Mineral Vocabulary Luster Mohs hardness scale Mineralogist Streak Fluorescence Density Refraction...
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Transcript of Mineral Vocabulary Luster Mohs hardness scale Mineralogist Streak Fluorescence Density Refraction...
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Mineral Vocabulary
• Luster• Mohs hardness scale• Mineralogist• Streak• Fluorescence• Density• Refraction
• Cleavage• Inorganic• Mineral• Silicate mineral• Non-silicate mineral• Crystal• Hardness• Rock forming mineral
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Minerals (Chpt.5)Objectives:• Classify the characteristics of a mineral• Distinguish between the two classes of minerals.
• Identify common physical properties used to I.D. minerals.
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Minerals (Chpt.5)
• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals?
• Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.
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What is a Mineral?• Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a
definite chemical composition. .
• Natural: NOT manufactured or man-made
• Inorganic: NOT composed of carbon atoms; usually means not composed of living matter or the remains of living matter.
• Crystalline solid: atoms (solid state) arrange in a repeated pattern. (distinct shapes)
• Definite chemical make-up: chemical make-up is always the same for the mineral.
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Mineral statistics
• More than 4,000 known minerals
• 8 elements make-up 98.5% of the crust
Oxygen Silicon
AluminumIron
Calcium Sodium
Potassium Magnesium
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Classification of Minerals
• Minerals are classified into two main groups based on their chemical make-up.
• Identify and distinguish between the two main groups of minerals. (chpt. 5)
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Minerals (5/6)Infinite Campus Update:• Volcano Quiz(27pts.)-missing if not turned in.• Volcano Exam (44pts.)• Supervolcano summary from article (10pts.)• Volcano Text qts. (5pts.)• Volcano Review Sheet (10pts.)
Objectives:• Review characteristics and classes of minerals• Identify and discuss physical properties of
minerals.
Homework: Mineral Worksheet
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Minerals (Chpt.5)
• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some rocks as minerals?
• Identify and distinguish between the two main classes of minerals.
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Classification of Minerals
• Minerals are classified into two main groups based on chemical composition:
1. Silicate Minerals
2. Non-Silicate Minerals
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Composition of Minerals
A. Silicate Minerals– All contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)
atoms. – Most contain at least one other element.– Make-up 96% of the Earth’s crust– 50% of the crust is made of Feldspar &
Quartz– Feldspar are the most common
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Common Feldspar (compounds composed of Si, Al, and O atoms)
AlbiteOligoclase
Orthoclase Anorthite
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Quartz (compounds composed of Si and O atoms)
Rose Quartz
Smokey QuartzMilky Quartz
Chalcedony
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Phosphate Class(compounds composed of Si, P, O atoms)
Apatite Turquoise
Anapaite
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Other SilicatesOlivine Topaz
Leucite Biotite
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Non-silicate Minerals:
• Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O).
• Composed of 4% of the Earth’s crust
• Classified into 6 groups
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Native Elements class
• Composition: Atoms of the same element.
• They are simple in structure. (atoms)
• Metallic properties.
• Located on the Periodic Table.
Gold Copper
Silver Lead
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Oxides Classcompounds composed of O and metal ions
• Large diversity of color to black
• Contain a large quantity of oxygen
• Metallic and nonmetallic minerals
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Sulfides(compounds composed of S and metal ion)
Galena compound:Pb and Smine-engineer.com
Stibnitecompound: Sb and Sgalleries.com
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Identifying Minerals• Who studies minerals?
• Physical and chemical characteristics used to identify minerals:
• Common Physical Characteristics– Color Density– Luster Fluorescence – Streak Hardness– Cleavage and FractureMagnetism– Refraction Crystal Shape
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• Some have very bright colors
• Dependent upon the elements making up the mineral.
• Not a reliable I.D., because some minerals can have the same color.
Color of Minerals
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Minerals Colors• Example of elements that can give minerals
their unique colors.
green = barium
reds = strontium
blues = copper
yellows = sodium
• These are common metals used in fireworks.
http://www.123rf.com/photo_9719116_vector-fireworks.html
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Streak
• Color of the mineral in its powdered form
• Observe this by rubbing a mineral against an unglazed piece of ceramic tile.
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STREAK
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Luster
• Light reflected from the surface of a mineral
• Will metals or non-metals have better luster?
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Cleavage vs. Fracture
Cleavage:
• Splits easily along a flat plane surface.
• It’s related to the mineral’s chemical make-up and arrangement.
Fracture:
• Breaks or fractures at random places on the mineral.
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Cleavage vs. Fracture
http://earthsci.org/mineral/rockmin/mineral/mineral_i_d.htmlgeology.csupomona.edu
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Crystalline Shapes
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Earth Science (5/7)Objectives:
• Identify and discuss physical properties of minerals.
• Apply physical properties to several minerals in the lab.
• Set-up borax solution for crystallization.
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Density
• mass to volume ratio of a substance
• Minerals can have different densities.
• A mineral’s density is due to its chemical make-up.
• Very useful measurement for I.D. a crystal.
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Specific Gravity• Compares the mineral’s density with water’s density. • Ratio of the mineral’s density vs. water’s density.
Ex. Talc density = 1.75g/cm3
H2O density = 1g/cm3
Determine if the mineral would sink or float if it had the following specific gravities.
• Specific Gravity > 1 • Specific Gravity <1 • Specific Gravity = 1
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Fluorescence
• The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with some mineral’s chemical make-up and causes the mineral to glow.
Fluorite under UV light
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PhosphorescenceSome minerals will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light has been turned off.
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Refraction
• The bending of light by minerals.
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Magnetism
• Some minerals have a positive or negative attraction toward magnets.
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Hardness
• Ability of a mineral to resist scratching.
• Use Moh’s Hardness Scale to determine hardness of a mineral.
• Scale Range: 1 softest – 10 hardest
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Examples of Moh’s Scale
– your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5
– a penny has a hardness of about 3.5
– glass and a steel nail have nearly equal
hardnesses of 5.5
– a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.
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Minerals on Moh’s Scale
– 1 = Talc – 2 = Gypsum – 3 = Calcite – 4 = Fluorite – 5 = Apatite (fluorapatite) – 6 = Orthoclase – 7 = Quartz – 8 = Topaz – 9 = Corundum – 10 = Diamond
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Earth Science (5/8)
Objectives:
• Analyze crystal structures in the lab.
• Research applications of minerals on the internet.
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Earth Science (5/9)Infinite Campus Update:
• Physical Properties Lab (20pts.)
• Minerals Worksheets (15pts.)-due today
Objectives:
• Mineral Quiz-open notes
• Research mineral application –library
• Introduction to Pterology
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What are applications of minerals?
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Uses of Minerals
• art• Jewelry (gems)• money• tools• fertilizer• fireworks• quartz• gypsum
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Fireworks!
visitvortex.com
• The specific colors produced by fireworks are produced by specific minerals.
Examples:
green = barium
reds = strontium
blues = copper
yellows = sodium
gold = hemotite (iron)
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Month Birthstone
January Garnet
February Amethyst
March Aquamarine
April Diamond
May Emerald
June Pearl
July Ruby
August Peridot
September Sapphire
October Opal
November Topaz
December Turquoise
turquoise
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Gemstone distribution
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