibleheight/M1

Yorkshire

15


16/32

16

Bucco-dental disorders are the most frequent reason why Yorkshire Terriersof all ages are taken to the vet, in contrast to other small breed dogs.(Purdue Veterinary Medical Database Report - 1999)

In the Yorkshire Terrier, the milk teeth frequently appear late (they erupt under the gums at about2.5 months) and sometimes remain present longer than normal, leading to an incorrectalignment and position of the teeth.

All these characteristics favor the accumulation of food debris leading to the growth of a layer ofbacteria (called dental plaque), which gradually turns into tartar deposits.

Deposits of dental plaque and the accumulation of tartar can start very early in the YorkshireTerrier, (as soon as the teeth erupt) and loose teeth, gingivitis and even loss of teeth can occurfrom the age of four years.

Furthermore, in contrastto humans where the tartarformation occurs almostsimultaneously over all theinner surfaces of the teeth,in dogs, tartar accumulationstarts by attacking the base

of the outside parts of theteeth. This leads to an earlyrisk of the teeth becomingloose even though the tartaris not yet very evident towardsthe crown of the tooth.

A pocket formsbetween the toothand the gum

Destruction of thesupporting tissues(periodontium)

=Periodontitis

The toxins secreted bybacteria in the dentalplaque attack the gum

=Gingivitis


17/32

17

In collaboration with breeders, Royal Canin has developed a unique kibble

To overcome the special mouth and teeth problems that can occur in Yorkshire Terriers, it isessential that the shape, texture and size of the kibbles encourage them to chew.

Repeated contact between a slightly abrasive food and the dog's teeth has a cleansing effecton the tooth surface and thus slows the development of tartar.

Encouraging the Yorkshire Terrier to chew also stimulates saliva production. This phenomenon,in addition to its anti-bacterial action, exerts a very positive effect on the mechanical cleaning

of the teeth.

1st objective: Encourage the Yorkshire Terrierto chew to slow down tartar development

MINI YORKSHIRE 28:

Improves oral hygienewith a tailor-made kibblewith a flaky texture

Influence of kibble size on caninetartar accumulation.

Tartar deposit was measured 28 days aftercomplete teeth scaling and cleaningaccording to the Warrick & Gorrel procedure.Larger kibbles led to 30% less tartar depositafter 28 days, due to a better crunching effect,compared to smaller kibbles.

(Soulard Y., Biourge V., 2001)Adapted and

crunched kibbleSmall kibble

(not crunched)

Measurements by Warrick and GorrelWarrick and Gorrel index at day +28


18/32

2nd objective: Improve kibble grasping

An analysis of the way Yorkshire Terriers grasp kibbles (observed by means of video images taken

at the Royal Canin Research Center) demonstrated:

G The difficulty of grasping large kibbles designed for oral hygiene properties (20 x 20 x 14 mm)G The ease of grasping small round kibbles (6.4 x 4.6 mm) - but also that the dogs play with these,

leading to significant food waste.

This led the Royal Canin Research Center to develop a kibble with the ideal

dimensions for the Yorkshire Terrier: the MINI Yorkshire kibble (size: 9 x 9 x 4.5 mm)

18

5 prototypekibbles

were tested.


19/32

19

Longitudinal extrusionClassical extrusion

A special extrusion technique (longitudinalrather than classical extrusion) for a texture

that promotes the penetration of the tooth intothe kibble.

The texture was evaluated using an adaptedpenetrometer (a tool for simulating the penetration of the dog'scarnassial into the kibble). The longitudinal extrusion techniquewas associated with a tooth penetration distance beforebreakage that was 3 times greater than with a kibble obtainedby classical extrusion. A greater tooth penetration is associatedwith a better abrasion-friction effect which is not in favor oftartar formation.

3rd objective: Optimize the penetrationdepth of the tooth into the kibble via a"flaky" texture

The texture of the MINI Yorkshire 28 kibble has been specially designed toallow the teeth to penetrate as deeply as possible into the kibble and thusprovide a cleansing action, rather like a toothbrush.

To obtain this effect, the kibbles had to be designed so that they didn't breaktoo quickly on contact with the teeth.

This decrease in the breaking strength is obtained by means of a "flaky"internal structure of the kibble. This "flaky" structure is produced by extrusionin the longitudinal direction of the kibble with the formation of elongated airbubbles aligned lengthwise.

The Yorkshire Terrier sometimes develops sensitive teeth or gums as it gets older so that chewingmight become painful. Extra special attention has also been paid to the hardness ofMINI Yorkshire 28 kibbles, which has been decreased by more than 50% compared to other

special kibbles for small breed dogs, such as MINI Adult.

TexturometerRoyal Canin

Research Center


20/32

20

* Indicative valuesmeasured (NewtonForce) at the RoyalCanin ResearchCenter

0 2010 60 70 90504030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18020 80 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 90504030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18020 80 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 905030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18080 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 905030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18040 80 120 160 200

26

18

52

170

MINIYorkshire

MINIPuppy

MINI

Adult

GIANTAdult

A texture

designed for theYorkshire Terrier,50% morecrumbly than akibble designedfor small breeds ingeneral, such asMINI Adult.

Soft

Ver y friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard

Very friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard



Very soft

Crunchy

Crunchy

Of course, responsible owners will always take their Yorkshire Terrier to the vet for a dental check atregular intervals.


21/32

21

A long life expectancy

As with many small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier has a very long life expectancy. Some vetsand breeders have reported Yorkshire Terriers reaching 15 or even 21 years of age. This lifespanis all the more exceptional when it is compared to that of giant breeds whose average lifeexpectancy is only 7 to 9 years.

associated with an increased exposure to heart,kidney and joint sensitivities as they grow older.

Because of its urban lifestyle, the Yorkshire Terrier is very sensitive to adverse environmentalfactors, such as urban pollution and the stress of city life. As the dog grows older its exposureto cardiac, renal and articular risks obviously increase.

4

Long life

expectancy

0

5

10

15

20

25

% mortality

Yorkshire Terrier

Giant breeds

7-10 years 10-15 years 15 years

(Deeb BJ, Wolf NS., 1994)


22/32

22

MINI YORKSHIRE 28:Reduces the effects of aging by meansof "Anti-Aging complex"(an exclusive process)

1st objective: Combat free radicals

and slow the aging process

G Increased supply of vitamin E.Vitamin E, by blocking free radicals, plays a majorantioxidant role in the protection of cell membranes,combating the biological effects of stress andstrengthening the immune defenses.

G Increased supply of vitamin C.Vitamin C promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, andtherefore reinforces its action against free radicals and thecombating of cellular stress.

G Inclusion of polyphenols from green teaextract. These have an antioxidant effect 20 to 50% greaterthan that of vitamin E and are capable of acting within the cell

on the DNA, cytoplasm and nucleus. (Servet E., 2002)

G Inclusion of selenium. This mineral is essential fortissue maintenance and growth, and in interaction with

vitamin E, helps to protect cell membranes. Selenium playsa supplementary role in the fight against oxidative stressrelated to factors such as aging and pollution.

1 - Cell membrane: action of vitamins E & C

2 - Intracellular medium: polyphenol action

3 - Nucleus: polyphenol action

1 2 3

Targeted action of antioxidants for completecell protection


23/32

23

2nd objective: Strengthen cardiac function

The Yorkshire Terrier has a strong heart, largely free from the risk of the diseases leading to

cardiac dilatation that affect large and giant breed dogs.(Thrusfield MV., Aitken CGG., 1985)

However, it is one of the breeds most affected byendocardiosis (loss of elasticity in the heart valves).

Added polyphenols and revised levels of arginine, anamino acid that is a precursor of nitric oxide which is nowknown to play the role of a vasodilator (it protects the

heart valves and blood vessels) help prevent endocardiosis.(Pouchelon JL., 1997; Abbrecht PH., 1972; Chevaux K., 1999).

The MINI Yorkshire 28 formula also has a reducedsodium content and an increased potassium content.

HeartAuricular side

1. Right ventricle2. Pulmonary trunk3. Right auricle4. Cranial vena cava5. Aorta

6. Caudal vena cava7. Left auricle8. Left ventricle

(Extract from the Royal Canin Dog Encyclopedia.Pr D. Grandjean & Dr J.-P. Vaissaire-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)

3rd objective: Protect the joints

The most frequently occurring joint problemsin the Yorkshire Terrier are patellar luxation,ruptured cruciate ligament and osteonecrosisof the femoral head (Purdue, Veterinary MedicalDatabase Report data, 1981-2001).

The addition of chondroitin sulfate, a nutrient

derived from cartilage, helps ensure theelasticity of the cartilage in the joints.Glucosamine, another nutrient of naturalorigin, plays a supplementary role in thesynthesis of new cartilage.

The combined action of these two nutrientshelps to slow cartilage degeneration significantly(Lipiello L., 1998).

Chondroitin slows downthe degradation of cartilage

Cartilage wornby aging process

Glucosaminestimulates the cellregeneration ofcartilage

(Extract from the Nutrients guidePr D. Grandjean-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)


24/32

24

A reduced sense of smellSense of smell (or olfactory acuity) dependson several criteria that vary depending on thesize of the dog.

The area of the olfactory mucosa is very reduced in smalldogs: it does not exceed 20 cm2 in the Yorkshire Terrier,

whereas in large sized sporting dogs the area of theolfactory mucosa can reach 250 cm2. The number ofolfactory cells (receptors) is therefore lower: less than60 million in the Yorkshire Terrier compared to 200 millionin a German Shepherd Dog for example (Vadurel A., 1995).

Dogs have a much less well-developed tasteapparatus than humans.

Therefore, in terms of enjoyment of the food, the sense ofsmell and taste do not have the same roles.

Unlike man, dogs mostly enjoy food through sense ofsmell. The surface of their olfactory mucous is, accordingto the breed, from 10 to 100 more times than that ofman. A German Shepherds nose, for instance, contains200 million olfactory captors, whereas a mans nose will

contain no more than 20 million. Contrary to what most people think, taste plays a very littlepart in a dogs choice of the food. While man claims 9,000 taste buds, dogs have from 6to 8 times less. In addition, once the food is in a dogs mouth, it does not linger there andrushes to the stomach.

5High requirements

for tasty food

Olfactory receptors (millions)

Gustative buds


25/32

25

How the Yorkshire Terriers life style andcharacter makes it more demanding

The Yorkshire Terrier is a very fussy dog interms of its food, for two main reasons.

LifestyleThe Yorkshire Terrier is a breed that has a

very close relationship with its owner andwhich is often used to receiving table tidbits

or special treats. This behavior makes thedog more difficult to feed.

CharacterBecause of its origins, the Yorkshire isa demanding and dominant dog. Forexample, it often picks at the food it isgiven to demonstrate its dominance and

show who is the final master.


26/32

26

The Yorkshire Terrier from the tips of itsGeneral AppearanceThat of a long-haired toy terrier whose blue andtan coat is parted on the face and from the baseof the skull to the end of the tail and hangsevenly and quite straight down each side ofbody. The body is neat, compact and wellproportioned. The dog's high head carriageand confident manner should give theappearance of vigor and self-importance.

HeadSmall and rather flat on top, the skull not tooprominent or round, the muzzle not too long,

with the bite neither undershot nor overshot andteeth sound. Either scissors bite or level bite isacceptable. The nose is black. Eyes are mediumin size and not too prominent; dark in color andsparkling with a sharp, intelligent expression.Eye rims are dark. Ears are small, V-shaped,carried erect and set not too far apart.

BodyWell proportioned and very compact. The backis rather short, the back line level, with height atshoulder the same as at the rump.

Legs and FeetForelegs should be straight, elbows neither innor out. Hind legs straight when viewed frombehind, but stifles are moderately bent when

viewed from the sides. Feet are round with blacktoenails. Dewclaws, if any, are generallyremoved from the hind legs. Dewclaws on theforelegs may be removed.

TailDocked to a medium length and carried slightlyhigher than the level of the back.

CoatQuality, texture and quantity of coat are ofprime importance. Hair is glossy, fine and silkyin texture. Coat on the body is moderately longand perfectly straight (not wavy). It may betrimmed to floor length to give ease ofmovement and a neater appearance, if desired.The fall on the head is long, tied with one bowin center of head or parted in the middle andtied with two bows. Hair on muzzle is very long.Hair should be trimmed short on tips of earsand may be trimmed on feet to give them a neatappearance.

ColorsPuppies are born black and tan and arenormally darker in body color, showing anintermingling of black hair in the tan until theyare matured. Color of hair on body andrichness of tan on head and legs are of primeimportance in adult dogs, to which the followingcolor requirements apply:

Blue: Is a dark steel-blue, not a silver-blue andnot mingled with fawn, bronzy or black hairs.

Tan: All tan hair is darker at the roots than in themiddle, shading to still lighter tan at the tips.There should be no sooty or black hairintermingled with any of the tan.

h i f i


27/32

27

toes to the tip of its noseColor on BodyThe blue extends over the body from back ofneck to root of tail. Hair on tail is a darker blue,especially at end of tail.

HeadfallA rich golden tan, deeper in color at sides ofhead, at ear roots and on the muzzle, with earsa deep rich tan. Tan color should not extenddown on back of neck.

Chest and LegsA bright, rich tan, not extending above theelbow on the forelegs nor above the stifle on thehind legs.

WeightMust not exceed seven pounds.

Approved April 12, 1966

www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm


28/32

28

Scientific ReferencesPopulation data1. Livre des Origines Franaises Socit Centrale Canine, 2000/20012. Enqute SCC Sofrs, 2000

Dental health3. HENNET P. La persistance des dents lactales et ses consquenceschez le chien et le chat. Prat. Med. Chir. Anim. Comp., 32: 69-76, 1997.4. HENNET P. Hygine bucco-dentaire chez le chien et le chat. ActionVet., 1321: 23-30, 1995.5. GORREL C., BIERER TL. Long term effects of a dental hygiene chew onthe periodontal health of dogs. J. Vet. Dent., 16 (3): 109-113, 1999.6. MASSE P. Comment prvenir lhalitose dorigine parodontale ?Comment la traiter. Le Nouveau Praticien Vtrinaire, 4: 19-22, 2001.

7. ROSAN B., LAMONT RJ. Dental plaque formation. Microbes andInfection, 1599-1607, 2000.8. WATSON ADJ. Diet and periodontal disease in dogs and cats.

Australian Veterinary Journal, 71: 313, 1994.9. SOULARD Y., BIOURGE V. Diet and dental management, nonpublis, 2001-2002.10. GIOSO MA. and al Mandible and mandibular first molar toothmeasurements in dogs: relationship of radiographic height to body weight,

J. Vet. Dent., 18 (2): 65-68, 2001.

Dermatology11. CAMPBELL KL. Fatty acid supplements in dermatology. 13th

veterinary Medical Forum (American College of Veterinary InternalMedicine), Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 1995.12. LOWE JA., WISEMAN J. The application of an oral zinc tolerancetest to assess zinc absorption from three different dietary sources in thedog. Poster presentation at 111th Congress of British Society of AnimalScience, 1995.13. MARSH KA., RUEDISUELI FL. and al Effects of zinc and linoleicsupplementation on the skin and coat quality of dogs receiving a completeand balanced diet. Veterinary Dermatology, 11 (4): 277-284; 2000.14. MARSH KA., WATSON TD. Food containing biotin and other Bvitamins. International application published under PCT: A23L 1/00; WO99/48384, 25.03.99.15. RIO M del, FERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ J. and al Wild and cultivatedBorago officinalis L: sources of gamma linolenic-acid. Grasas y Aceites, 44(2): 125-126, 1993.16. FAN YY., CHAPKIN RS. Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acidin human health and nutrition. Recent Advances in Nutritional Science,1411-1414, 1998.17. REINHART GA., DAVENPORT GM. Omega-3 fatty acids andinflammation management. North American Veterinary Conference,Orlando, Florida, 1995.18. Miller WH. Antiseborrheic agents in dermatology, 1986.19. Scott DW. Vitamin A responsive dermatories in the Cocker

Spaniel, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 1986.20. SERVET E. Vitamin E monography polyphenol monography, 2002.

Palatability21. MCGENITY PM., BAKER DR. Animal food composition. PCT A23K1/18, 1/16, 1/00; WO 00/03606, 27th January 2000.22. VADUREL A. Physiologie et pathologie de lodorat du chien. Th MdVt, Nantes, 64-71, 1995.

Longevity23. BRONSON RT. Variation in age at death of dogs of different sexesand breeds. Am J Vet Res, 43 (11): 2057-2059, 1982.24. DEEB BJ., WOLF NS. Studying longevity and morbidity in giant andsmall breeds of dogs. Veterinary Medicine, Suppl Life expectancy, 89 (7):702-713, 1994.

Aging25. BREUR G.- Genetics and developmental orthopedic disease. ACVScongress, Orlando Fl, USA, 1997.26. EDNEY ATB., SMITH PM. Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinarypractices in the UK. Veterinary Record, 118: 391-396, 1986.27. GLICKMAN LT., SONNENSCHEIN EG. and al Pattern of diet andobesity in female adult pet dogs. Vet Clin Nutr, 2 (1): 6-13, 1995.28. HUSSEIN HS., SUNVOLD GD. The efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides in decreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci, 153-168,2000.29. LIPIELLO L. and al Cartilage stimulatory and antiproteolytic activityis present in serum of dogs treated with a chondroprotective agent. Canine

Practice, 23 (6): 10-12, 1998.30. PURDUE Veterinary Medical Database Report data (1981 to 2001).VMDB Publishing Award 1248 Lynn Hall, Purdue University WestLafayette, IN 47907, 1999.31. THRUSFIELD MV., AITKEN CGG. and al -Observations on breed andsex in relation to canine heart valve incompetence. J ofr Small An Practice,26 (12): 709-717, 1985.32. POUCHELON JL. - Actualits sur linsuffisance cardiaque et larestriction sode, 1997.33. ABBRECHT PH. Cardio vascular effects of chronic potassiumdeficiency in the dog, American Journal of Physiology, 223: 555, 1972.

Anatomy34. Pr D. GRANDJEAN & Dr J.-P. VAISSAIRE Encyclopdie RoyalCanin du Chien Ed. Aniwa Publishing

Nutrition general principles35. Pr D. GRANDJEAN Guide " Nutriments " Ed. Aniwa Publishing.36. FINCO Dr and al Effect of dietary protein and phosphorus on thekidneys of dogs, 1996.37. CHEVAUX K. Products containing polyphenols and L-arginine tostimulate nitric oxide production, PCT A23K 1/22, WO 99/45797, 16September 1999.


29/32

29

MINI Yorkshire 28Recommended for Yorkshire Terriers 10 Months of Age and Older

Promotes good teeth and mouth hygiene.The Yorkshire Terrier is especially prone to tartar and dental plaque formation. Thesephenomena can be very painful and in extreme cases can lead to teeth becoming looseor falling out. Specially designed kibbles may help in the everyday maintenance of goodtooth and mouth hygiene.

The texture and shape of the kibbles have been specifically designed to encourage thedog to chew thus providing a tooth cleansing action for the Yorkshire Terrier.

Healthy skin and a beautiful coat for the YorkshireTerrier adult.The Yorkshire Terrier is known and appreciated for thesilkiness, gloss and length of its coat. Coat quality canbe directly related to diet and a specially formulatedfood may help to prevent brittle, dry, greasy or dullhair and itchy skin.

Borage Oil (from the borage herb) and Salmon Oil, assources of omega 3 and 6 essential fatty acids arecombined with Biotin (a B vitamin), to help maintain asilky coat and a skin in full health.

Encourage the delicate appetiteof the Yorkshire Terrier adult.

Whether they are truly sensitive or just a little fussy,some Yorkshire Terriers may not enjoy and evensometimes refuse to eat their food. To restore theirdesire to eat, a food in the form of soft kibbles, suitedto their jaws and with intense flavors may prove to beessential.

Exceptionally tasty because of exclusive natural flavorsand a selection of very high quality ingredients, likeChicken and Salmon Meal.


30/32

30

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity ofdog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dogs age,activity, and size

1999: Launch of: Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800) A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult)

2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2hypoallergenic diets in Europe

2003: Launch of: Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition) and Yorkshire Terriers (MINI Yorkshire Terrier 28) Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition) and breed specific foods (MAXI LabradorRetriever 30 and MAXI German Shepherd 24) Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders

(Canine PRO)

2004: Launch of: Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition) including Bulldogs (MEDIUM Bulldog 24) Small breed specific foods (MINI Chihuahua 28 and

MINI Poodle 30) Food for very young large breed puppies(MAXI Babydog 30)

The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergicskin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of: Small breed specific foods (MINI Dachshund 28 and

MINI Shih Tzu 24) Food for Boxers (MAXI Boxer 26)

A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs(Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26, MINI IndoorAdult 21 and MINI Dental Hygiene 24)

2007: Launch of: MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25

MINI Indoor Puppy 27 MINI Miniature Schnauzer 25

A history of innovationat Royal Canin

Brochure dite par Aniwa Publishingpour le compte de Royal Canin.Ralisation: Diffomdia Paris.Imprim en UE. Royal Canin 06/2007Direction artistique: lise Langellier, Guy Rolland Illustrations: Diffomdia / lise Langellier,Mickal Masure, Alizon RafaniCoordination ditoriale: Cline DavazePhoto couverture: Yves Lanceau

A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs ofsmall, medium and large breeds.


31/32

31

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids: two families of essential fatty acids that help maintain a healthy skin. Long-chain omega 3 fatty

acids have an anti-inflammatory power that is widely used in dermatology.Antioxidant: substance that protects the cells (slows aging).

Palatability: a foods ability to encourage animals to eat it spontaneously, with pleasure.Arginine: An amino acid that is used to prevent heart valve disease to which elderly small breed dogs are

especially susceptible.

Biotin: vitamin of the B group that helps maintain a healthy skin and coat.

Chelated trace elements: trace minerals complexed to a neutral molecule to protect them from chemical reactions in theintestines and increase their digestibility and assimilation by up to 2 to 10 times.

Chondroitin substances occurring naturally in the cartilage of joints which act in preventing arthritis.and Glucosamine:

Epithelium: tissue formed of one or more layers of cells that covers the exterior of the body (epidermis),internal cavities (mucous membranes) or that form glands.

Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums.

Keratin: protein rich in sulfur that is the fundamental constituent of hair, claws, etc.

Nutrient: food substance that can be directly and completely assimilated.Periodontitis: destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth.

Polyphenols: substances occurring naturally in the skin and seeds of fruit, and other plant organs. In the formof an extract (especially of green tea), they have a strong protective effect on the body and thetissues, through their antioxidant properties.

Free radicals: compounds causing degeneration (aging) particularly by oxidation.

Seborrhea: excessive sebum secretion.

Selenium: a trace mineral that acts in synergy with vitamin E in promoting exchanges between cells and incombating oxidative stress.Zinc: a trace mineral that is involved in skin renewal.

Glossary


32/32

C0207_4 2007 Royal Canin USA, Inc. 310105 8/07

USA

Canada

Royal Canin USA500 Fountain Lakes Blvd., Suite 100

St. Charles, MO 63301

Phone: 1-800-592-6687www.royalcanin.us

www.feline-nutrition.com

Royal Canin Canada44 Victoria Street, Suite 1500

Toronto, Ontario M5C 1Y2Phone: 1-800-527-2673

www.royalcanin.ca

MINI Yorkshire 28 Brochure

Documents

Transcript of MINI Yorkshire 28 Brochure