CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO

TITLE

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES

NOMENCLATURE

1 Introduction

2 Literature review

3 Description of equipments

3.1 Solar panel components

4 Design and drawing

4.1 components and Specification

4.2 Design calculation

5 fabrication

6 Working principle

7 Merits and demerits

8 applications

9 List of materials

10 Cost Estimation

11 Conclusion

Bibliography

photography

NOMENCLATURE

NOMENCLATURE

A =Area of solar panel(m2 )

D=Diameter of motor shaft (m)

F =Force exerted on the pump (N)

p=Pressure (N/m2)

P=power (W)

I =current (A)

V=voltage (volts)

N =speed ( rpm)

SYNOSPSIS

SYNOPSIS:

This project is the process of removing heat from substance under controlled

conditions. In a reversed system which pumps heat from a cold body and delivers it

to a hot body. The system which works on a extraction of heat from a cold body and

deliver it to a hot body is called cooling tower.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. The primary

task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a

relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat from

cooling water. The make-up water source is used to replenish water lost to

evaporation. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water

exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further

cooling. Typical closed loop cooling tower system.

LITERATURE SURVEY

LITERATURE SURVEY

COOLING TOWER TYPES

Cooling towers fall into two main categories: Natural draft and Mechanical

draft. Natural draft towers use very large concrete chimneys to introduce air through

the media. Due to the large size of these towers, they are generally used for water

flow rates above 45,000 m3/hr. These types of towers are used only by utility power

stations.

Mechanical draft towers utilize large fans to force or suck air through

circulated water. The water falls downward over till surfaces, which help increase the

contact time between the water and the air - this helps maximise heat transfer

between the two. Cooling rates of Mechanical draft towers depend upon their fan

diameter and speed of operation. Since, the mechanical draft cooling towers are

much more widely used,

MECHANICAL DRAFT TOWERS

Mechanical draft towers are available in the following airflow arrangements:

I. Counter flows induced draft.

2. Counter flow forced draft.

3. Cross flow induced draft.

In the counter flow induced draft design, hot water enters at the top, while

the air is introduced at the bottom and exits at the top. Both forced and induced draft

fans are used. In cross flow induced draft towers, the water enters at the top and

passes over the fill. The air, however, is introduced at the side either on one side

(single-flow tower) or opposite sides (double-flow tower). An induced draft fan draws

the air across the wetted fill and expels it through the top of the structure. The Figure

7.2 illustrates various cooling tower types. Mechanical draft towers arc available in a

large range of capacities. Normal capacities range from approximately 10 tons, 2.5

m3/hr flow to several thousand tons and m /hr. Towers can be either factory built or

field erected — for example concrete towers arc only field erected.

Many towers arc constructed so that they can be grouped together to

achieve the desired capacity. Thus, many cooling towers are assemblies of two or

more individual cooling towers or cells.‖ The number of cells they have, e.g., a eight-

cell tower, often refers to such towers. Multiple-cell towers can be lineal, square, or

round depending upon the shape of the individual cells and whether the air inlets are

located on the sides or bottoms of the cells.

COMPONENTS OF COOLING TOWER

The basic components of an evaporative tower arc: Frame and casing, fill,

cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles and fans.

FRAME AND CASING:

Most towers have structural frames that support the exterior enclosures

(casings), motors, fans, and other components. With some smaller designs, such as

some glass fiber units, the casing may essentially he the frame. Fill: Most towers

employ fills (made of plastic or wood) to facilitate heat transfer by maximising water

and air contact. Fill can either be splash or film type. With splash till, waterfalls over

successive layers of horizontal splash bars, continuously breaking into smaller

droplets, while also wetting the till surface. Plastic splash till promotes better heat

transfer than the wood splash fill. Film fill consists of thin, closely spaced plastic

surfaces over which the water spreads, forming a thin film in contact with the air.

COLD WATER BASIN:

The cold water basin, located at or near the bottom of the tower, receives the

cooled water that flows down through the tower and fill. The basin usually has a

sump or low point for the cold water discharge connection. En many tower designs,

the cold water basin is beneath the entire till. In some forced draft counter flow

design, however, the water at the bottom of the till is channelled to a perimeter

trough that functions as the cold water basin. Propeller fans are mounted beneath

the fill to blow the air up through the tower. With this design, the tower is mounted on

legs, providing easy access to the fans and their motors.

DRIFT ELIMINATORS:

These capture water droplets entrapped in the air stream that otherwise would

be lost to the atmosphere. Air inlet: This is the point of entry for the air entering a

tower. The inlet may take up an entire side of a tower—cross flow design— or be

located low on the side or the bottom of counter flow designs. Louvers: Generally,

cross-flow towers have inlet louvers. The purpose of louvers is to equalize air flow

into the fill and retain the water within the tower. Many counter flow tower designs do

not require louvers.

NOZZLES:

These provide the water sprays to wet the fill. Uniform water distribution at the

top of the fill is essential to achieve proper wetting of the entire fill surface. Nozzles

can either be fixed in place and have either round or square spray patterns or can be

tart of a rotating assembly as found in some circular cross-section towers.

FANS:

Both axial (propeller type) and centrifugal fans arc used in towers. Generally,

propeller fins are used in induced draft towers and both propeller and centrifugal

fans arc found in forced draft towers. Depending upon their size. piopeller fans can

either be fixed or variable pitch. A fan having non-automatic adjustable pitch blades

permits the same fan to be used over a wide range of kW with the fan adjusted to

deliver the desired air flow at the lowest power consumption.

Automatic variable pitch blades can vary air flow in response to changing load

conditions. Tower Materials In the early days of cooling tower manufacture, towers

were constructed primarily of wood. Wooden components included the frame,

casing, louvers, fill, and often the cold water basin. If the basin was not of wood, it

likely was of concrete. Today, tower manufacturers fabricate towers and tower

components from a variety of materials. Often several materials are used to enhance

corrosion resistance, reduce maintenance, and promote reliability and long service

life. Galvanized steel, various grades of stainless steel, glass fiber, and concrete are

widely used in tower construction as well as aluminum and various types of plastics

for some components. Wood towers are still available, but they have glass fiber

rather than wood panels (casing) over the wood framework.

The inlet air louvers may be glass fiber, the fill may be plastic, and the cold

water basin may be steel. Larger towers sometimes are made of concrete. Many

towers—casings and basins— are constructed of galvanized steel or, where a

corrosive atmosphere is a problem, stainless steel. Sometimes a galvanized tower

has a stainlcss stccl basin. Glass fiber is also widely used for cooling tower casings

and basins, giving long life and protection from the harmful effects of many

chemicals.

Heal Load

The heat load imposed on a cooling tower is determined by the process being

served. The degree of cooling required is controlled by the desired operating

temperature level of the process. In most cases, a low operating temperature is

desirable to increase process efficiency or to improve the quality or quantity of the

product. In some applications (e.g. internal combustion engines), however, high

operating temperatures arc desirable. The size and cost of the cooling tower is

proportional to the heat load. If heat load calculations are low undersized equipment

will be purchased.

If the calculated load is high, oversize and more costly, equipment will result.

Process heat loads may vary considerably depending upon the process involved,

Determination of accurate process heat loads can become very complex but proper

consideration can produce satisfactory results. On the other hand, air conditioning

and refrigeration heat loads can be determined with greater accuracy.

Information is available for the heat rejection requirements of various types of power

equipment.

FACTORS

WET BULB TEMPERATURE

Wet bulb temperature is an important factor in perfonnancc of evaporative

water cooling equipment. It is a controlling factor from the aspect of minimum cold

water temperature to which water can be cooled by the evaporative method. Thus,

the wet bulb temperature of the air entering the cooling tower determines operating

temperature levels throughout the plant, process, or system. T

Theoretically, a cooling tower will cool water to the entering wet bulb

temperature, when operating without a heat load. However, a thermal potential is

required to reject heat, so it is not possible to cool water to the entering air wet bulb

temperature, when a heat load is applied. The approach obtained is a function of

thermal conditions and tower capability.

Initial selection of towers with respect to design wet bulb temperature must be

made on the basis of conditions existing at the tower site. The temperature selected

is generally close to the average maximum wet bulb for the sununer months. An

important aspect of wet bulb selection is, whether it is specified as ambient or inlet.

The ambient wet bulb is the temperature, which exists generally in the cooling tower

area, whereas inlet wet bulb is the wet bulb temperature of the air entering the

tower.

The later can be. and often is, affected by discharge vapours being re

circulated into the tower. Recirculation raises the effective wet bulb temperature of

the air entering the tower with corresponding increase in the cold water temperature.

Since there is no initial knowledge or control over the recirculation factor, the

ambient wet bulb should be specified. The cooling tower supplier is required to

furnish a tower of sufficient capability to absorb the effects of the increased wet bulb

temperature peculiar to his own equipment.

It is very important to have the cold water temperature low enough to

exchange heat or to condense vapours at the optimum temperature level. By

evaluating the cost and size of heat exchangers versus the cost anti size of the

cooling tower, the quantity and temperature of the cooling tower water can be

selected to get the maximum economy for the particular process.

EFFICIENT SYSTEM OPERATION

COOLING WATER TREATMENT

Cooling water treatment is mandatory for any cooling tower whether with

splash fill or with film type fill for controlling suspended solids, algac growth, etc.

With increasing costs of water, efforts to increase Cycles of Concentration (COC), by

Cooling Water Treatment would help to reduce make up water requirements

significantly. In large industries, power plants, COC improvement is often considered

as a key area for water conservation.

COOLING TOWER FANS

The purpose of a cooling tower fan is to move a specified quantity of air

through the system, overcoming the system resistance which is defined as the

pressure loss. The product of air flow and the pressure loss is air power

dcvclopcdlwork done by the fan; this may be also termed as fan output and input kW

depends on fan efficiency. The fin efficiency in turn is greatly dependent Ofl the

profile of the blade. An aerodynamic profile with optimum twist, taper and higher

coefficient of lift to coefficient of drop ratio can provide the fan total efficiency as high

as 85-92 %. However, this efficiency is drastically affected by the factors such as tip

clearance, obstacles to airflow and inlet shape, etc.

As the metallic fans are manufactured by adopting either extrusion or casting

process it is always difficult to generate the ideal aerodynamic profiles. The FRP

blades are normally hand moulded which facilitates the generation of optimum

aerodynamic profile to meet specific duty condition more efficiently. Cases reported

where replacement of metallic or Glass fibre reinforced plastic fan blades have been

replaced by efficient hollow FRP blades, with resultant fan energy savings of the

order of 20-30% and with simple pay back period of 6 to 7 months. Also, due to

lightweight, FRP fans need low starting torque resulting in use of lower HP motors.

The lightweight of the fans also increases the life of the gear box, motor and bearing

is and allows for easy handling and maintenance.

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

COMPONENTS

Fan

Dc pump

Sump

tank

FAN

A stand alone fan is typically powered with an electric motor. Fans are often

attached directly to the motor's output, with no need for gears or belts. Smaller fans

are often powered by shaded pole AC motors or brushed or brushless DC motors. In

our case it is powered by dc motor having three blades.

DC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:

Centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to

increase the velocity of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move

liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to

the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a

diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system.

Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads

The pump is made of molded plastic. The flow rate of the pump is 1 liter / min

and it can deliver the water up to a head of 3 meters.

The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction

turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward

directions the centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which

means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in

pressure head of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity

of the liquid at that point. Rise in pressure head).thus at the outlet of the impeller,

where radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be

discharged at the outlet with a high pressure head. Due to this high pressure head,

the liquid can be lifted to a high level.

Main parts of a centrifugal pump

Impeller

Casing

Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer

Delivery pipe

All the main parts of the centrifugal pump.

(1) IMPELLER:

The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called ―impeller‖. it consists of a

series of backward curved vanes.the impeller is mounted on a shaft which is

connected to the shaft of an electric motor.

(2) CASING:

The casing of centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of reaction turbine. it is

an air tight passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the

kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into

pressure energy before the designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the

water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy

before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. Suction pipe with a

pipe whose one end is connected to inlet and then other to tank.

(3)SUCTION PIPE FOOT VALVE:

Delivery valve to flow control valve open only in upward direction.A

strains is filled at lower end of the sump

P.M.D.C MOTOR:

The permanent magnet direct current motor ( P.M.D.C) is a 12v dc motor. In

any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-

carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an

external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the

conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field.

D.C MOTOR:

The d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general construction.

MOTOR PRINCIPLE:

An electric motor is a machine which converts an electrical energy to

mechanical energy.

All D.C machines have five principal components viz

(i) Field system (II) armature core (iii) armature winding (iv) Commutator (v)

brushes

(ii) Field system:

The function of the field system is to produce Uniform field within which the

armature rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles(of course, even number)

bolted to the inside of circular frame (generally called yoke).the yoke is usually made

of solid cast steel whereas the pole piece are composed of stacked laminations.

Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The

field coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.

The m.m.f. developed by the coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through the

pole pieces, the air gap, the armature and the frame. Practical d.c machines have air

gaps ranging from 0.5mm to 1.5mm.since armature and field systems are composed

of materials that have permeability, most of the m.m.f.of field coils is required to set

up flux in the air gap. By reducing the length of air gap, we can reduce the size of

field coils (number of turns).

(iii) Armature core:

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field

poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6mm thick) that are

stacked to form a cylindrical core. The laminations are individually coated with a thin

insulating film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each other. The

purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss. The laminations

are slotted to accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature

winding and to give shorter air gap for the flux to cross between the pole face and

the armature ―teeth‖.

(iv) Armature winding:

The slots of the armature core hold conductors that are connected in a

suitable manner.this are known as armature winding. This is the winding in which

―working‖e.m.f. is induced.

The armature conductors are connected inseries-parallel: the conductors

being connected in series so as to increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to

increase the current. The armature winding of a d.c.machine is a closed –circuit

winding: the conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a closed

loop or series of closed loops.

(v) Commutator;

A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage

generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes.the

commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets

and mounted on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to

the commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature

winding.depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are

connected to the commutator segments, there are tow types of armature winding in

a.d.c. machine viz(a) lap winding (b) wave winding.

Great care is taken in building the commutator because any eccentricity will cause

the brushes to bounce, producing unacceptable sparking .the sparks may burn the

brushes and overheat and carbonize the commutator.

(vi) Brushes:

The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the

rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of

carbon and rest on the commutator,the brush pressure is adjusted by means of

adjustable springs. if the brush pressure is

Very large, the friction produces heating of the commutator and the

bruches.on the other hand, if it is too weak, the imperfect contact with the

commutator may produce sparking.

STATOR:

The stator is the stationary part of an electric generator or electric motor. The

non-stationary part on an electric motor is the rotor.

Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator

may act as the field magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may

act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor.

The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils

on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils are on the rotor.

This was necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the

commutator is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor.

The commutator must become larger and more robust as the current increases.

The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an

electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which energizes it is

known as the field coil or field winding.

ROTOR:

The rotor is the non-stationary part of a rotary electric motor or alternator,

which rotates because the wires and magnetic field of the motor are arranged so

that a torque is developed about the rotor's axis. In some designs, the rotor can act

to serve as the motor's armature, across which the input voltage is supplied.

ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL:

An electromagnetic coil is formed when a conductor solid copper wire is

wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. One loop of

wire is usually referred to as a turn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use

in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often

connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish and/or wrapped with

insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A

completed coil assembly with taps etc. is often called a winding. A transformer is an

electromagnetic device that has a primary winding and a secondary winding that

transfer’s energy from one electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling without

moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a third coil placed in relation to a

primary coil and secondary coil.

A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors

and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap are points in a wire

coil where a conductive patch has been exposed. As self induction is larger for

larger coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal

use of copper is achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better

alternative. Multilayer coils have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when

multiple layers are needed the shape needs to be radically changed to a short coil

with many layers so that the voltage between consecutive layers is smaller.

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

MACHINE COMPONENTS

The SOLAR AIR COLLER consists of the following components to full fill the

requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1. Fan

2. Moto

DESIGN CALCULATION

PUMP CALCULATION:

1. To find out the power required to drive the pump

2. To find the flow rate of pump

a) flow rate

Continuity equation, Q= Area of pump shaft x Velocity

Dia of pump shaft(D) =15mm

Dia of outlet of the pump (d) =3mm

Speed of the pump shaft =3000rpm

Area = π x d2/4

= π x (0 .003)2/4

= 7.06 x 10-6 m2

Velocity= π x D x n / 60

= π x 0.015 x 3000/60

=2.35 m/s

Therefore, Q = 7.06 x 10-6 m2 x 2.35 m/s

= 0.0014 m3 /min

b) To find power

i) Power = force X velocity

ii) Force = pressure X area

iii) Pressure =ρ X g X h

ρ = density of water =1000Kg/m2

g = acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m/s2

h = water head 3m

1kg =10N

Pressure =ρ X g X h

=1000X10 X9.81X3

= 2.9X105 N/m2

p = 2.9 bar

Pressure =F/A

F =P/A

F =2.9X105 x π/4 x (d)2

=2.9 X105 x π/4 x (3X10-3)2

= 2.05 N

Power = force X velocity

=2.05 X2.35

= 4.8 W

Therefore power required to pump 4.8w

DRAWING

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Hot water flows to the main sewer of the water distribution system. Then, the

water is distributed through a pipe system to spray nozzles. Nozzles cause the

dispersion of the water onto the wet deck surface, thus creating water film of large

contact surface. The water coming off the lower edges of the wet deck surface falls

down in the form of droplets to the cooled water tank, from where it is pumped back

to the cooled equipment.

The process of water cooling occurs mainly as the result of the evaporation of

a small amount of cooled water to the air stream (transport of mass), making the use

of the heat of phase transition (heat of vaporization), which is collected from the

water stream and to a lesser extent as the result of convective heat transfer form

water to air (heat transfer)

Counter-current air flow in the cooling tower is inducted by the suction

produced by the axial fan with a capacity adapted to the required cooling

parameters. The fan is mounted inside the enclosure on the roof of the cooling cell.

The air is sucked into the cell through inlet ports equipped with shutters, which

protect the system from sucking things such as foliage and from splashing cooled

water outside the cooling tower. Then, the sucked air flows through the rain zone

under the wet deck surface, through the fill, splash zone above the wet deck surface

and then it undergoes the process of mist elimination, which minimizes water loss

resulting from dissipation of droplets. The heated and moisten air flows through the

fan, and then it is blown away outside through the upper section of the fan casing to

the environment.

.

MERITS

MERITS

Low cost

High reliable

Low maintenance

Simple in design

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

Energy savings

Reduce maintenance requirements (personnel and equipment replacement

costs)

Precisely control process water temperature stabilization

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed

below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed

application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack

from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect

their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity,

electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact

resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

Cast ability

Weld ability

Surface properties

Shrinkage

Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand

the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material.

For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of

components which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand

forging the steel.

4. Avilability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then becomes obligatory

for the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect

substitute for the material designed.the delivery of materials and the delivery date of

product should also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization,appearance,and non-maintenance of

the designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

S.No DESCIRPTION QTY Material

1 fan 1 Ms

2 Dc pump 1 Moulded

plastic

3 Pipe line 1 plastic

COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST.

S.No DESCRIPTION QTY MATERIAL AMOUNT

(Rs)

1. battery 1 plastic 700

2. fan 1 M.S 1500

3. Dc pump 1 Moulded plastic 1500

4.TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=3700 + 800 + 800

=5300 /-

Total cost for this project (Rs)=5300/-

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

This article demonstrates rather pointedly that cooling tower performance and

operation are not so straightforward as they many times are thought to be. These mi

sconceptions and inadequate knowledge of cooling tower design can cost you mone

y in all phases of dealing with cooling towers. Purchase of a new tower will cost mor

e in the long run if plant operations do not run efficiently due to an illdesigned cooling

tower. Tower operation, in terms of energy cost, will be more expensive if utilization

of fan power is misunderstood. Upgrading an existing tower may turn out to be futile

because tower performance was viewed in terms of range. It is necessary to have a

working knowledge of the performance of cooling towers, without misconception, in

order to purchase andoperate them to the best advantage for maximum production a

t minimum cost.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

Design of machine elements -R.s.Kurumi