MIMICRY, APOSEMATISM

AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN ANlMALS AND PLANTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1800-1990

STANISLAV KOMREK

VESMR, PRAGUE

1998

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The publication was supported by grant from Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, project No 401/95/0549

Acknowledgementslam indebted to my colleagues for their taxonomical consultations (Jan Buchar - Chelicerata, Karel Hrka - Coleoptera, Frantiek Krampl- Lepidoptera. Miro slav vtora - Vertebrata. Pavel tys - Heteroptera). lam also grateful to Jaro slav imek for his immense cooperation withdatapreparation.

GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

The aim of this book is 10 present as exhaustive as possible a bibliography of literature on mimicry, aposematism and relaied phcnomena written between thc years 1800 and

1990,

Only a few tiOes after

1990 have been included, either

bccause o their extraordinary interesl, or because they have originated in the author's direct surroundings, However, no systematic background rcsearch of literature has been carried out after ihis year. Thc intention has becn to cover rather the older literature threatened to gradual1y alI in oblivion than the very recent Utles whch are easily accessible for those intcrested in them. As the number ol' publications on mimiCly is almost boundless and as the works treat o numerous details, it is very likely that unless they are systematically recordecl, much informaUon and many conceptual observations of the older, particularly non-English, literature would be lost for good (if the name of an older tiUe ap pears in quoLation marks, it js not the exaet name that is cited but a paraphrase o the original namel. The author ccrtanly does not think that he has covered fully the existing literature on this su j ect (there are ovcr

5000 items

rclatecl to

mimicly in animals and plants) and, therefore, pIans to publish addenda (ancl will be grateful for any references to literature hitherto omitted). Subject delimitntion is another difTicult issue and the author lS aware tha1. in margina! areas the sclecUon of works to be included in this bibHography has been quite arbitr81y. Titles included fuHy are t110se on Batesian, Muellerian, and Peckhamian mimicry, on partial mimicry leyespots, fa!se heads, etc.), and works on aposematism. Only some ol' the works on clyptic coloration have been included. particlllarly whenever they deal with more sophisticated crypsis, such as absolute assimilation to some parts of plants (the so-called phy1:omimesis) or to certain inorganic subslrata. With some exceptions, the work does not include the following subjects: coloralion and structures used for epigamous and intra speciflc signal efccts, colour change. colour adjustment to surroundings, con tinuous us well as single (the colour udjustment ol' butterlly puppae), the entire issue o indusl.rial mclanism in butter1ies, and any purely sound ancl vocal mimicry ir not accompanied by a morphological rescmblance (an endlessly rich literature on imitation phenomena in birds). As the iritention of ihis work is to approach mimicry 1'rom the point o vicw of phenomena rather than Lhat of interpretation, the book is indexed primarily by subjects (mimics), by genera or higher systematic groups Lhat mrnc other or

units superior to it (family, order, class, etc.). Moreover, it is always necessary to go through aH the basic publicaiions on mimicry phenomena (682,746, 894,

thc interpretations can vary a lot in speciflc cases, while the taxonomie affi1ia Hon of an organism is 110t subject to such interpretative variations and is usuaJ ly less questionable. Thc index eannot be used mechanically because informa Hon on a ccrtain genus may also be inclurled in aIl publicaiions indexed for

ganisms, or, more rarely, abiotic phenomena, as well as by models, Le. organ isms or higher taxa Lhat are mimicked. A functional or other interpretation ol' this kind mimicry is accentuated in thc index by a less tlne seale o division, as

1142, 1192. 1620, 1787, 1992. 2520,2891, 3011, 3134, 3184,1432,4158, 4647) which due to their book ronn or largely monographic nature inclucle so 7

much infonnation that it is impossible for them to be sensibly indexed in a way fit for short articles or monothematic studies prevailing in this bibliography (the above-mentioned basic publications form an essential part of the equipment of anyone who wants to seriously deal with mimicry and aposematism, and pos session and knowledge or them is a prerequisite for such study). The usage of generic names corresponds intentionally with their use in re spective books and does not pretend to translate them into current nomencla ture, wbich would be a task far beyond anyone's power due to its enormous scope, This is the reason why sometimes two apparent synonyms are used as two different generic names, and only exceptionally they are unified for some 'classical' subjects of mimetism and aposematism (Danaus, Thyria), The system itself has been simplilled on purpose and it works also with 'collective' taxa (like 'Evertebrata', 'Lepidoptera Heterocera') to facilitate orientation (tbe ambition of this book is absolutely not taxonomical). Individual families (even subfamilies in butterf1ies of the Nymphalidae family) are distinguished only in the largest in sect orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Homop tera), spiders. and in higher plants. otherwise only systematic units on the level or order and higher are used. For the sake or clarity, the systematic part com bines a systematic viewpoint with an alphabetical one; besides this a purely alphabetical index ol' taxa is used. Apmt from information on the mimic and the model (if it exists at all), every work describes a zoogeographical- or phytogeographical- region, which is quite a reasonable point of view (particularly in butterf1ies, for instance). Every work also gives information on the type or adaptive coloration (such as crypsis, apose matism. various types ol' mimicry, etc,). Further. every work describes itsown

genre and character (like descriptive. ethological, toxicological, genetic, or evo lutionary work), though the scale here is far more coarse than in the taxon treated (the purpose or which has been explained above). Abbreviations used for all the common data are listed at the beginning of the book in the abbreviation index (sometimes with a short explanation). The abbre viations are structured so that no combination of letters is repeated, even though they may stand for different types ol' data (biogeographical characteristics, type of problem. mimic. model, type of work). The work is divided into a part dealing with mil11icry, aposel11atism and related phenomena in animals (some works dealing with plants us a marginal subject are also included here), and into an other, far less extensive part, dealing with similar phenomena in plants, in which sometimes specific abbreviations are used (though the nature of mimicry in animals and plunts is the same, it is not commensurable in terms of terminolo

gy). The section on l11imicry in plants includes also a few works on mimicry infungi. I hope this book will serve its purpose and I ask the readers to kindly send further references to literature that l11ay have been omitted from this book so that addenda can be published.

Stanislav Komrek

Prague. September 27, 1997

Department o Philosophy and History of Science Vinin 7. 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic

8

THENATURE OF MIMICRY PHENOMENA

As E. Mayr. the well-known evolutionary biologist, rightly says, a biological doc trine that will solve the issue of mimicry in 1iving nature convincingly anq com pletely will also no doubt without much effort solve all the other issues with which biology is faced. It was for this particular reason that the author has undertaken to compile this bibliography with the aim of covering and protecting from loss the broadest possible spectrum of imitative phenomena in nature, as well as the wid est spectrum of opinions on them. A well constructed bibliography should facili tate the study o[mimicry phenomena, regardless of what the author's own opin ion on their nature may be (this, after aH, has been the reason for inc1uding several works the value o which - in the author's opinion - lies mainly in their cultural and historical aspect, and even though the word 'mimicry' is used, it is hardly mimicry in the narrow sense of the word that is treated therein). No other phenomenon of the living world has ever been interpreted in a more controversial way than mimicry phenomena. At their extremes, these phenom ena consist in conspicuous exterior resemblance between two living organisms which are olherwise not so closely related (such as the wasp and the syrphid fly). lt is worth realising that, principaUy, there is just one phenomenon of re semblance in nalure and its division into resemblance based on kinship (the horse and the donkey), on convergence (the palm and the cycas), on mimicry (see the above example), or on coincidence (patterns of letters and figures on butterflies' wings) is in principle arbitrary and is rooted in the modern view and concept of the world. lt is not the aim of this essay to analyse all the possible ways of understanding 'mimetic' similarities in nature and their historical inter pretation (a separate book following up this bibliography will be devoted to this issue). It should be noted, though, that (leaving aside creationist standpoints of the first half o the last century) in academc debates mimetic resemblance has always been interpreted as either a product o selection on the part of predators (primarily those visually oriented, mainly birds, as well as the hosts or prey in Peckhamian mimicry), or as a result of human interpretation of incidental sim ilarities between natural objects something like biological folklore lacking a sensible correspondence in the living world (these two conceptions were not infrequently seen as alternatives).After many years of contact with biological material in the lleld. as well as in collections, and after years of exposure to a wealth of literature, the author of this bibliography persuaded himself that selection stilI may play a certain part in the 'fine-tuning' of mimetic similarities already existing, and that mimetic resemblance may act in a deceptive way not only on man but also on those predators and other organisms for which it is destined - yet, despite aU of this, that selection in itself is not the main source of this resemblance. What the author considers the main source of the fact that some otherwise barely related 1iving organisms show a conspicuous resemblance o external habitus to each other is we might call their 'unconscious intention ality', their inward orientation in a certain direction, not quite dissimilar to the ad o will in Man (though obviously not on the level of consciousness). lt is clear that the current biological paradigm does not allow for any such viewon processes in living organisms. Yet the aUthor feels obliged to raise doubts

9

concerning the absolute monopoly that selection processes are supposed to have of the origin o mimicry just because it is in accord with modern ideological trends in science. Scientific cognition is not aimed at reinforcing orthodoxy of any kind but seeks to achieve true experience, and true cognition; it is to these that science should cling much more than just to an abstract principIe (repre sented here by a view of matter - including living matter - as only a passive filling o the void without its own activity and spontaneity). It is evident that consistent, post-Cartcsian scientific thought cannot attribute to living organ isms (not even on the unconscious level) anything analogous to the human creative reedom or act o decision (a good question then is how in the Palaeo lithic age these qualities originated 'all of a sudden' in Man, who is part of the living world in the same way as other organisms). Such a view on mimicry phenomena would quite easily account for those types of resemblance thal have no visible function (a conspicuous resemblance between the leaves of a number of totally unrelated plants, independent even in terms of their biotope type), or or those very similar to 'classical' mimicry but geographically disparate (in particular, the frequent occurrence o conspicuous resemblance between species of butterflies with absolutely diferent geographic distribution). To these kinds o resemblance we can usually only reer as a 'coincidence' - but to interpret something as a 'coincidence' is always a sign of either helplessness or lack o will to keep on looking for a solution. It would also allow us to circumvent the disturbing question o why mimetic imitation of oth er organisms is concentrated in some groups (such as the Cerambycidae family in beetles), while com pletely missing in others (mimicry produced by selection only would requirea

more regular distribution). Ultimately, aH of these 'classi

cal neo-Darwinis concepts of the origin of mimicry are quite subjective, for even though one can obtain data by experimental methods, e.g. about distinc tive properties in birds and the predation thereby caused, the very origin of mimicry, like aU other evolutionary processes in general, cannot be evoked and repeated experimentally due to its slowness.

10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A Ac

aposernatisrn or (psellcloaposematism) Acraeinae (Lep .. Nymphaliclae) Africa Amphibia Animalia artifical objectb Apoiclea Araneae Asia Arctiidae Australia ancl Oceania Aves Blattoclea book or lllonograph Bryophyta Brassolinae (Lep .. NymphalidaeJ crypsis Carabidae Coccinelliclae Cauclata (Amphibia) Cerambyciclae Cicindelidae Coelenterata carrion Coleoptera Capensis (plants only) Crustacea Charaxinae (Lep .. Nymphaliclae) Diptera Danaiclae clescription clung Danaus plexippus Entomological (ancl similar) Fun;.(i fielcl or behavioral observation flowers feeding trials and stomach analyses Geometridae genetics and evolution Heteroptera Holantarktis (plants only) "Heterocera" (Lep.) Heliconiinae (Lep., Nympha1iclae) "Homoptera" Hespericlae Hymenoptera Chrysomelidae lnsecta Journal Lepicloptera Lampyriclae

Li Ln Ly M Ma Md Me MEs MFh MFl MI Mlf Mlv MLv Mm Mo MO MP Mr

Limenitinae (Lep .. Nymphalidae) L ycaenidae L ycidae mimicry (general) Mantodea dispersal mimicry (plants) Melitaeinae (Lep.. Nymphaliclae) eye spots false heacl floral mimicry intraspecific mimicry (male and female flowers) intrailoral mim.(imitation o pollen, nectar etc.) mimicry of insectivorous plants mimicry of leaves and other vegetative parts Mammalia Mollusca other types of mimicry Peckhamian or aggressive mim. Morphinae (Lep.

Af AmAn Ao Ap Ar As At Au Av Bl bm Br Bs C Ca Cc Cd Ce Ci Cl Cn Co Cp Cr Cx D Da de Dg Dp E. F lbo Fl

MBM Batesian or Muellerian mimicry

Nympha1iclae)

MSd mimicry of seeds MSx sexua1 mimicry (plants) Mt meta1lic colours mimicry of weeds Myrmecoiclea Neuroptera Nearctis Nymphalinae (Lep., Nympha1idae) Noctuiclae Neotropis Nymphalidae "Orthoptera" Ophidia Orchidaceae Ophrys (Orchidaceae) ova, eggs Palearctis Papilionidae

MWMy N Ne Nm No Nt Ny O Op Or Os Ov P Pa Pd

ftGe ge H Ha He Hl Ho Hs Hy Ch I

Papilio darclanus PESL Proc. Ent. Soc. London Ph Phasmatodea Pieridae plants Pisces Paleotropis (plants only) Rhopa1ocera Reptilia review Sea Salticidae

Pi Pl Ps Pt R Rerw

,J.L La

S Sa

II

Sl Sn Sr Ss St Sy Te

Salientia (Amphibia) Syntomidae Sauria Satyrinae (Lep .. Nymphalidae) Staphylinidae Sy rp hidae Tenebrionidae

Thth to

Thornisidae theoretical approachtoxicology

Ve W Z. Zy

Vespoidea World Zeitschrift. Zeitung Zygaenidae

TESL Trans. Ent. Soc. London

12

I

bibliography

ANlMALS

Injormations (in italic): zoogeographical region; mimic ar subject; type oj problem; model (ifit exists et all): type ofwork1. ABALOSJ. W. (1967): The cora1ine frog: a venomous amphibian of the Southern Chaco. Turtox News 45: 34-35. Nt; AmSl (Dendrobates); A; de.Jbo 2. ABBlATI M. -SANTANGELO G. (1989): A record on Coralium rubrum L. (1758) associeted fauna: Balssia gasti (Balss 1921) (Crustacea. Decapoda). Atti Soc. Toscana ScL Nat. P. V. Mem. Ser.B 96:237-241. S; Cr (Decapodo., BaIssia gasti); MBM; Cl (Coralium rubmm); de.jho 3. ABBOTTJ. F. (1911): Poulton's theory of the origin of mimicry. Science 33: 267sq. W; An:MBM; th 4. ABBOTT J. F. (1914): Mimicry in the genus Limenitis with special reference to the "Poulton hypothesis". Mo. Washington Univ. Stud. St. Louis 1: 203-221. Ne; LRLi (Limenitis); MBM: LRPa (Battus philenor); de, th,jho 5. ABEILLE E. DE P. (1891): Malachides Europe et pays voisins. Ann. Soc. E. Fr. 1891: 115-230, 405-446. P: Co (Malachidae); MBM; Co; de 6. ACKERY P. R. (1987): The danaid genus Teflervo (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)- a cladistic approaclL Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 89 (3): 203-274. As; LRDa (Tellervo); MBM; IR; th, to, ge 7. ACKERY P. R. (1988): Hostplants and clasification:a review of nympha1id butterflies. l3iol. J. Linn. Soc. 33: 95-203. W: LRNy; A, MBM; to 8. ACKERY P. R. -VANE-WRIGHT R. I. (1984): Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology. 425 pp. London. W; LRDa: A, MBM; ge. de. Jbo.JtAv 9. ACKERY P. R. -VANE-WRIGHT R. 1. (1985): Patterns of plant utilization by danaine butterflies. Nota Lepidopterologica (Suppl.). Europ. Congr. Lepid. 3: 3-6. W; LRDa; A: to 10. ACORN J. H. (1988): Mimetic tiger beetles and the puzzle of cicindelid coloration (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Coleopt. Bull. 42 (1): 28-33. Ne; CoCi; MBM; Co (MelDidae), Hy (Mutillidae); de. Jbo. th ll. ADAMS M. J. -BERNARD G. 1. (1981): Pronophilinae butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 71 (4): 343-372. Nt; LRSs; MBM; IRSs: de, tll,jho 12. ADLERZG. (1895): Om en myrliknande svensk spindel. E. Tidskr. 16: 249-253. P; ArSa (Myrmarachne): MBM. MP; HyMy; de 13. AGUILARF.P.G. (1970): Los .,pa1itos vivients de lima" L. Phasmatidae de las lomas. Rev. Peru. E. Agric. 13: 1-8. Nt; Ph (Bostra scabrinota. Libethra minuseula); C; Pl; de 14. AIELLO A. (1980): Camouflage by integumenta1 wetting in bark bugs. Science 207: 77:3-775. Nt; H (Aradid.ae); C; de 15. AIELLO A. (1984): Adelpha (Nympha1idae): deception on the wing. Psyche 91 (1-2): 145. Nt; LRNm (Adelpha): MBM: IR; de. jho 16. AIELLO A. -BROWN K. S. JR. (1987): Mimicry by illusion in a sexua1ly dimorphic. daytlying moth. Dysschema jansonis (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Pericopinae). J. Res. Lepid.

26 (1-4): 173-176. Nt: LHeAt (Dysschema jansonis); MBM: LRPa (Parides), IRIt; de. jho 17. AIELLO A. -SILBERGLIED R. E. (1978): Life history of Dynastor darius (Lepidoptera: Nyphalidae: Brassolidae) in Panama. Psyche 85 (4): 331-345. Nt; LRBs (Dynastor darius); MEs: de. Jbo 18. AIELLO A. -SILBERGLIED R. E. (1978): ,Orange' bands, a simple recessive in Anartia fatima (Nympha1idae). J. Lepid. Soc. 32 (2): 135-137. Nt; LRNm (Anartia jatima); A; ge 19. AIELLO A. -VOGT G. (1986): Tachygonidius dasypus (Coleoptera: CurcuHonidae). Observations on an unusual tropical weevil. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wet., Ser. C: 89 (2): 117-120. Nt: CoCu (Tachygonidius dasypus); MBM; HyAp, F; de,jbo 20. AIGNER-ABAFI L. V. (1902): A mimicry. Allatt. Kozl. 1902: 117-126. W; I; MBM: I; de, th 21. AIGNER-ABAFI L. V. (1902): ber Mimikry. Allg. Z. E. 7: 368-372, 405-409. W; I; C. A, MBM: I: til 22. AIGNER-ABAFI L. V. (1903): A mimicry rol. Rovartani Lapok 10: 28-34, 45-53. W; I; MBM; I: de. th 23. AITKEN E. H. (1894): The larva and pupa of Spalgis epius, Westv. J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

15

Soc. 8: 485-487. As: 337. As:

LRLn (Spalgis epius): MO: Mm (Primates); de..

24. AITKEN E. H. (1897): Toads eating poisonous insects." J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. ll:

I: A: MmSlj

25. AITKEN E. H. (1904): The ellemies of butterf1ies. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 156.

As:

26. AKKRE R. D. -RETTENMEYER C. W. (1966): Behaviour of Staphylii1idae associated with army ants. J. Kansas E. Soc. 39: 745-782.

LRDCl: A: Jbo. ft/iV (Merops)

Nt: CoSt; MP; HyMy (Ecitonidae}:jbo Ne; DSy (Microdon); MO; MBM:

27. AKRE R. D. -SEHLKE G. -ZACK R. S. (1985): Chemical nmicry by Microdon larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Proc. Wash. St. E. Soc. No. 47: 754-755.

HyMy: to28. ALBANI G. (1898): Sul mimetismo nei coleotteri. Boll. Nat. Siena 8: 99 sq. P; Co:

Co: de29. ALCOCK A. (1889): Remarks on some insects that posses special means of scaring their enemies. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. 58: 3 sq.

As; I; C. A, MBM: I: de,jbo

30. ALCOCK A. (1896): An instance of the natural repellent effects of ,warning colours. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 65: 539-540. As: An: A:jbo 31. ALCOCK A. (1902): A naturalist in lndian seas. xxiv+

328 pp., London.

S; An; C. A.

MBM: An: de32. ALCOCK J. (1965): The relative palatabllity of butterf1ies and the behaviour of their avian predators. Thesis, Amherst College. Mass.. USA.

Ne; IR; C. A. MBM: LR;jtAv

33. ALCOCK J. (1969): Observational learning in three species of birds. Ibis 111 : 308-321.

Ne: [: C, A. MBM: I: .lMv34. ALCOCK J. (I 969): Observational learning by fork-tailed flycatchers (Muscivora tyrannus). Anim. Behav. 17: 652-657.

Nt: LR: C, A, MBM; LR;jtAv (Muscivora tyrannus) Ne; Ao;

35. ALCOCK J. (1970): Punishment levels and the response of black-capped chicadees (Parus atricapillus) to three kinds of artificial seeds. Anim. Behav. 18: 592-599.

1tAv (Parus atrimpi/lus)36. ALCOCKJ. (1970): Interspecific differences in avian feeding behaviour and the evolution of Batesian mimicry. Behaviour 40: 1-9.

Ne; I; MBM; I;jtAv

37. ALCOCK J. (1970): Punishment levels ant the response of white-throated sparrows (ZOnotrichia albicollis) to three kinds of artificia1 models and mincs. Anim. Behav. 18: 733-739.

Ne: Ao: MBM:ftAv (Zonotrichia albicollis)

38. ALCOCKJ. (1973): The feeding response of hand-reared red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to a stinkbug (Euschistus conspersus). Am. MidI. Nat. 89: 307-313. Ne; H (PentCltomidae. Euschistus c071sp e rs lts) : A;ftAv (Agelaius phoeniceus) 39. ALDERSON J. A. (1977): White goshawk uses white cacatoos as .. cover". Record of the white goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae on the Plenty River in Victoria. Victorian Nat. 94 (1): 16-17. Au:

Av (Accipiter novaehollandiae); MP; Av (Cacatua galerita); de.jbo

40. ALDRICH J. R. -BLUM M. S. (1978): Aposematic aggregation of a bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae): the c1efensive display and formation of aggregations. Biotropica 10: 58-61.

Nt: Ff (Coreiclae): A: fbo41. ALDRICH J. R. -CARROLL S. P. -LUSBY W. R. -THOMPSON M. J. -KOCHANSKY J. P. WATERS R. M. (1990): Sapindaceae. cyanolipids. and bugs. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 199210. Nt: II: A: to 42. ALEXANDER A. J. (1961): A study of the biology and behaviour of the caterpillars. pupae and emerf:(in, butterf1ies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad, West Indies, 1. Some aspects o larval behaviour. Zoologica 46: 1-23. Nt; LRH1: A: bo 43. ALEXANDER A. J. (1961): A study of tile biology and behaviour of the catterpi1lars; pupaef

and emerging butterflies ofthe subfamily Heliconinae in Trinidad. West Indies. II. Molting, and the behaviour of pupae and emerging adults. ZOologica 46: 105 123. Nt: LRH1: A;jbo 44. ALFIERI A. (1926): Sur deux Pyralides remarqables des deserts egyptiens. Bull. Soc. Roy, E. Egypte 19: 288-294. P:

LHe (Pyralidae): C; de

45. ALFORD D. V. (1975): Bumblebees. 352pp. London. Dawis Poynter. P,

Ne; HyAp

(Bombinae): MBM. MP: HyAp: de. jbo, bm46, ALI S. A. (1931): The origin of mincry in cuckoo eggs. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 34: 1067 1072. P. As: AvOv (Cuculidae): MP: AvOv; cle, th 47. ALLEN E. C. [1915J: Protective coloration. Proc. E. Soc. NovaScotia I: 78 sq. Ne; I; C; cle. th 48. ALLEN G. (1879): The colour sense :its origin and development. An essay in comparative

16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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ge

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187. BELJAJEFF M. M. (1927): Ein Experiment i.iber cle Bedeutung der Schutzfarbung.

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ge Nt; LRH/: A. MBM: LR: cle,fbo,.ft

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22

I

200. BENNET A. W. [1877): Is protective mmicry due to natural selecton? Aru. Nat. ll: 3201. BENSON P. [1979): Observations on the development of certain fire salamander larvae. Herptile 4 (4): 17-20. P; AmCd (Salamandra salamandra); A; jbo 202. BENSON W. W. (1971): Evidence for the evolution of unpalatability through kin selection 203. BENSON W. W. (1972): Natural se1ection for Muellerian mimicry in Heliconius erato 204. BENSON W. W. (1977): On the proposed spectrum between Batesian and Muellerian 205. BENSON W. W. [1982): Alternative models for inrrageneric diversification in the humid diversification in the tropics. New York, Columbia Univ. Press. Nt; LRHl; A; ge, th mimicry. Evolution 31: 454-455. An; MBM; An; th in Costa Rica. Science 176: 936-939. Ni; LRHI (Heli.conius erato); MBM; LRHI; ge in the Helconiinae (Lep.) [Nymphalidae]. Aru. Nat. 105: 213-226. Nt; LRHl; A; ge 7. LR; MBM; LR; tll

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212. BERGERJ. (l906): Uber die Konvergenz - Erscheinungen zwischen den Raupen von Plusia c-aureum Kn. und Notodonta ziczac L. Z. Wiss. Insekt.-Biol. 2: 237-246, 265276. P; LHeNo (Plusia c-al1reum. larvae): MO: LHe (Notodontidae, Notodonta zi.czac,

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