Mimicking of Depression-like Symptoms during a Natural Calamity
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RUNNING HEAD: Mimicking of Depression-like Symptoms 1
Mimicking of Depression-like Symptoms during a Natural Calamity:
Do children mimic their mothers depression-like symptoms during a natural calamity?
Aelius Hadrian D. Vinoya
Janrozl B. Campo
Julia Ann B. Astrero
Central Luzon State University
2013
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Introduction
Natural disaster is a common event and it happens almost around the world, because of
this millions of people in every country are afraid to experience the disastrous power of natural
calamities. Natural calamity is a major adverse event resulting fromnatural processes of the
Earth; examples includefloods,eruptions, earthquakes,tsunamis,and other geologic processes.
Different outcomes can happen after a Natural calamity and that includes lost of shelter,
resources, and the worst of all it can also cause death.
When a natural calamity strikes especially heavy storm because it is the common
calamity happen in the Philippines, the number one affected of this are the farmers, after a heavy
storm or typhoons usually our farmers experience broken crops, in farming their primary source
of income are their crop and most of the time it is their only source of money, so broken crops
means no income, low income means each part of the family are affected. When the effects of
calamity strike in a family their children may also be affected in the situation and that effect may
cause to anxiety.
Literature said an elevation on depressive symptoms in children during a course of event
is significantly associated with elevations in depressive symptoms in their parents (John R. Z.
Abela, et al. 2009). this gives the possibility that if a parent experiences depression-like
symptoms-like symptoms it also possible that their children will also suffer and mimic it.Ellen
McGrath,states Depression-like symptoms in a family can suck up all the energy of a
household, turning a home into a black hole of swirling negative emotions. (2007)
Depression-like symptoms is like a flu that can be transmitted socially, from one family
member to another. The research aims to find out if the children manifest depression-like
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/authors/ellen-mcgrathhttp://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/authors/ellen-mcgrathhttp://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/authors/ellen-mcgrathhttp://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/authors/ellen-mcgrathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazard -
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symptoms-like symptoms, to see if the children perceive depression-like symptoms-like
symptoms in their mother and if they get affected by seeing their mother that way and cause
them to think that they are the cause of their mothers depression-like symptoms-like symptoms.
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Methodology
Participants
The participants in this research are 50 randomly selected grade six students from Bantug
Elemantary School. The participants were chosen due to their being children of farmers, the
population who are highly affected by the natural calamity of typhoons. Though they were
considered because of their fathers occupation, it will not be considered a factor in the data
analysis. They were chosen only for their higher probability to be exposed to problems that could
trigger depression-like symptoms-;ike symptoms.
Research Design
This research is a quantitative type of research with three sets of questionnaires. Questionnaire
Set A would measure the disposition of the child in general, followed by Question Set B which
measures their perception of their mothers disposition during the natural calamity then Question
Set C which measures their disposition after observing the disposition of their mother.
Instrumentation
The study used three sets of questionnaire measuring first, a self-eveluation of
depression-like symptoms-like symptoms, second, the perception of mothers depression-like
symptoms and lastly a self-evaluation of depression-like symptoms with the depression-like
symptoms evaluation of their mother in mind. The first two test were a loose translations of the
instrument for Center for Epidemiological StudiesDepression Scale for Children (Bright
Futures, 2010) or CES-DC and Childs Perception of DepressionMother Version (,2001) or
CPOD-MV scales while the last was a group designed instrument. Originally the CES-DC had
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20 items reduced to 11 through the scale reliability test of Chronbacks Alpha and gained a
score of .743. The process was done with the CPOD-MV as well as the group designed
questionnaire. From a 20 item the CPOD-MV was reduced to 12 and gained a score of .689. The
group designed scale was reduced from a 12 to a 8 and gained a grade of .760. All questionnaires
used the Likerts scale model with using words related to frequency and accuracy. The orginal
and translated questionnaires in Appendix A and reduced questionnaires in Appendix B.
Analysis
Comparing of means, tabular analysis and Chronbacks Alpha was used by the study to
acquire results from the data. Chronbacksalpha was used to reduce the questionnaire into the
most accurate it can be and then analyze the data. Comparing of mean was done with the help of
tabular analysis. After converting the data into a table, the study used the scale made by the
researchers; the mean for each questionnaire set of the respondents was measured against the
said scale. Two scales were made, one for set A and C and another for set B.
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Results
Table 1
Respondents Mean of
Answers
R1 2.0000
R2 2.0000
R3 1.8182
R4 2.0273
R5 1.9091
R6 2.0909
R7 1.7273
R8 2.1818
R9 3.0000
R10 2.2727
R11 1.7273
R12 2.2182
R13 2.2455
R14 1.5455
R15 1.8182
R16 1.8213
R17 1.4545
R18 1.7273
R19 1.8182
R20 2.0000
R21 2.0000
R22 2.1818
R23 2.1091
R24 2.0909
R25 2.0909
R26 2.3636
Respondents Mean of
Answers
R27 1.9488
R28 1.8182
R29 2.4545
R30 2.1818
R31 2.0909
R32 2.0000
R33 2.3636
R34 1.0000
R35 1.1818
R36 1.2491
R37 2.0000
R38 1.8182
R39 1.6423
R40 3.3033
R41 2.1182
R42 2.4455
R43 2.0000
R44 2.0909
R45 1.8182
R46 2.0000
R47 1.7273
R48 1.6364
R49 2.1818
R50 1.8182
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Table 2
Respondents Mean of
Answers
R1 1.1813
R2 1.0000R3 1.4500
R4 1.4000
R5 1.4000
R6 1.2000
R7 1.4000
R8 1.4769
R9 1.0000
R10 1.0235
R11 1.6000
R12 1.2358
R13 1.2345
R14 1.4000
R15 1.6000
R16 2.3323
R17 1.0000
R18 1.2212
R19 1.6000
R20 1.3255
R21 1.6000
R22 1.6000
R23 3.7542
R24 1.6000
R25 1.2356
R26 1.3243
Respondents Mean of
Answers
R27 2.7514
R28 1.0243R29 1.0000
R30 1.0293
R31 1.0444
R32 1.2000
R33 1.6667
R34 1.0000
R35 1.2000
R36 1.3812
R37 1.2038
R38 1.6000
R39 3.4769
R40 2.8612
R41 1.3049
R42 1.0596
R43 1.0477
R44 1.4000
R45 1.6000
R46 1.0000
R47 1.6000
R48 1.6000
R49 1.5135
R50 1.6000
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Legend
For question set A and C For question set B
1.001.75: very low 1.001.66:Few
1.802.50: low 1.702.36: Average
2.553.30: high 2.403.00: Many
3.354.00: very high
R9SETARespodent #9 Questionnaire Set A
R9SETBRespodent #9 Questionnaire Set BR9SETCRespodent #9 Questionnaire Set C
They are considered special cases due to the variety of their answer means (see Fig.1 & 2.) For instance,
Respondent number nines answer means, labeled Respondent 9 in Figure 1, relay that the child has high
presence of symptoms and very high presence of symptoms due to perception of depression-like
symptoms in mother yet the childs perception of his mother was answered that there was only few
presence of symptoms perceived. Then we have Respondent 23 whose presence of symptoms is low and
is very low in the presences of symptoms due to perception of depression-like symptoms but has
answered that he/she perceives his/her mother has many symptoms manifested, implying that the child is
resilient and has a sturdier personality than his/her mother during the crisis. Respondent 27 also show
resilience with almost similar answers with Respondent 23 while Respondent 16 answers the studies
question implying that due to the mothers tendencies of depression-like symptoms, 2.30, the child also
R37 1.0000
R38 1.4286
R39 3.7699
R40 3.6645
R41 1.7143
R42 1.0000
R43 1.7143
R44 1.2857
R45 1.5714
R46 1.7143
R47 1.4286
R48 1.4286
R49 1.7143
R50 1.4286
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2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
R9 R16 R23 R27 R36 R39 R40
Mean answers for Questionnaire A 3 1.8213 2.1091 1.9488 1.2491 1.6423 3.3033
Mean answers for Questionnaire C 3.3846 3 1.751 1.2747 3.0298 3.7699 3.6645
Scale
Answer Means of Respondents
very low:
1.00 - 1.75
low:
1.80 - 2.50
high:
2.55 - 3.30
very high:
3.35 - 4.00
experienced higher symptoms of depression-like symptoms, 3.00, as opposed to his/her regular
disposition, 1.82.
Figure 1
Legend
For question set A and C For question set B
1.001.75: very low 1.001.66:Few
1.802.50: low 1.702.36: Average
2.553.30: high 2.403.00: Many
3.354.00: very high
Another interesting case is Respondent 36 (see Fig. 2) whose presence of symptoms fall under
very low, presence of symptoms perceived fall under few yet his presence due to perception of
symptoms suddenly bolts up into the high category, the result for this respondent is non-
conclusive, researchers can only assume that the child loves his/her mother very much and is
concerned for her during the crisis. Respondents 39 and 40 have answers similar to that of
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Respondent 16, the three cases that seem to support the claim the depression-like symptoms can
be contagious to the child especially during the strain of a crisis.
Figure 2
Legend
For question set A and C For question set B
1.001.75: very low 1.001.66:Few
1.802.50: low 1.702.36: Average
2.553.30: high 2.403.00: Many
3.354.00: very high
In general, the results are non-conclusive and require further and deeper research. Accurate
instrumentation, apt respondents and higher level of analysis are suggested to directly answer the
question of contagiousness for this specific population. Ordinal Logistical Regression has
reached the interest of the researchers but lacks knowledge and skill to perform the analysis.
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
R9 R16 R23 R27 R36 R39 R40
Mean answers for Questionnaire
B1 2.3323 3.7542 2.7514 1.3812 3.4769 2.8612
Scale
Answer Means of Respondents
Few:
1.00 -1.66
Average:
1.70 - 2.36
Many:
2.40 - 3.00
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References
Goodman, T. C. (2007). Children's Perceptions of Others' Depression-like symptoms Scale-
Mother Version (CPOD-MV).
Hernandez, B. (2008). THE CHILDRENS COPING BEHAVIOR QUESTIONNAIRE:
Development and Validation.
Jennifer Katz, S. R. (1999). Contagious Depression-like symptoms in Dating Couples. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology.
John R. Z. Abela, S. Z. (2009). Contagious Depression-like symptoms: Negative Attachment
Cognitions as a Moderator of the Temporal Association Between Parental Depression-
like symptoms and Child Depression-like symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology.
Joiner, T. E. (1994). Contagious depression-like symptoms: Existence, specificity to depressed
symptoms, and the role of reassurance seeking. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 287-296.
McGrath, E. (2003, July 1). Is Depression-like symptoms Contagious?
Radloff, L. (1977). Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression-like symptoms Scale (CES-D).
Susan C. Duncan, J. R. (2012). A latent growth model of adolescent physical activity as a
function of depressive. Mental Health and Physical Activit.
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Appendix A
CPOD-MV Scale
In every family, there are times when the parents get sad. People use different words or phrases to refer to those feelings, including: blue, down in the dumps, grouchy, irritable, in a bad
mood, or even depressed. When their parents seem to be sad (or whatever words you use), kids can feel a lot of different ways. For these questions, we want you to think about your mother.
We would like to know what kind of feelings youhave when your mother seems to be sad.
Answer each question by saying if it is: T = True ST = Sort of True or F = False
1. *1I never see my mother sad.
T ST F
2. *When my mom has been sad, she gets over it pretty quickly.T ST F
3. I usually to lae he y other gets sad. T ST F
4. My mom stays sad for a long time.T ST F
5. I get scared when my mom gets sad.T ST F
6. My o gets sad aout thigs Ie doe at shool. T ST F
7. Whe y other gets sad, I orry that Ill get sad like she does. T ST F
8. Ee if she doest say it, I ko its my fault that my mother gets sad.T ST F
9. Most of the time my mother seems to enjoy things less than she used to.T ST F
10. Its hard to talk to y other he shes sad.T ST F
11. *When my mother gets sad, I can usually help make her feel better.T ST F
12. Whe y other gets sad, I afraid that soethig ad ill happe.T ST F
13. *The things that make my mom sad have nothing to do with me.T ST F
14. After my mom has been sad, it takes a while for her to be happy again.T ST F
15. Whe y other gets sad, theresnothing I can do to help her.T ST F
16. *Usually its ot y fault he y other eoes sad.T ST F
17. My mother gets sad when I make mistakes.T ST F
18. *My other pays attetio to e ee he shes sad.T ST F
19. My mother often has times when she sleeps more or less than usual.T ST F
20. *I am good at helping my mother get over her sadness.T ST F
21. *My other hardly eer yells at e he shes sad.T ST F
1* Indicates reverse scoring
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Appendix B
II CES-DC Filipino
Sa ilalim ay isang listahan ng mga bagay na naramdaman o nagawa mo. Paki lagyan nang tsek () kung gaano mo
ito naramdaman nung panahon ng kalamidad.
Noong linggo pagkayari ng kalamidad Hindi Bihira Minsan Madalas
1. Naapektuhan ako ng mga bagay na dati naman __ ay
hindi ko pinapansin.
2. Wala akong gana kumain, hindi ako
nagugutom.
3. Hindi ko magawang maging masaya kahit
tinutulungan na ako ng aking pamilya o mga
kaibigan maging Masaya
4. Pakiramdam ko ay mabuti ako tulad ng ibang
bata.
5. Pakiramdam ko ay hindi ko kayang bigyan ngkarampatang attensyon ang aking mga
ginagawa.
Noong linggo pagkayari ng kalamidad Hindi Bihira Minsan Madalas
6. Malungkot ako.
7. Pakiramdam ko ay masayado akong pagod para
gumawa na kahit anong bagay.
8. Pakiramdam ko may magandang mangyayari.
9. Pakiramdam ko ay hindi maganda ang
kinalabahsan ng mga bagay na nagawa ko .
10. Natatakot ako.
Noong linggo pagkayari ng kalamidad Hindi Bihira Minsan Madalas
11. Hindi ako ganong nakatulog.
12. Masaya ako
13. Mas tahimik ako kumpara sa yuswal.
14. Malungkot ako at pakiramdam ko wala akong
kaibigan.
15. Pakiramdam ko ay ayaw sakin ng mga batang
kilala ko at ayaw nila akong makasama.
Noong linggo pagkayari ng kalamidad Hindi Bihira Minsan Madalas16. Nag-enjoy ako.
17. Gusto kong umiyak.
18. Malungkot ako.
19. Pakiramdam ko ayaw sa akin ng mga tao.
20. Nahirapan akong magsimula ulit.
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III CPOD-MV Scale: Depression-like symptoms due to Environmental Calamities
Panuto: Lagyan ng marka ang mga sumusunod na pangungusap base sa pag sang ayon.T= Totoo MT = Medyo Totoo or H= Hindi totoo
22. *2
Kahit kailan hindi ko nakitang malungkot ang aking Ina.
T MT H
23. *Kapag nalungkot siya, mabilis niya itong malimutan.T MT H
24. Kadalasan, kasalanan kung bakit siya malungkot.T MT H
25. Matagal malungkot ang aking ina.T MT H
26. Natatakot ako kapag malungkot ang aking Ina.T MT H
27. Nalulungkot ang aking Ina sa mga bagay na nagawa ko sa eskuwelahan.T MT H
28. Kapag nalulungkot ang aking Ina, inaala ko na baka maging malungkot ako gaya niya.T MT H
29. Kahit na hindi niya sabihin, alam ko na ako ang may kasalanan sa pagka-lungkot niya.T MT H
30. Kadalasan ay hindi na ganoon kasaya ang aking Ina sa mga bagay na nagbibgay aliw sa kanya.T MT H
31. Mahirap kausap ang aking Ina kapag malungkot siya.T MT H
32. *Kapag nalulungkot ang aking Ina, nakakatulong ako na mapasaya siya.T MT H
33. Kapag nalulungkot ang aking Ina, natatakot ako nab aka may masamang mangyari.T MT H
34. *Walang kinalaman sa akin ang mga bagay na nagpapalungkot sa aking Ina.T MT H
35. Kapag nalungkot ang aking Ina, matagal na ulit bago siya sumaya.T MT H
36. Kapag nalungkot ang aking Ina, wala akong magagawa para mapasaya siya.T MT H
37. *Kadalasan hindi ko kasalan kapag malungkot ang aking Ina.T MT H
38. Nalulungkot ang aking ina kapag ako ay nagkakamali.T MT H
39. *Pinapakinggan ako at pinapansin ng aking Ina kahit siya ay malungkot.T MT H
40. Mayroong mga panahon na sumosobra o nagkukulang ang oras ng kanyang tulog kumpara sa usuwal
niyang pagtulog.
T MT H
41. *Kayang-kaya ko tulungan ang aking ina na limutin ang kanyang lungkot. T MT H
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Appendix B
Questionnaire Set A
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
wala akong gana kumain,
hindi ako nagugutom18.0400 24.611 .282 .738
hindi ko magawang maging
masaya kahit tinutulungan na
ako ng aking pamilya o mga
kaibigan maging masaya
18.2200 24.134 .313 .735
pakiramdam ko ay hindi ko
kayang bigyan ngkarampatang atensyon ang
aking mga ginagawa
18.0600 21.364 .593 .693
pakiramdam ko ay masyado
akong pagod para gumawa na
kahit na anong bagay
18.0000 24.082 .328 .733
pakiramdam ko ay hindi
maganda ang kinalabasan ng
mga bagay na nagawa ko
17.7400 23.625 .349 .730
natatakot ako 17.7800 23.971 .319 .734
mas tahimik ako kaysa yuswal 17.6200 24.240 .371 .727
malungkot ako at pakiramdam
ko wala akong kaibigan18.3000 24.582 .304 .735
pakiramdam ko ay ayaw sa
akin ng mga batang kilala ko
at ayaw nila akong makasama
18.3400 24.188 .367 .727
pakiramdam ko ay ayaw sakin
ng mga tao18.4400 23.721 .449 .717
nahirapan akong magsimula
ulit18.0600 21.813 .627 .691
Reliability Statistics
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Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.743 11
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Questionnaire Set B
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
matagal malungkot ang akingina
24.2000 39.837 .297 .674
natatakot ako kapag malungkot
ang aking ina23.2200 37.400 .321 .671
nalulungkot ang aking ina sa
mga bagay na nagawa ko sa
eskwelehan
23.2800 38.287 .260 .681
kapag nalulungkot ang aking
ina inaalala ko na baka maging
malungkot ako gaya niya
23.5000 38.378 .282 .677
kahit na hindi niya sabihin,
alam ko na ako ang may
kasalanan sa pagkalungkot niya
23.7200 38.369 .310 .672
kadalasan ay hindi na ganoon
kasaya ang aking ina23.6000 37.551 .333 .668
mahirap kausap ang aking ina
kapag malungkot siya23.7000 38.092 .292 .675
kapag nalulungkot ang aking
ina, natatakot ako na baka may
masamang mangyari
23.9000 37.439 .365 .663
kapag nalungkot ang aking ina,
wala akong magagawa para
mapasaya siya
24.4800 40.132 .304 .674
nalulungkot ang aking ina
kapag ako ay nagkamali23.1400 34.572 .565 .629
pinapakinggan ako at
pinapansin ng aking ina kahit
siya ay malungkot
24.1400 40.164 .221 .684
kadalasan kasalanan ko kung
bakit siya malungkot23.3600 37.419 .352 .665
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.689 12
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Questionnaire Set C
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
wala akong ganang kumain,
hindi ako nagugutom13.1200 15.373 .623 .701
pakiramdam ko ay hindi ko
kayang bigyan ng karampatang
atensyon ang aking mga
ginagawa
13.2200 17.726 .396 .745
pakiramdam ko ay masyado
akong pagod para gumawa na
kahit anong bagay
13.4400 16.864 .570 .717
hindi ako ganong makatulog 13.1000 16.133 .494 .728
mas tahimik ako kumpara sa
yuswal13.0600 17.935 .333 .756
gusto kung umiyak 13.1200 16.434 .435 .740
nahirapan akong magsimula 13.3600 16.929 .513 .725
pinanghihinaan ako ng loob 13.2800 18.165 .318 .758
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.760 8