NAME: JIGNESH SUKHLAL RUPERI ENRL NO. 120150122093

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT ACT 1986

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUJ.

MINING 7TH SEMESTER

IS MINE A SAFE PLACE TO WORK?

Hence our endeavor to bring down the

hazards by all available means to an

acceptable level must continue

Of course Mining is hazardous profession….

The job involves the extraction of precious stones and minerals deep within the earth.

In addition, miners use heavy machinery and other specialized equipment and tools that can be risky to operate.

Mining is considered as toughest job next to Army in USA.!!

Why…??

The Mining Industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes to the major economy of India.

Since Mining in India is not fully mechanized, mine hazards prevail more commonly.

Hence Indian Government established an organized body called DGMS in Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Indian Scenario…

Inspection of Mines Investigation into- - accidents

- dangerous occurrence - emergency response

Approval of mine safety equipment, material & appliances Certification of Explosives to be used in mines. Promotes Safety Education and Awareness Programmes.

Role of DGMS...

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2005

2009

2010

2011

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

No.of fatal accidentsNo. of persons killed

Trends in Fatal accidents and Death rates in Coal mines:

Source: Annual Report 2011 of DGMS

HAZARDS OF MINING

Cave-ins, Ground and Rock Fall. Side fall and collapse of Pillars. Gas Explosions. Chemical Leaks. Electrocution. Fires. Ground Movements. Haulages and Machinery Miscellaneous.

Some Hazards that Miners face:

A cave-in occurs when a geologic formation, mine or structure collapses, usually during mining or tunneling.

This underground mining accident occurs when proper safety measures have not been done on the walls and ceiling of the mineshaft.

Generally roof supporting is done by various techniques like roof bolting, timber and steel supports.

Cave-ins, ground and Roof falls:

Geo mechanical properties of overlying rocks are studied and scientifically designed support systems on the basis of ROCK-MASS-RATING (RMR) are applied.

Strata control cells have been established in all coal subsidiaries.

Introduction of Mechanized Drilling by roof bolting machines. Emphasis on development of indicators for detecting

impending load on roof.

Safety Measures against Cave-ins and Roof Falls:

One man operated compact mechanized cable bolter that delivers long term reinforcement to underground mines and a means for production and dilution control to mass mining methods

20072008

20092010

2011

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Distribution of Fatal Roof Fall Accidents by Company:

CIL SCCL TISCOSource: Annual Report 2011 of DGMS

Failure to make and keep the sides secure by providing benches of safe height and adequate width or by sloping

Creating dangerous overhang by undercutting Not taking adequate safety measures in geologically

disturbed ground Collapse of partings or pillars during extraction of

developed coal seams Inadequate inspection of the sides

Hazards caused by Side Fall:

Side of working should be kept secure. Support should be set as per systematic

support rules. Fencing should be provided in unauthorized

area. Stress on face mechanization to reduce

exposure of workmen in active working zone.

Safety Measures against Side Fall:

Shivrajpur Manganese Mine, Gujrat on 06.12.1910. No. of Persons Killed – 12.

Bhatti Bajri Mines, on 10th January 1983. Bajri / Badarpur Sand Mine on 16th , 24th

January 1983.

Major Side Fall Accidents in India:

Gas Explosion is a common accident in coal mines caused by the build up of methane gas (CH4).

Methane gas and Dust Explosions can also be triggered by frictional heat and sparks produced by mining equipment.

The presence of inflammable gases in underground mine causes fatal damage.

Gas Explosions:

To prevent pockets of gas from forming, the work area must be properly Ventilated at all times.

Make sure the equipment used in coal mines does not have defects that can create sparks and set off explosion.

Maintain reasonable working conditions with respect to temperature, humidity and amount of airborne dust.

Measures to be taken against Gas Explosions:

Fires in Mining happen due to different factors like – Gas Leaks Electrical defects Flammable chemical spills. Blasting Lighting of fire near exposure of Coal

Fire Accidents:

No petrol power equipment must be permitted. Hard held extinguishers should be provided in various

places in mines. All underground equipment containing more than 100

liters of flammable hydraulic fluid must be fitted with an automatic suppression system with suitable manual activation.

Storage of flammable substances must be minimized.

Safety Measures to be taken against Fire Accidents:

Fire sprinkler system. Water spray Deluge system. Water mist system Foam system. Vehicle Fire suppression. Breathing apparatus. Gas detection system.

Modern Fire extinguishing Systems:

Lady Rangi Mica Mine 19 killed on 12.04.1932 Loyabad Colliery 35 killed on

30.01.1936 Jagannath OCP 10 killed on

24.06.1981 New Kenda 55 killed on 25.01.1994

Major Fire accidents in History:

Sources of surface water like-◦ Rivers and Nallahs.◦ Tanks and Reservoirs.◦ Accumulated water in old open cast workings or in

low lying areas.

Danger of Inundations:

Water from these sources can enter into Underground Mines through-

1. Shafts and Inclines.2. Bore holes and geological disturbances like faults.3. Broken grounds over caved groves4. Openings and breaches created by collapse of overlying strata.

Contd.

No working should be done vertically below any river, lake or other reservoir.

Shaft sites should be located away from faults and other geological disturbances.

In case of presence of highly water bearing strata in the vicinity of the proposed working mining should be so planned as not to disturb the water bearing strata.

Measures to be taken against Inundations:

2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

5

10

15

20

25

TREND IN FATAL ACCIDENTS DUE TO DIFFERENT CAUSES IN NON-COAL MINES

Roof fall Transportation machineryExplosive Electricity

Souce: Annual report DGMS 2011

Air-Borne Hazard• Several types of particulates.• Naturally occurring Gases.• Engine exhaust.• Some chemical vapours.

Physical Hazard• Noise.• Segmental vibration• Heat and changes in Barometric pressure• Ionizing radiation.

Environmental Hazards of Mining:

Unregulated mining has the potential to release harmful substances into the soil, air and water

• Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

• Heavy Metal Contamination

• Processing chemical pollution

• Erosion and Sedimentation

Radio Nuclides

Dust & Metal

Specific Contaminants:

Physical accidents: Traumatic injury remains a significant problem and ranges from the trivial to the fatal .

Chemical Hazards: Crystalline Silica is a serious hazard in mining, which leads to Silico-Tuberculosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Lung Cancer, Skin splashes with cyanide solutions are hazardous

Biological Hazards: The risk of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever is substantial at some remote mining locations. Leptospirosis and Ankyloatomiasis.

Other Psychosocial hazards, Ergonomic hazards.

Health Hazards :

Need of an Effective Mine Closure Plan:

Explosives - Poorly designed shots can result in misfires, early ignition and flying rocks.

Transporting - Vehicle movements particularly while reversing and Brake failure.

Face Stability - Rock fall or slide due to geo-mechanical properties of rock present at active working face.

Other Hazards:

Electrical Hazards - Electric shock and/or burn, Ignition of firedamp or coal dust, Fire arising from electric defects.

Rope Haulage - Runaway of tubs due to breakage of rope, failure of attachment to rope, failure of couplings and drawbars, Rope should be selected properly and maintained with care.

Contd.

Permanent lighting should be provided in places where equipment can be hazardous.

Cables should be provided with double wire armoring. Inspect earthing point regularly. Storage of flammable substances must be minimized. Haulage curves should be properly designed and

constructed and Bad patches in the track should be corrected.

Other Safety Measures-

Regular examination of face must be done and remedial measures must be taken to make it safe if there is any doubt that a collapse could take place.

Vocational training should be given to mine workers to prepare them to face the challenges of mining.

Emergency Response system and emergency action plans are to be designed for mine.

Contd.

Safety is the major concern in mining industry.

The hazardous risk of any industry should be low to attain profits.

In future, the Mining industry may be fully modernized by advanced technology like Automation and Remote operations.

Conclusion: