Mini-FRQ Enzymes are a huge part of digestion a) Describe structure and function of an enzyme b) How...
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Transcript of Mini-FRQ Enzymes are a huge part of digestion a) Describe structure and function of an enzyme b) How...
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Mini-FRQ
Enzymes are a huge part of digestion
a) Describe structure and function of an enzyme
b) How are enzymes tied to digestion?
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Why do we breathe oxygen?
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2008-2009gills
alveoli
elephantseals
Gas ExchangeRespiratory Systems
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Need O2 in◦ for aerobic cellular respiration◦ make ATP
Need CO2 out◦ waste product from
Krebs cycle
O2
food
ATP
CO2
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O2 & CO2 exchange between environment & cells◦ need moist membrane◦ need high surface area
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Why high surface area?◦ maximizing rate of gas exchange◦ CO2 & O2 move across cell membrane by diffusion
rate of diffusion proportional to surface area Why moist membranes?
◦ moisture maintains cell membrane structure◦ gases diffuse only dissolved in water
High surface area?High surface area!Where have we heard that before?
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Aquatic organismsexternal systems with lots of surface area exposed to aquatic environment
moist internal respiratory tissues with lots of surface area
Terrestrial
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Exchange tissue:spongy texture, honeycombed with moist epithelium
Why is this exchangewith the environmentRISKY?
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Larynx (upper part of respiratory
tract) Vocal cords (sound
production) Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi (tube to lungs) Bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs) Diaphragm (breathing
muscle)
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Gas exchange across thin epithelium of millions of alveoli◦ total surface area in humans ~100 m2
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Breathing due to changing pressures in lungs ◦ air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure◦ pulling air instead of pushing it
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Take out April calendar
1) Share plan with tablemates to get A or B on all April quizzes
2) Change Sat, April 21 to Sat, April 14th
3) Come up with a structure is ties to function example
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Water carrying gas flows in one direction, blood flows in opposite direction
just keepswimming….
Why does it workcounter current?Adaptation!
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Blood & water flow in opposite directions◦ maintains diffusion gradient over whole
length of gill capillary
◦ maximizing O2 transfer from water to blood
water
blood
front back
blood
100% 15%
5%90%
70% 40%
60% 30%
100%
5%
50%
50%
70%
30%
watercounter-current
concurrent
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Advantages of terrestrial life ◦ air has many advantages over water
higher concentration of O2
O2 & CO2 diffuse much faster through air respiratory surfaces exposed to air do not have to
be ventilated as thoroughly as gills air is much lighter than water & therefore much
easier to pump expend less energy moving air in & out
Disadvantages◦ keeping large respiratory surface moist
causes high water loss reduce water loss by keeping lungs internal
Why don’t land animalsuse gills?
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air tubes branching throughout body
gas exchanged by diffusion across moist cells lining terminal ends, not through open circulatory system
Tracheae
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Air enters nostrils◦ filtered by hairs, warmed & humidified◦ sampled for odors
Pharynx glottis larynx (vocal cords) trachea (windpipe) bronchi bronchioles air sacs (alveoli)
Epithelial lining covered by cilia & thin film of mucus◦ mucus traps dust, pollen,
particulates◦ beating cilia move mucus upward
to pharynx, where it is swallowed
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Homeostasis◦ keeping the internal environment of the
body balanced◦ need to balance O2 in and CO2 out◦ need to balance energy (ATP) production
Exercise◦ breathe faster
need more ATP bring in more O2 & remove more CO2
Disease◦ poor lung or heart function = breathe faster
need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2
O2
ATP
CO2
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Why use a carrier molecule?◦ O2 not soluble enough in H2O for animal needs
blood alone could not provide enough O2 to animal cells
hemocyanin in insects = copper (bluish/greenish) hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron (reddish)
Reversibly binds O2◦ loading O2 at lungs or gills & unloading at cells
cooperativity
heme group
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Binding O2 ◦ binding of O2 to 1st subunit causes shape
change to other subunits conformational change
◦ increasing attraction to O2
Releasing O2 ◦ when 1st subunit releases O2,
causes shape change to other subunits conformational change
◦ lowers attraction to O2
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Dissolved in blood plasma as bicarbonate ion
Tissue cells
Plasma
CO2 dissolvesin plasma
CO2 combineswith Hb
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H+ + HCO3–
HCO3–
H2CO3
CO2
Carbonicanhydrase
Cl–
carbonic acidCO2 + H2O H2CO3
bicarbonateH2CO3 H+
+ HCO3–
carbonic anhydrase
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Lower CO2 pressure at lungs allows CO2 to diffuse out of blood into lungs
Plasma
Lungs: Alveoli
CO2 dissolvedin plasma
HCO3–Cl–
CO2
H2CO3
H2CO3Hemoglobin + CO2
CO2 + H2O
HCO3 – + H+
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Circulation and Gas Exchange
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Animal cells exchange material across their cell membrane◦ fuels for energy ◦ nutrients ◦ oxygen ◦ waste (urea, CO2)
If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!◦ diffusion
If you are many-celled that’s harder
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What needs to be transported◦ nutrients & fuels
from digestive system◦ respiratory gases
O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills
◦ intracellular waste waste products from cells
water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)
◦ protective agents immune defenses
white blood cells & antibodies blood clotting agents
◦ regulatory molecules hormones
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All animals have:◦ circulatory fluid = “blood”◦ tubes = blood vessels◦ muscular pump = heart
open closed
hemolymph blood
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Taxonomy◦ invertebrates
insects, arthropods, mollusks
Structure◦no separation
between blood &
interstitial fluid hemolymph
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Taxonomy◦ invertebrates
earthworms, squid, octopuses
◦ vertebrates Structure
◦ blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid 1 or more hearts large vessels to
smaller vessels material diffuses
between blood vessels & interstitial fluid
closed system = higher pressures
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Adaptations in closed system◦ number of heart chambers differs
4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure
What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
2 3 4
low pressureto body
low O2
to body
high pressure & high O2
to body
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Fish: 2-chambered heart; single circuit of blood flow Amphibians: 3-chambered heart; 2 circuits of blood flow-
pulmocutaneous (lungs and skin); systemic (some mixing) Mammals: 4-chambered heart; double circulation; complete
separation between oxygen-rich and oxygen poor blood
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convergentevolution
Selective forces◦ increase body size
protection from predation bigger body = bigger stomach for
herbivores◦ endothermy
can colonize more habitats ◦ flight
decrease predation & increase prey capture
Effect of higher metabolic rate◦ greater need for energy, fuels,
O2, waste removal endothermic animals need 10x
energy need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells
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Chambered heart◦ atrium = receive blood◦ ventricle = pump blood out
Blood vessels◦ arteries = carry blood away from heart
arterioles◦ veins = return blood to heart
venules◦ capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion
capillary beds = networks of capillaries
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Blood vesselsarteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
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Arteries ◦thicker walls provide strength for high
pressure pumping of blood◦narrower diameter◦elasticity elastic recoil helps
maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
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Veins◦thinner-walled ◦wider diameter
blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure
lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal
muscle contractions when we move squeeze blood through veins
◦valves in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
Closed valve
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Capillaries◦ very thin walls
lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium
enhances exchange across capillary
◦ diffusion exchange between blood
& cells
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Blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincters
supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from
digestive tract to skeletal muscles
◦ capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
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Arteriole
Bloodflow
Venule
Lymphaticcapillary
Interstitialfluid
Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure “bulk flow”
Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary
BP > OP BP < OP
15% fluid returns via lymph
85% fluid returns to capillaries
What aboutedema?
Capillary
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Plasma: liquid matrix of blood in which cells are suspended (90% water)
Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport O2 via hemoglobin Leukocytes (WBCs): defense and immunity Platelets: clotting Stem cells: pluripotent cells in the red marrow of bones Blood clotting: fibrinogen (inactive)/ fibrin (active);
hemophilia; thrombus (clot)
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Parallel circulatory system◦transports white blood cells
defending against infection◦collects interstitial fluid &
returns to blood maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood drains into circulatory system
near junction of vena cava & right atrium
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Production & transport of WBCsTraps foreign invaders
lymph node
lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
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Coronary arteries
to neck & head& arms
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What do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?
pulmonary
systemic
systemic
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bypass surgery
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http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/pumping.htm
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AV
SL
AV
4 valves in the heart◦ flaps of connective tissue◦ prevent backflow
Atrioventricular (AV) valve ◦ between atrium & ventricle◦ keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract “lub”
Semilunar valves◦ between ventricle & arteries◦ prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing “dub”
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AV
SL
AV
Heart sounds ◦closing of valves◦ “Lub”
recoil of blood against closed AV valves
◦ “Dub” recoil of blood against
semilunar valves Heart murmur
◦ defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve
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systolic________diastolic
pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)
1 complete sequence of pumping◦ heart contracts & pumps◦ heart relaxes & chambers fill ◦ contraction phase
systole ventricles pumps blood out
◦ relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood
110
____
70
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High Blood Pressure (hypertension)◦ if top number (systolic pumping) > 150
◦ if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90
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Cardiovascular disease (>50% of all deaths)
Heart attack- death of cardiac tissue due to coronary blockage
Stroke- death of nervous tissue in brain due to arterial blockage
Atherosclerosis: arterial plaques deposits
Arteriosclerosis: plaque hardening by calcium deposits
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Hypercholesterolemia:LDL, HDL
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Demonstrate the path of an O2 molecule from the air to a knee cell as it travels through the respiration system and the circulatory system (travelling on a red blood cell). Make sure to include arteries, capillaries and/or veins.
Demonstrate the path of an CO2 molecule from a knee cell to the air as it travels through the respiration system and the circulatory system (travelling on a red blood cell). Make sure to include arteries, capillaries and/or veins.
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All members verbally involved
8 or more different propsCreativityAccurate descriptionKinesthetic