Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films...

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Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liu John C. Hemminger group January 11, 2011 1

Transcript of Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films...

Page 1: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu LiuJohn C. Hemminger group

January 11, 2011

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Page 2: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Raw

Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Raw Fitting Elemental sulfurBulk sulfide

S2p KE=200eVBulk sulfide

(Fully coordinated, 1S, 3Fe) Surface sulfide

(Lower coordinated 1S, 2Fe)

Monosulfide

S

159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168

2

159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168B.E. (eV)

Page 3: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Advanced X‐Ray Analysis Methods

XPS (Photoemission)  Binding Energy(beamiline 11.0.2, beamline 9.3.2)XAS (Absorption) Unoccupied Density of state (HOMO)XAS (Absorption)  Unoccupied Density of state (HOMO)(beamiline 11.0.1, beamiline 10.3.2)XES (Emission) Occupied Density of state (LOMO)XES (Emission)  Occupied Density of state (LOMO)(beamiline 8.0.1)

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Page 4: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

All in one?

XPS, XAS, XES all in Beamline 11.0.2?

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Page 5: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Purpose•XPS & Electron Yield XAS

Binding Energy, Density of State of Conduction Band F i S f D t i ti V l B d S t k BE l t Fermi Surface Determination: Valence Band Spectrum, or know BE element Band GapTesting experiment on Si

• Electron Yield XES & XAS• Electron Yield XES & XAS Density of State of Valence and Conduction Band Band Gap and Core Hole Effect

5Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 2568–2570

Page 6: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

XPSOne Photon process: Photon in Electron outElectron out

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Page 7: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

XPS Cartoon Mechanism

E kin

Free electron level

Conduction bandVacuum level

Fermi level

Φs Incident X‐rayh

Valence band

EB

S

2P1/2

2P3/2

1S

2S

XPS: EB= hν‐E kin ‐Φs For example, EB for S2p3/27

Page 8: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Surface Sensitivity•Electron Inelastic Mean Free Path

Detector

X‐ray (constant hν )

Photoelectron effect

e‐X ray (constant hν )

E kin = hν‐EB‐Φs

8J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1999

Page 9: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Depth profile experiment and inelastic mean free path (IMFP)mean free path (IMFP) 

Depth profile experiment

DetectorSynchrotron Light (various hν)

Depth profile experiment

e‐e‐

•Continuous•Changeable

ZChangeable

Photoelectrons with different kinetic energies come from 

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gdifferent depth of the sample.

Page 10: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

XES and XASTwo Photons process: Photon in Photon outPhoton out

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Page 11: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

XES Cartoon Mechanism

E kin

Free electron level

Conduction bandVacuum level

Fermi level

ΦsIncident X‐rayh

Valence band

EB

S

2P1/2

2P3/2 Fluorescent Photon

1S

2S

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XES:(Photon in Photon out) Fluorescent photon created by electron decay from valence band to core level

Page 12: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

XAS Cartoon Mechanism

V l l

E kin

Free electron level

Conduction band

l b d

Vacuum level

Fermi level

ΦsIncident X‐rayhν

Valence band

EB

P

2S

2P1/2

2P3/2

1S

XAS: Electrons from core level to unoccupied 

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S ect o s o co e eve to u occup edconduction band, For example, A1  for S_L edgeEA= hν‐ hνT For example

Page 13: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Limitation

•Traditional Measurement (Transmission) Signal‐to‐background ratios limited by thickness (~500Å) Radiation damage Reflection geometry experiment Surface Sensitive?!

•We can only collect electron not photon in beamline 11.0.2We can only collect electron not photon in beamline 11.0.2

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Page 14: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Electron Yield

•Electron Yield or Secondary Electron A   l  & Fl  Ph Auger electron & Fluorescent Photon

Photoelectron

Ev

Auger electron

Higher shell

Incident X‐rayhν Fl thν Fluorescent 

Photon

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Page 15: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Electron Yield

•Auger electron yield dominateFor K shell excitation of low‐Z atoms For L shell excitation of all Z <90C, N O, S, Si

15J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 307 (1979)

Page 16: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Electron Yield

•Detection Mode Auger Electron Yield (AEY) Auger Electron Yield (AEY) Partial Electron Yield (PEY) Total Electron Yield (TEY)

16Stöhr, Joachim, NEXAFS Spectroscopy, Springer‐Verlag 1996

Page 17: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Reviews:l lXPS & Electron Yield XAS

Band Gap DeterminationBand Gap Determination

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Page 18: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Fermi Surface Determination( )

Conduction bandVacuum levelΦs band gap

•Testing Experiment on Si (band gap 1.11eV)

Valence bandFermi level

2P3/2

band gap

•Binding Energy calibration Au 4f7/2=84.00 eV

2P3/2

hv=293eV

•Valence Band Spectrum

7/2 Ag 3d5/2=368.27 eV Cu 2p3/2=932.67 eV

M P Seah Surf Interface Anal 14 488 (1989)

Valence Band spectrum

hv=293eV

M. P. Seah, Surf. Interface Anal. 14, 488 (1989)

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-10 -5 0 5 10 15B.E. (eV)

Page 19: Ming H. Cheng, Allie Margarella, Yu Liulawm/Yu 1-11-11.pdfRaw Surface structure of Pyrite thin films on Si Fitting Elemental sulfur Bulk sulfide S2p KE=200eV Bulk sulfide (Fully coordinated,

Take‐home messagesa e o e essages

• Band Gap Determination by XPS+XAS Fermi Surface Determination by Valence Band Spectrum Fermi Surface Determination by Binding Energy Calibrationy g gyTesting Experiment on Si 

• Band Gap Determination by Electron Yield XES+XASp yDensity of State Information of Valence band and Conduction bandCore Hole Effect Analysis

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