Minerals and Rocks
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Transcript of Minerals and Rocks
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Minerals and Rocks
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Lecture Outline
What are minerals?
Common rock-forming minerals
Physical properties of minerals
Basic rock types
The rock cycle
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Minerals
Natural Solid Atoms arranged in orderly repeating 3D
array: crystalline Not part of the tissue of an organism Composition fixed or varies within defined
limits
Minerals are the “building blocks” of rock
A mineral is a naturally occurring, solidcrystalline substance, generally inorganic,with a specific chemical composition
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Large individual crystals (rare)
Mass of small grains: each is a crystal, but grown up against each other
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Atomic Structure of Minerals NaCl - sodium
chlorideHalite
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Chemical Bonds: Ionic
Electrical attraction between ions of opposite charge Bond strength increases with the electrical charges of the
ions Bond strength decreases as the distance between the
ions increases Most minerals are this kind of compound
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Na+ Cl-
Ionic Bonding example:halite
AnionCation
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Covalent Bonds: Electron sharing Generally stronger than ionic bonds (e.g., diamond)
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Crystallization of Minerals
Need starting material with atoms that can come together in the proper proportions Growth from a liquid or a gas
Time and space for crystallization
Appropriate temperature and pressure
Examples Magma that has cooled below its melting point Supersaturated solution --> precipitation
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Crystallization of Minerals
Crystals begin as an initial “seed” - a microscopic crystal
Atoms keep being added in a 3D array, repeating the basic arrangement
Crystal faces are based on the array structure
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Cations and Anions
Anions are typically large
Cations are relatively small
Crystal structure is determined largely by the arrangement of the anions
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Common cations and anions
Radii given in angstroms; 10-8 cm
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Ions can be compound So far, we’ve talked about individual atomic
ions Many common minerals are silicates
SiO44-
Complex ions act as a single ion in forming crystal structure
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Cation Substitution
Crystal structure determined by those large anions
Various cations can substitute for each other in many minerals Same crystal structure Different chemical composition
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PolymorphsMinerals with the same composition,
but different crystal structure.
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Common Rock-Forming MineralsMinerals fall into a small number of related “families” based mainly on the anion in them
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Silicates Most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust Silicate ion (tetrahedron), SiO4
4-
Quartz (SiO2), K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8), olivine ((Mg, Fe)2SiO4), kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
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Quartz (SiO2)
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Silicate structure Most of the most common rocks in the crust
are silicates Silicate tetrahedra can combine in several
ways to form many common minerals Typical cations:
K+, Ca+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+
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Different numbers of oxygen ions are shared among tetrahedra
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Carbonates
Cations with carbonate ion (CO32-)
Calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), siderite (FeCO3), smithsonite (ZnCO3)
Make up many common rocks including limestone and marble
Very important for CCS!
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Calcite (CaCO3)
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CaCO3 + 2H+ = Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O
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Smithsonite (ZnCO3)
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Oxides
Compounds of metallic cations and oxygen
Important for many metal ores needed to make things (e.g., iron, chromium, titanium)
Ores are economically useful (i.e., possible to mine) mineral deposits
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Hematite (Fe2O3)
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Sulfides
Metallic cations with sulfide (S2-) ion Important for ores of copper, zinc, nickel, lead, iron Pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS)
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Galena (PbS)
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Sulfates
Minerals with sulfate ion (SO42-)
Gypsum (CaSO4.H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4)
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Gypsum
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Cave of the Crystals
• 1,000 feet depth in the silver and lead Naica Mine
• 150 degrees, with 100 % humidity
• 4-ft diameter columns 50 ft length
Gypsum
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Identification of Minerals
Chemical composition (microprobes and wet chemical methods)
Crystal structure (X-ray diffraction)
Physical properties
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Physical properties
Hardness
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Physical properties Hardness
Cleavage: tendency of minerals to break along flat planar surfaces into geometries that are determined by their crystal structure
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Cleavage in mica
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Cleavage in calcite
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Halite (NaCl)
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Physical properties
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture: tendency to break along other surfaces (not cleavage planes)
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Conchoidal fractures
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Physical properties Hardness Cleavage Fracture Luster (metallic, vitreous, resinous, earthy, etc.) Color (often a poor indicator; streak color is better) Specific gravity Crystal habit (shape)
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Rocks
An aggregate of one or more minerals; or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter (e.g., obsidian); or of solid organic matter (e.g., coal)
More than one crystal Volcanic glass Solidified organic matter Appearance controlled by composition and size and
arrangement of aggregate grains (texture)
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Rock Types
Igneous Form by solidification of molten rock (magma)
Sedimentary Form by lithification of sediment (sand, silt, clay,
shells) Metamorphic
Form by transformations of preexisting rocks (in the solid state)
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Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Extrusive
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Intrusive (plutonic)
Form within the Earth Slow cooling Interlocking large crystals Example = granite
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Extrusive (volcanic)
Form on the surface of the Earth as a result of volcanic eruption
Rapid cooling Glassy and/or fine-grained texture Example = basalt
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Basalt: igneous extrusive
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Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Origin of sediment
Produced by weathering and erosion or by precipitation from solution
Weathering = chemical and mechanical breakdown of rocks
Erosion = processes that get the weathered material moving
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Sediment types
Clastic sediments are derived from the physical deposition of particles produced by weathering and erosion of preexisting rock.
Chemical and biochemical sediments are precipitated from solution.
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Clastic
Chemical/biochemical
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Lithification
The process that converts sediments into solid rock Compaction Cementation
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Cemented sandstone
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Regional and contact metamorphism
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conglomerate
metaconglomerate
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granite
gneiss
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The Rock Cycle
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The Rock Cycle
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