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MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB®

MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB®

MIM

O-O

FDM

Wireless

Comm

unications with M

ATLAB

®

Yong Soo Cho | Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang | Chung G. Kang

Cho | Kim Yang | Kang

Yong Soo Cho, Chung-Ang University, Republic of KoreaJaekwon Kim, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Won Young Yang, Chung-Ang University, Republic of KoreaChung G. Kang, Korea University, Republic of Korea

MIMO-OFDM is a key technology for next-generation cellular communications (3GPP-LTE, Mobile WiMAX, IMT-Advanced) as well as wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11n), wireless PAN (MB-OFDM), and broadcasting (DAB, DVB, DMB). In MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB®, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of wireless channel modeling, OFDM, and MIMO, using MATLAB® programs to simulate the various techniques on MIMO-OFDM systems.

• One of the only books in the area dedicated to explaining simulation aspects

• Covers implementation to help cement the key concepts

• Uses materials that have been classroom-tested in numerous universities

• Provides the analytic solutions and practical examples with downloadable MATLAB® codes

• Simulation examples based on actual industry and research projects

• Presentation slides with key equations and fi gures for instructor use

MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB® is a key text for graduate students in wireless communications. Professionals and technicians in wireless communication fi elds, graduate students in signal processing, as well as senior undergraduates majoring in wireless communications will fi nd this book a practical introduction to the MIMO-OFDM techniques.

Instructor materials and MATLAB® code examples available for download at www.wiley.com/go/chomimo

MIMO-OFDMWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSWITH MATLAB�

MIMO-OFDMWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSWITH MATLAB�

Yong Soo Cho

Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea

Jaekwon Kim

Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

Won Young Yang

Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea

Chung G. Kang

Korea University, Republic of Korea

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

MIMO-OFDM wireless communications with MATLAB� / Yong Soo Cho ... [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-82561-7 (cloth)

1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. 2. MIMO systems. 3. MATLAB�. I. Cho, Yong Soo.

TK5103.484.M56 2010

621.384–dc22

2010013156

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-82561-7

ePDF ISBN: 978-0-470-82562-4

oBook ISBN: 978-0-470-82563-1

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India.

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are

planted for each one used for paper production.

To our parents and families

who love and support us

and

to our students

who enriched our knowledge

Contents

Preface xiii

Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software xv

1 The Wireless Channel: Propagation and Fading 11.1 Large-Scale Fading 4

1.1.1 General Path Loss Model 4

1.1.2 Okumura/Hata Model 8

1.1.3 IEEE 802.16d Model 10

1.2 Small-Scale Fading 15

1.2.1 Parameters for Small-Scale Fading 15

1.2.2 Time-Dispersive vs. Frequency-Dispersive Fading 16

1.2.3 Statistical Characterization and Generation

of Fading Channel 19

2 SISO Channel Models 25

2.1 Indoor Channel Models 25

2.1.1 General Indoor Channel Models 26

2.1.2 IEEE 802.11 Channel Model 28

2.1.3 Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Channel Model 30

2.1.4 UWB Channel Model 35

2.2 Outdoor Channel Models 40

2.2.1 FWGN Model 41

2.2.2 Jakes Model 50

2.2.3 Ray-Based Channel Model 54

2.2.4 Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model 61

2.2.5 SUI Channel Model 65

3 MIMO Channel Models 71

3.1 Statistical MIMO Model 71

3.1.1 Spatial Correlation 73

3.1.2 PAS Model 76

3.2 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 84

3.2.1 Statistical Model of Correlated MIMO Fading Channel 84

3.2.2 Generation of Correlated MIMO Channel Coefficients 88

3.2.3 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 90

3.2.4 3GPP MIMO Channel Model 94

3.3 SCM MIMO Channel Model 97

3.3.1 SCM Link-Level Channel Parameters 98

3.3.2 SCM Link-Level Channel Modeling 102

3.3.3 Spatial Correlation of Ray-Based Channel Model 105

4 Introduction to OFDM 111

4.1 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 111

4.1.1 Single-Carrier Transmission 111

4.1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission 115

4.1.3 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 120

4.2 Basic Principle of OFDM 121

4.2.1 OFDM Modulation and Demodulation 121

4.2.2 OFDM Guard Interval 126

4.2.3 OFDM Guard Band 132

4.2.4 BER of OFDM Scheme 136

4.2.5 Water-Filling Algorithm for Frequency-Domain

Link Adaptation 139

4.3 Coded OFDM 142

4.4 OFDMA: Multiple Access Extensions of OFDM 143

4.4.1 Resource Allocation – Subchannel Allocation Types 145

4.4.2 Resource Allocation – Subchannelization 146

4.5 Duplexing 150

5 Synchronization for OFDM 1535.1 Effect of STO 153

5.2 Effect of CFO 156

5.2.1 Effect of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO) 159

5.2.2 Effect of Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO) 160

5.3 Estimation Techniques for STO 162

5.3.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 162

5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 168

5.4 Estimation Techniques for CFO 170

5.4.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 170

5.4.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 173

5.5 Effect of Sampling Clock Offset 177

5.5.1 Effect of Phase Offset in Sampling Clocks 177

5.5.2 Effect of Frequency Offset in Sampling Clocks 178

5.6 Compensation for Sampling Clock Offset 178

5.7 Synchronization in Cellular Systems 180

5.7.1 Downlink Synchronization 180

5.7.2 Uplink Synchronization 183

6 Channel Estimation 187

6.1 Pilot Structure 187

6.1.1 Block Type 187

viii Contents

6.1.2 Comb Type 188

6.1.3 Lattice Type 189

6.2 Training Symbol-Based Channel Estimation 190

6.2.1 LS Channel Estimation 190

6.2.2 MMSE Channel Estimation 191

6.3 DFT-Based Channel Estimation 195

6.4 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation 199

6.5 Advanced Channel Estimation Techniques 199

6.5.1 Channel Estimation Using a Superimposed Signal 199

6.5.2 Channel Estimation in Fast Time-Varying Channels 201

6.5.3 EM Algorithm-Based Channel Estimation 204

6.5.4 Blind Channel Estimation 206

7 PAPR Reduction 209

7.1 Introduction to PAPR 209

7.1.1 Definition of PAPR 210

7.1.2 Distribution of OFDM Signal 216

7.1.3 PAPR and Oversampling 218

7.1.4 Clipping and SQNR 222

7.2 PAPR Reduction Techniques 224

7.2.1 Clipping and Filtering 224

7.2.2 PAPR Reduction Code 231

7.2.3 Selective Mapping 233

7.2.4 Partial Transmit Sequence 234

7.2.5 Tone Reservation 238

7.2.6 Tone Injection 239

7.2.7 DFT Spreading 241

8 Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques 251

8.1 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Technique 251

8.1.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse 251

8.1.2 Soft Frequency Reuse 254

8.1.3 Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse 255

8.1.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation 256

8.2 Inter-Cell Interference Randomization Technique 257

8.2.1 Cell-Specific Scrambling 257

8.2.2 Cell-Specific Interleaving 258

8.2.3 Frequency-Hopping OFDMA 258

8.2.4 Random Subcarrier Allocation 260

8.3 Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Technique 260

8.3.1 Interference Rejection Combining Technique 260

8.3.2 IDMA Multiuser Detection 262

9 MIMO: Channel Capacity 263

9.1 Useful Matrix Theory 263

9.2 Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity 265

Contents ix

9.2.1 Channel Capacity when CSI is Known

to the Transmitter Side 266

9.2.2 Channel Capacity when CSI is Not Available at the

Transmitter Side 270

9.2.3 Channel Capacity of SIMO and MISO Channels 271

9.3 Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels 272

10 Antenna Diversity and Space-Time Coding Techniques 281

10.1 Antenna Diversity 281

10.1.1 Receive Diversity 283

10.1.2 Transmit Diversity 287

10.2 Space-Time Coding (STC): Overview 287

10.2.1 System Model 287

10.2.2 Pairwise Error Probability 289

10.2.3 Space-Time Code Design 292

10.3 Space-Time Block Code (STBC) 294

10.3.1 Alamouti Space-Time Code 294

10.3.2 Generalization of Space-Time Block Coding 298

10.3.3 Decoding for Space-Time Block Codes 302

10.3.4 Space-Time Trellis Code 307

11 Signal Detection for Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems 319

11.1 Linear Signal Detection 319

11.1.1 ZF Signal Detection 320

11.1.2 MMSE Signal Detection 321

11.2 OSIC Signal Detection 322

11.3 ML Signal Detection 327

11.4 Sphere Decoding Method 329

11.5 QRM-MLD Method 339

11.6 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection 344

11.6.1 Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) Algorithm 345

11.6.2 Application of Lattice Reduction 349

11.7 Soft Decision for MIMO Systems 352

11.7.1 Log-Likelihood-Ratio (LLR) for SISO Systems 353

11.7.2 LLR for Linear Detector-Based MIMO System 358

11.7.3 LLR for MIMO System with a Candidate Vector Set 361

11.7.4 LLR for MIMO System Using a Limited

Candidate Vector Set 364

Appendix 11.A Derivation of Equation (11.23) 370

12 Exploiting Channel State Information at theTransmitter Side 373

12.1 Channel Estimation on the Transmitter Side 373

12.1.1 Using Channel Reciprocity 374

12.1.2 CSI Feedback 374

12.2 Precoded OSTBC 375

x Contents

12.3 Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing System 381

12.4 Antenna Selection Techniques 383

12.4.1 Optimum Antenna Selection Technique 384

12.4.2 Complexity-Reduced Antenna Selection 386

12.4.3 Antenna Selection for OSTBC 390

13 Multi-User MIMO 39513.1 Mathematical Model for Multi-User MIMO System 396

13.2 Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System 397

13.2.1 Capacity of MAC 398

13.2.2 Capacity of BC 399

13.3 Transmission Methods for Broadcast Channel 401

13.3.1 Channel Inversion 401

13.3.2 Block Diagonalization 404

13.3.3 Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) 408

13.3.4 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 412

References 419

Index 431

Contents xi

Preface

MIMO-OFDM is a key technology for next-generation cellular communications (3GPP-LTE,

Mobile WiMAX, IMT-Advanced) as well as wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11n),

wireless PAN (MB-OFDM), and broadcasting (DAB, DVB, DMB). This book provides a

comprehensive introduction to the basic theory and practice of wireless channel modeling,

OFDM, and MIMO, with MATLAB� programs to simulate the underlying techniques on

MIMO-OFDM systems. This book is primarily designed for engineers and researchers who are

interested in learning various MIMO-OFDM techniques and applying them to wireless

communications. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate courses or senior-level

undergraduate courses on advanced digital communications. The readers are assumed to have

a basic knowledge on digital communications, digital signal processing, communication

theory, signals and systems, as well as probability and random processes.

The first aim of this book is to help readers understand the concepts, techniques, and

equations appearing in the field of MIMO-OFDM communication, while simulating various

techniques used in MIMO-OFDM systems. Readers are recommended to learn some basic

usage of MATLAB� that is available from the MATLAB� help function or the on-line

documents at the website www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral. However, they are not required

to be an expert onMATLAB� since most programs in this book have been composed carefully

and completely, so that they can be understood in connection with related/referred equations.

The readers are expected to be familiar with the MATLAB� software while trying to use or

modify the MATLAB� codes. The second aim of this book is to make even a novice at both

MATLAB� and MIMO-OFDM become acquainted with MIMO-OFDM as well as

MATLAB�, while running the MATLAB� program on his/her computer. The authors hope

that this book can be used as a reference for practicing engineers and students who want to

acquire basic concepts and develop an algorithm on MIMO-OFDM using the MATLAB�

program. The features of this book can be summarized as follows:

. Part I presents the fundamental concepts andMATLAB� programs for simulation ofwireless

channel modeling techniques, including large-scale fading, small-scale fading, indoor and

outdoor channel modeling, SISO channel modeling, and MIMO channel modeling.. Part II presents the fundamental concepts andMATLAB� programs for simulation of OFDM

transmission techniques including OFDM basics, synchronization, channel estimation,

peak-to-average power ratio reduction, and intercell interference mitigation.. Part III presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB� programs for simulation of

MIMO techniques includingMIMO channel capacity, space diversity and space-time codes,