Minerals - WOU Homepagebrownk/ES104/ES104.2009.1109.Minerals.f.pdf · Hornblende. Fluorite...
Transcript of Minerals - WOU Homepagebrownk/ES104/ES104.2009.1109.Minerals.f.pdf · Hornblende. Fluorite...
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Minerals
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Mineral
• Naturally occurring• Inorganic• Solid• Regularly repeating internal arrangement
of atoms• Definite chemical compositionRocks may be composed of minerals and/or
other material
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Periodic table
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Atomic structure
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ATOM FEATURES
• Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons
• Each atom of an element has the same number of protons in the nucleus
• Different atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
• These differing-neutron atoms are called isotopes
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Shells of electrons
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ELECTRON FEATURES
• Electrons occur in a cloud around nucleus• More likely to occur at certain distances
and with a certain amount of energy than in other places—the energy shells
• Inner shells fill before outer shells are created
• Full shells more stable than partial shells
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PERIODIC TABLE• Arranged from lowest atomic number to highest,
from left to right, from top to bottom• Each row corresponds to an energy level
(electron shell)• Each column contains elements with similar
properties, which repeat on a regular (or periodic) basis
• These similar properties are a result of the same number of electrons in the outermost shell
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Periodic table
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Ionic bonding
• Result of stability of filled outer shells of electrons
• Sodium apt to lose its lone outer electron• Chlorine apt to fill its nearly-full outer shell
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Elemental Abundance in Crust
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Silica tetrahedron
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Isolated and chain Silicate Structure
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Olivine crystal
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Hornblende
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Sheet silicate structure
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Cleavage—mica
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Framework silicate structure
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Potassium Feldspar
http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars.html
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Quartz: conchoidal and irregular fracture
http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Quartz.html
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IMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES
• LUSTER: all minerals have it• CRYSTAL FORM: some show it • STREAK: color may be white• COLOR: may be diagnostic
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Quartz crystals
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Pyrite crystals
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Pyritohedrons
• Five sided faces• Ten faces• Often striated
• http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/nf/ClipArt/Image/0,,239020_1581737_,00.html
• http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm
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Hornblende
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Fluorite crystals
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streak
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Color may not help to identify
mineral• These are all quartz
http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Quartz.html
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Color may not help to identify
mineral
http://minerals.caltech.edu/Silica_Polymorphs/index.html
http://www.palagems.com/mineral_news_2008_v1.htm
http://khubert.blogspot.com/2006/01/pink-halite.html
http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Colorado/mineral_Rhodochrosite.html
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Color may be diagnostic
http://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/color.htm
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Copper
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Nonsilicate—bornite copper ore
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IMPORTANT MINERAL PROPERTIES
• HARDNESS: compare to common items• CLEAVAGE: planes of internal weakness• FRACTURE• SPECIFIC GRAVITY: density, heft• “OTHER” PROPERTIES
– MAGNETISM, TASTE, SMELL– FIZZ IN Hydrochloric ACID
• DILUTE, HEATED, IF MINERAL IS POWDERED– DOUBLE REFRACTION
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Fingernail 2.5
Hardness1. Talc2. Gypsum3. Calcite4. Fluorite5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase7. Quartz8. Topaz9. Corundum10. Diamond
Penny 3.5
Steel nail 5
Glass 5.5
Streak plate 7.5
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Conchoidal fracture—quartz
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Cleavage—muscovite
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Potassium Feldspar
http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars.html
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Plagioclase
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Hornblende
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Galena cleavage
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Halite
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Calcite
http://marlimillerphoto.com/Min.html
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Fibrous fracture—asbesoformmineral
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Effervescence
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Double Refraction