Mineral Ind

8/14/2019 Mineral Ind

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Mineral Industry


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Group Members

Syed Farooq Shamim

Syed Osama Kadri


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Agenda

What is Mineral? Mineral & rocks. Types of Minerals.

Mineral Industry ofPakistan. Types of Minerals in

Pakistan. Review of Minerals in

Pakistan. Production Capacity. Effect on Economy

GDP Contribution Export Imports

Mining Areas Environmental

damages. Current Scenario

Looking Ahead Conclusion Recommendation


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QURAN

Do ye not see

That God has subjected

To your (use) all things

In the heaven and in earthAnd has made His bounties

Flow to you in exceeding

Measures (both) seen and hidden

Surah Luqman

Verse # 20


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What is Mineral

A mineral is an element or chemicalcompound that is normally crystalline andthat has been formed as a result of geological

processes.


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Minerals & Rocks

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganicsolid with a definite chemical composition anda crystalline structure.

A rock is an aggregate of one or moreminerals. Some rocks are composed of justone mineral. For example, limestone is asedimentary rock composed almost entirely

of the mineral calcite.


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Types of Minerals

There are currently more than 4,000 knownminerals, according to the InternationalMineralogical Association, which is

responsible for the approval and naming ofnew mineral species found in nature. Ofthese, perhaps 150 can be called "common,"

50 are "occasional," and the rest are "rare" to"extremely rare."


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Types of Minerals

Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) Gypsum (CaSO42H2O) Calcite (CaCO3) Fluorite (CaF2) Apatite

(Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F) Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) Quartz (SiO2)

Topaz (Al2SiO4(OH,F)2) Corundum (Al2O3) Diamond C (pure carbon)


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Mineral Industry Of Pakistan

The mineral potential of Pakistan is widelyrecognized to be excellent but itsdevelopment is slow because of technical,

financial and organizational problems. This isevident from the fact that the sector has beenallocated very small amount which has

ranged between 0.45% to 2.46% of the totalpublic sector expenditure since FIRST FIVEYEAR PLAN.


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Types of Minerals in Pakistan

Mining Oil & Coal

Limestone

Rock Salt

Crude Oil Natural Gas

Iron Ore

Marble Gypsum

Tin

Copper, Gold, Sliver

Coal

Steel Uranium

China Clay

Aragonite Silica Sand


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Copper, Gold, and Silver:- The $323 million

Saindak copper, gold, and silver mine in the ChagaiDistrict of Balochistan was to be revived throughsupplementary grants of $29 million by the Government.

The operating cost of the mine was estimated to be $330million per year (Mining Journal, 1999b). Saindak MetalsLtd. had previously sought a short-term loan of $24million from China to restart the mine and smelter, butnothing had come of that effort. The company planned to

lease out its copper mine and smelter for 10 to 15 years.It also sought Irans help to supply oil to the mine


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Coal:-The coal industry is small with an

output of 3 to 4 Mt/yr. The country, however,possesses significant coal reserves. The

Geological Survey of Pakistan submitted aplan for the development of new coal mines.The plan was to extract coal for power

generation and the cement sector.


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Uranium:-The Pakistan Atomic Energy

Commission developed a new uranium fieldin Tumman Leghari in Punjab. The plan was

to extract uranium for the countrys nuclear-power-generation facilities in Karachi inSindh and Chashma in the Mianwali District

of Punjab.


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Natural Gas and Oil:-Pakistans energy needs

mainly come from oil and gasnatural gas made up 37%,and oil and petroleum products, 44%. The country had 651billion cubic meters (Gm^3) of proven gas reserves in 1999,but discoveries of new gas fields could add an additional 113

to 396 Gm^3. Pakistan produced 61,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of crude

petroleum in 2004 and has plans to increase its output to100,000 bbl/d by 2010. Although the country is unlikely toreach self sufficiency, the Government encouraged privatefirms, which includes foreign firms, to develop domesticproduction capacity. Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. (PPL) expandedits interests in 2004 by drilling offshore at the Pasni Field. Thiswas the first time that a Pakistani oil company had exploredoffshore.


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Tin:-Consumption of tinplate in Pakistan totaled

187,000 metric tons (t) in 1998. Siddiqsons TinplateLtd. Started commercial production of a 120,000-

metric-ton-per-year. Tinplate line at Winder inBalochistan. Sollac of France and Mitsubishi Corp.of Japan were shareholders in the plant. The $30million plant was to operate at 70% of capacity in the

first year; Sollac contracted to supply 50% ofblackplate feedstock, and Mitsubishi, 25%.


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Review of Minerals inPakistan Iron Ore:-Iron ore deposits are also mostly of poor

quality. The most extensive known reserves aresituated in the Kalabagh region in western Punjab.

Other low-grade ore reserves have been found inHazara in the North-West Frontier Province. Smallreserves of high-grade iron ore have been identifiedin Chitral and in the Chilghazi area (located in

northwestern Balochistan), also in the North-WestFrontier Province.


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Production Capacity (In Metric

Tonnes)

Mineral Recourse size Annual Production

1 Antimony Small 35

2 Chromite Small to medium 27,458

3 Aragonite /marble

Large 497,317

4 Granite Large 5,676

5 Onyx marble Large 28,780

6 China Clay Small to medium 61,403

7 Fire clay Medium 124,003

8 Fullers earth Medium 18,446

9 Barite Large 26,002


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Production Capacity (In Metric

Tonnes)Mineral Recourse size Annual Production10 Gypsum Large 384,513

11 Limestone Large 8,697,573

12 Magnesite Large 4,53513 Marble Large 408, 000 tonnes

14 Rock salt Large 157,300

15 Mining & Oil CoalMedium 2.35 million tonnes

16 Crude Oil Small 15.75 million barrels

17 Natural Gas Large 15.03 million cubic meters

18 Iron Ore Medium 955,000 tonnes


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Effect on Economy

Pakistans mining and quarrying sector,played a minor role in the countrys economy;these mineral fuels accounted for only 0.50%

to 1% of the countrys GDP.


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GDP Contribution

Table : Share in GDP (Rs. Million)

Year Share of Mining &Quarrying

Total GDPAt current prices

%share

1990-91 6,437 908,374 0.71

1991-92 7,117 1,077,943 0.66

1992-93 7,403 1,200,129 0.621993-94 8,664 1,412,858 0.61

1994-95 9,007 1,688,126 0.53

1995-96 11,272 1,929,891 0.58

1996-97 11,483 2,226,580 0.52

1997-98 13,510 2,480,884 0.54

1999-00 16,851 2,922,924 0.58

2000-01 18,369 3,256,412 0.61

Total 106,256 19,558,787 0.57


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Saindak Copper Gold Project,Chagi Balochistan


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Import

The major minerals, raw materials importedare iron ores costing Rs 2.8 billion, cokingcoal Rs 2.6 billion and phosphate rocks Rs

1.08 billion during the year 2001-2002. Theseitems constitute major share of imports that is22.47%, 21.0% and 8.02% respectively of thetotal imports.


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Export

According to the study on EXPORTPOTENTIAL OF MINERALS AND CERTAINMINERAL BASED PRODUCTS prepared for

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resourcesby the Institute of Mining Engineers ofPakistan. Export potential of 10 minerals and8 mineral based products was established.


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ExportCommodity Unit Quantity Value (In Thousands)

Marble, Onyx, Block MT 11,964 230,747

Marble, Onyx, Slab MT 2,316 57,397

Marble Chips MT 14,638 50,247

Rock Salt MT 29,745 49,050

Sea Salt MT 23,041 8,867

Waste and Scrap ofCast Iron

MT 447 36,158

Chromium Ores and

Concentrates

MT 84,153 371,411

Copper waste MT 1,842 176,643

Chalk MT 815 3,281


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Mining Areas

The few potential/major gemstone and mineralmining areas in Pakistan are:

Northwest Frontier Province

1. Swat (Malakand division)2. Dir (Malakand division)

3. Mansehra (Hazara division)

4. Kohistan (Hazara division)5. Peshawar district (Frontier province)


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Mining Areas

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

1. Mohmand Agency

2. Bajaur Agency

3. Khyber Agency4. North and South Waziristan Agencies Baluchistan Province

1. Kharan district2. Chaman (near Quetta)


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Mining Areas

Himalayan Crystalline Belt

Kohistan - Island Arc

Karakoram Block

Chagai Arc

Makran Trench Zone


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Environmental Damages

Environmental considerations are obligatory elements inmining ventures. The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) of Pakistan is responsible for overallenvironmental policy, law, regulations and managementat the Federal level.

The main concerns of EPA on mining are so far relatedto coal, mercury emissions from coal burning, fluorite,asbestos and quarry dust near major cities.

The use of cyanide in mining becomes more and morecontroversial. Cyanide is highly poisonous, lethal to

humans by blocking the ingestion of the oxygen by cells.


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Current Scenario

Presently, mineral exploration, to large extent, is in theearly stages of first CYCLE of modern exploration in whichexploration is aimed at the discovery of large outcroppingmineral deposits rather than buried or blind deposits whichrequire high technology, high risk & expensive exploration

programme. In spite of the fact that the nature of Mineral industry is

different from other industries i.e. complex, complicated,heterogeneous, risky, capital intensive, require longgestation period etc it faces other problems that contributeto its slow and/ or restricted growth resulting in itscontribution to GDP that on an average ranges between0.5% to 1.0%, unchanged over the last many decades.


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Looking Ahead

What lies ahead for the Mineral Industry of Pakistan?As constituted today, it bears little resemblance to thesector projected in official documents, studies &recommendations made in various committees,

seminars and workshops held decades ago. The full spectrum of Mineral Sector particularly when

the industry is so vast, complex and difficult to seetwists and turns that future may bring.


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Conclusion

Because of favorable geological environment,Pakistan is richly endowed with the diversity ofmineral potential. However, its developmentremained slow because of technical, financial,

organizational and other problems inherent in thenature of mineral industry. Inspite of all theseindigenous and external problems, vigorous effortshave been and are still being made to built themineral sector as a potential factor in the nationaleconomy.


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Recommendation

As recommended by Asian DevelopmentBank Mission in Islamabad, feasibility studiesof the projects of minerals should be carriedout in order to ascertain their viability.

Latest technology must be used to exploremineral deposits.

Technology should also be used in mining and

other mineral preparing processes.


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Thank You

Mineral Ind

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