MINERALS

Minerals

Inorganic element needed by the body for the

following functions: Build tissues

Regulate body fluids

Assist in body functions

Help form body structures

Remains as ash when food is burned

Classification of Minerals• Major minerals

- required in amounts greater than 100mg a day

- sometimes called “macrominerals”

• Trace minerals- required in the diet in amounts lesser

than 100mg a day- sometimes called “microminerals”

• Ions – electrically charged atoms resulting from

chemical reaction

anions –negatively charged

cations – positively charged

• Mineral salts dissolve in water -> break into

separate ions -> electrolytes

MAJOR MINERALSNAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/

TOXICITY

Calcium (Ca2+) Milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, some dark green leafy vegetables

Development of bones and teeth

Transmission of nerve impulses

Blood clotting

Normal heart action

Normal muscle activity

Osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

Rickets

Tetany

Retarded growth

Poor tooth and bone formation

Osteoporosis - means “porous bones”- characterized by low bone density or mass

(reduced amount of bone tissue) and fragile bones

Rickets - softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity

Osteomalacia - bones lose calcium and become softer and may deform

Tetany - involuntary contraction of muscles

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Phosphorus (P) Milk, cheese, lean meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain cereals, legumes, nuts

Development of bones and teeth

Maintains normal pH of the blood

Constituent of all body cells

CHO, CHON and fat metabolism

Poor tooth and bone formation

Weakness

Anorexia

General malaise

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Potassium (K+) Oranges, bananas, dried fruits, vegetables, legumes, milk, cereals, meat

Contraction of muscles

Maintenance of fluid balance

Transmission of nerve impulses

Regular heart rhythm

Cell metabolism

Deficiency: hypokalemia muscle weakness confusion abnormal heartbeat

Toxicity: hyperkalemia potentially life-threatening irregular heartbeats

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Sodium (Na+)

Table salt, beef, eggs, poultry, milk, cheese,Soy sauce,

moderate amounts in breads and vegetables,

large amounts in processed foods

Maintenance of fluid balance

Transmission of nerve impulses

Acid-base balance Muscle contraction

Deficiency: nausea exhaustion muscle cramps

Toxicity: hypertension edema

edema

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Chloride (Cl-) Table salt, eggs, seafood, milk

Gastric acidity

Regulates acid-base balance in the body

Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance

Formation of hydrochloric acid

Imbalance in gastric acidity

Imbalance in blood pH Nausea

Exhaustion

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Magnesium (Mg2+) Green, leafy vegetablesWhole grains, avocados, nuts, milk, legumes, bananas, nuts, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

Nerve transmission

Synthesis of ATP

Activation of metabolic enzymes

Muscle activity

Constituent of bones, muscles, and RBCs

Normally unknown

Mental, emotional and muscle disorders

Trace MineralsNAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Iron (Fe+) Muscle meatPoultryShellfishLiverLegumesDried fruitsWhole grain or enriches breads and cerealsDark green and leafy vegetables Molasses

Transports oxygen and CO2

Hemoglobin formation

Component of cellular enzymes essential for energy production

Deficiency: iron deficiency anemia

Symptoms:

• Weakness/ Fatigue

• Dizziness

• Loss of weight

• Pallor

• Coldness of hands

and feet

Cretinism GoiterMyxedema

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Iodine (I-) Iodized saltseafood

Regulation of basal metabolic rate

Goiter

Cretinism

Myxedema

NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Zinc (Zn+) Seafood, esp. oystersLiverEggsMilkWheat branlegumes

Formation of collagen

Wound healing

Taste acuity

Essential for growth

Immune reactions

DwarfismAnemiaLoss of appetiteSkin changesImpaired wound healingDecreased taste acuity

dwarfism

Skin lesions

NAME FOOD SOURCES

FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY

Fluoride (F-)

Fluoridated water

Seafood

Increases resistance to tooth decay

Component of bones and teeth

Deficiency: Tooth decay Possibly osteoporosis

Toxicity: Fluorosis - discoloration of teeth or mottling

Tooth decay

Fluorosis