Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some...

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Transcript of Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some...

Page 1: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Minerals

Page 2: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Goals1) To understand what minerals are and how

they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of the most common rock forming minerals

Page 3: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

To earn the name mineral• Naturally occurring and inorganic solid

• Characteristic chemical composition

• Regularly repeating internal crystalline structure

Silicon + 2 oxygen

SiO2

Page 4: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Who has earned the name

• Ice (H2O) is a mineral, liquid water is not: Why?

• Quartz (SiO2) is a mineral, glass is not: Why?

Page 5: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Atoms and atomic bonds

Why are diamonds hard and pencil “leads” (graphite) soft?

Graphite

Diamond

Diamond Saw

Page 6: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Atoms• Nuclease of Protons (+) and Neutrons (0)

• Cloud of orbiting Electrons (-)

Page 7: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Electrons (e-)Electrons are divided into groups called orbitals• Outer orbital of Hydrogen and Helium can hold 2

electrons• Outer orbitals of all other atoms can hold 8 electrons

Orbitals2 e-

8 e-

Page 8: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Chemical bondsAll atoms are greedy little buggers—They all

want a full outer orbital, and they’ll bond with almost anyone to get it!

Chemical bonds allow atoms to exchange or share electrons

Methane: Carbon bonded to four

hydrogen atoms

Page 9: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Ionic bondsOne atom’s trash is another atom’s treasure

Cations: throw away their outer electrons—net positive charge

Anions: pickup cast-off electrons—net negative charge

Salt combines sodium cation

(Na+) with chlorine anion (Cl-)

Page 10: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Covalent bondsAtomic monogamy: Atoms share outer

electrons with a few partners.

Strongest type of bond

In methane carbon shares one outer e- with 4 hydrogen atoms

quartz contains covalent bonds

Page 11: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Metallic bondsAtoms have a giant electron orgy

Nuclei float in a sea of shared electrons

Page 12: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Intermolecular bondsBonded atoms do a little sharing on the side

Weakest type of bond!

Some molecules have a weakly positive side and a weakly negative side

Water

Page 13: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Think-pair-share activity

1. We know that diamonds are one of the hardest substances known to man and graphite is one of the softest. Both are made entirely of carbon

2. Come up with an explanation for this.

3. Compare, discuss, and refine your idea with one or two of your neighbors.

4. Write up your results and pass them in.

Page 14: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

DiamondGraphite

Different types of bonds

Page 15: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Crystalline structure• Geometric

arrangement of atoms

• Dictated by the types of elements present and the pressure and temperature conditions

Page 16: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

DiamondGraphite

Same chemical composition, different pressure and temp.

Page 17: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Important ore mineralsOre: metal-bearing mineral or rock that can be

mined for a profit

Jet engine—We need iron (steel), titanium, and aluminum... where do we get these metals?

Page 18: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Oxide minerals metal atoms covalently bonded to oxygen

Hematite and magnetite — Iron oxides• Our primary source of iron• Found in banded iron formations (BIF’s)• Most BIF’s 2–3 b.y. old

Page 19: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Rutile — Titanium oxide• One of our main sources of titanium• Often concentrated in beach sands

Page 20: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Bauxite — Aluminum bonded with oxygen and hydrogen (aluminum hydroxide)

• The main source of aluminum• Forms due to extreme weathering in tropical

soils

Page 21: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Iron (steel), titanium, and aluminum in this jet engine come from:

• 2.5 b.y. old rocks deposited in the deep ocean• Beach sand• Tropical soil

No puppies were harmed in the making of this jet engine

Page 22: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Pyrite — Iron sulfide• Common in coal beds and ore deposits• Source of much acid mine drainage

Sulfide minerals metal atoms ionically bonded to sulfur

Page 23: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Chalcopyrite — Copper-iron sulfide• Often found in volcanic rocks found at

convergent margins• Primary source of copper

Page 24: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Rock forming mineralsMinerals that make up most of the earth

Page 25: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Most common elements in the crust

1.Oxygen

2.Silicon

3.Aluminum

4. Iron

5.Calcium

6.Magnesium

7.Sodium

8.Potassium

Page 26: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Silicate mineralsSilicate minerals—built around pyramid-shaped

combinations of silicon and oxygen atoms called silica tetrahedrons

Silica tetrahedron: Silicon atom covalently bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

Page 27: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Silicate minerals fall into two categories:

Mafic minerals—silica tetrahedrons bonded to iron, magnesium, and calcium

Felsic minerals—silica tetrahedrons bonded to aluminum, potassium, and sodium

• Generally dark colored• More dense• Common in oceanic lithosphere

• Generally light colored• Less dense• Common in continental lithosphere

Page 28: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Mafic mineralsOlivine—single silica tetrahedrons covalently

bonded to magnesium or iron• Makes up 90% of the mantle

Page 29: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Mafic mineralsPyroxene—chain of silica tetrahedrons bonded to

magnesium, iron, and calcium

Page 30: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Mafic mineralsAmphibole—double chain of silica tetrahedrons

bonded to magnesium, iron, and calcium

Page 31: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Mafic mineralsBiotite—sheets of silica tetrahedrons bonded to

magnesium, iron, and potassium

Page 32: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Felsic mineralsMuscovite—sheets of silica tetrahedrons bonded

to aluminum and potassium

Page 33: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Felsic mineralsPotassium feldspar—network of silica tetrahedrons

bonded to potassium and aluminum

Page 34: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Felsic mineralsQuartz—network of silica tetrahedrons

Silicon dioxide

Most common mineral in crust

Page 35: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Plagioclase feldspar mineralsPlagioclase feldspars—network of silica

tetrahedrons bonded to calcium (mafic) and/or sodium (felsic)

• Calcium plagioclase feldspar = mafic

• Sodium plagioclase feldspar = felsic

Page 36: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Calcium plagioclase feldspar = black lab

puppy

Sodium plagioclase feldspar = yellow lab

puppy

Potassium feldspar = golden retriever puppy

Sodium+Calcium plagioclase feldspar

= chocolate lab puppy

Mafic

Felsic

Feldspar minerals are like

retriever puppies

Page 37: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Other important mineral groupsClay minerals—Sheet silicates that form due to

chemical alteration at the Earth’s surface• Very common in soils• Used to make paper, ceramics, and bricks

Page 38: Minerals. Goals 1) To understand what minerals are and how they are put together; 2) To examine some important ore minerals; and 3) To examine some of.

Other important mineral groupsCarbonate minerals—Combine carbonate ions

(CO32-) with calcium to make Calcite and calcium

and magnesium to make dolomite

Extremely important to global carbon dioxide cycles


Rocks and Minerals Student Activities Book...MINERALS IN USE Many materials used every day by humans contain minerals. Remember if you cannot grow it, it must be mined. Some of the

Rocks and Minerals Student Activities Book...MINERALS IN USE Many materials used every day by humans contain minerals. Remember if you cannot grow it, it must be mined. Some of the

 · Web viewThey also contain vitamins and minerals – the main ones being vitamin C, vitamin A and folate. Some fruit and vegetables are higher in some vitamins and minerals than

 · Web viewThey also contain vitamins and minerals – the main ones being vitamin C, vitamin A and folate. Some fruit and vegetables are higher in some vitamins and minerals than

METABOLISM OF SOME MINERALS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOESkenanaonline.com/files/0038/38923/METABOLISM OF SOME... · 2011-08-13 · 1 metabolism of some minerals in cattle and buffaloes

METABOLISM OF SOME MINERALS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOESkenanaonline.com/files/0038/38923/METABOLISM OF SOME... · 2011-08-13 · 1 metabolism of some minerals in cattle and buffaloes

Minerals - Študentski.net · Minerals Inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients. Not changed by digestion or metabolism. Functions of Minerals Some participate with

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Mineral Nutrition. Mineral Nutrition - Overview Some minerals can be used as is: –e.g. Some minerals have to be incorporated into other compounds to be.

Mineral Nutrition. Mineral Nutrition - Overview Some minerals can be used as is: –e.g. Some minerals have to be incorporated into other compounds to be.

Indiana Geological Survey Introduction to Minerals of Indiana€¦ · Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Some minerals are mined for their useful properties or compounds and

Indiana Geological Survey Introduction to Minerals of Indiana€¦ · Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Some minerals are mined for their useful properties or compounds and

Introduction and Definitions Chemical Classification Diagnostic Properties Some Common Minerals

Introduction and Definitions Chemical Classification Diagnostic Properties Some Common Minerals

Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks - Home - …newlondonscs.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server...Some minerals are made of a single element. Other minerals are made of two or more elements.

Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks - Home - …newlondonscs.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server...Some minerals are made of a single element. Other minerals are made of two or more elements.

How is a rock like a salad?. Physical Properties of Minerals Color Some minerals only occur as one color. However, some minerals, such as quartz can be.

How is a rock like a salad?. Physical Properties of Minerals Color Some minerals only occur as one color. However, some minerals, such as quartz can be.

on the surface chemistry of some rhombohedral carbonate minerals in aqueous solutions

on the surface chemistry of some rhombohedral carbonate minerals in aqueous solutions

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA1) Colour: Most minerals are colourless under PPL, but some minerals are intensely coloured. As a general rule, dark coloured minerals in hand specimen (e.g.,

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA1) Colour: Most minerals are colourless under PPL, but some minerals are intensely coloured. As a general rule, dark coloured minerals in hand specimen (e.g.,

Minerals, Rocks, and Soil Minerals, Word Count: 1,269 Rocks, and Soil · 2018-09-01 · Using Earth s Resources When we use rocks, minerals, and soil, we call them resources. Some

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Properties of Minerals. Target #12- I can state how minerals are classified Minerals are classified by their properties – Some are easy to study, other.

Properties of Minerals. Target #12- I can state how minerals are classified Minerals are classified by their properties – Some are easy to study, other.

Identifying Minerals Foldable. Color (1 st Flap) Some minerals can come in a variety of colors (example: quartz) Not a reliable indicator Citrine.

Identifying Minerals Foldable. Color (1 st Flap) Some minerals can come in a variety of colors (example: quartz) Not a reliable indicator Citrine.

1 Today’s objectives What happens when light passes through most minerals?What happens when light passes through most minerals? Why do some minerals change.

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Chapter 22: Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoesmtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/PSCI1030-CHAP022-Minerals, Rocks, and... · Chapter 22: Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes ... and some gemstones (diamond,

Chapter 22: Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoesmtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/PSCI1030-CHAP022-Minerals, Rocks, and... · Chapter 22: Minerals, Rocks, and Volcanoes ... and some gemstones (diamond,

Occurrence of some Ni- and Sn-rich minerals in copper ... of some Ni- and Sn-rich minerals in copper converter slags ... the total iron content of an electron microprobe ... are of

Occurrence of some Ni- and Sn-rich minerals in copper ... of some Ni- and Sn-rich minerals in copper converter slags ... the total iron content of an electron microprobe ... are of

Chapter 2 Minerals€¦ · minerals. • Differentiate between ferromagnesian and other silicate minerals. • Explain some of the mechanisms of mineral formation. • Describe some

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Minerals Rocks - Mr. Ferrantello's Websitenickferrantello.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/7/...minerals_rocks_soil_3-4_… · Are some minerals fluorescent? Why do minerals come in so many

Minerals Rocks - Mr. Ferrantello's Websitenickferrantello.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/7/...minerals_rocks_soil_3-4_… · Are some minerals fluorescent? Why do minerals come in so many

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA · 1) Colour: Most minerals are colourless under PPL, but some minerals are intensely coloured. As a general rule, dark coloured minerals in hand specimen

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA · 1) Colour: Most minerals are colourless under PPL, but some minerals are intensely coloured. As a general rule, dark coloured minerals in hand specimen