MiMaria J Nieto Banco España€¦ · MiMaria J. Nieto Banco de España. Outline •...

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Principles for sound stress testing practices and supervision (Basle practices and supervision (Basle Committee of Banking Supervisors) M i J Ni Maria J. Nieto Banco de España

Transcript of MiMaria J Nieto Banco España€¦ · MiMaria J. Nieto Banco de España. Outline •...

Principles for sound stress testing practices and supervision (Baslepractices and supervision (Basle 

Committee of Banking Supervisors)  g p )

M i J NiMaria J. Nieto

Banco de Españap

OutlineOutline

• Recommendations to banks

• Recommendations to supervisors

10/23/2009 2nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks

• BCBS recomendations particularly aimed at• BCBS recomendations  particularly aimed at large international banks but ... still applicable to national deposit institutions

10/23/2009 3nieto

Recommendations to banks

• Stress testing should form an integral part of the ll d i k t ltoverall governance and risk management culture 

of the bank. Stress testing should be actionable, with the results from stress testing analyseswith the results from stress testing analyses impacting decision making at the appropriate management level including strategic businessmanagement level, including strategic business decisions of the board and senior management. Board and senior management involvement inBoard and senior management involvement in the stress testing programme is essential for its effective operationeffective operation– Senior management must participate in the review and identification of potential stress scenarios, as welland identification of potential stress scenarios, as well as contribute to risk mitigation strategies

10/23/2009 4nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• A bank should operate a stress testing programe that: p g p g

– promotes risk identification and control (individual or groups of borrowers; portfolio risk management; togroups of borrowers; portfolio risk management; to address existing or potential firm‐wide risk concentrations);)

– provides a complementary risk perspective to other risk management tools (e.g. VaR, IRB); improves capital and g ( g , ); p pliquidity management (part of the internal capital adequacy assessment process); 

– and enhances internal and external communication (voluntary disclose stress test results enable the market to better understand its risk profile and management)

10/23/2009 5nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• Stress testing programs should take account ofStress testing programs should take account of views from across the organization and should cover a range of perspectives and techniquescover a range of perspectives and techniques– Collaboration of different senior experts within a b k h i k ll i b ibank such as risk controllers, economists, business managers and traders

– Some stress tests should be run at regular intervals whilst the stress testing programe should also allow for the possibility of ad hoc stress testing

10/23/2009 6nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• A bank should have written policies and proceduresgoverning the stress testing program. The operationof the program should be appropriately documented (internal /external audit)(internal /external audit)

(i) the type of stress testing and the main purpose of each component of the program;component of the program; (ii) the methodological details of each component, including the methodologies for the definition of relevant 

i d th l f t j d tscenarios and the role of expert judgment; (iii) the range of remedial actions envisaged, based on the purpose type and result of the stress testing including anpurpose, type, and result of the stress testing, including an assessment of the feasibility of corrective actions in stress situations

10/23/2009 7nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• A bank should have a suitably robustA bank should have a suitably robust infrastructure in place, which is sufficiently flexible to accommodate different and possibly changingto accommodate different and possibly changing stress tests at an appropriate level of granularity– Data of appropriate quality and granularity

– Information technology (e.g. allows for theaggregation of expossures) ...at least spread sheetsideally capabilities for building non parametric models

10/23/2009 8nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• A bank should regularly maintain andA bank should regularly maintain and update its stress testing framework. The ff i f h ieffectiveness of the stress testing program, as well as the robustness of p g ,major individual components, should be 

d l l d i d d tlassessed regularly and independently

10/23/2009 9nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks

–Areas for assessment should include:• effectiveness of the program in meeting its intended purposes;

• documentation;

• development work;

• system implementation;• system implementation;

• management oversight;

• data quality; andq y;

• assumptions used

– The quantitative processes should includeThe quantitative processes should include benchmarking with other stress tests within and outside the bankand outside the bank.

10/23/2009 nieto 10

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• Stress tests should cover a range of risks and gbusiness areas, including at the firm‐widelevel A bank should be able to integratelevel. A bank should be able to integrate effectively across the range of its stress testing activities to deliver a complete picture of firmactivities to deliver a complete picture of firm‐wide risk– A bank should also use stress tests to identify, monitor and control risk concentrations (e.g. single firm; sector; country)

10/23/2009 11nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• Stress testing programs should cover a range of scenarios, including forward‐looking scenarios, and aim to take into account system‐wide i i d f db k ff (interactions and feedback effects (e.g. impossibility of selling collateral)– Changes in portfolio composition, new information and emerging risk possibilities, which are not covered by relying on historical risk management or replicatingrelying on historical risk management or replicating previous stress episodes

– Stress testing should include various time horizonsStress testing should include various time horizons depending on the risk characteristics of the analyzed exposures and whether the particular test is intended for tactical or strategic use

10/23/2009 12nieto

Recommendations to banks

• Stress tests should be geared towards theStress tests should be geared towards the events capable of generating most damage whether through size of loss or through loss ofwhether through size of loss or through loss of reputation. A stress testing program should also determine what scenarios could challenge the viability of the bank (reverse stress tests) and thereby uncover hidden risks and interactions among risksand interactions among risks

10/23/2009 13nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks– Most material business areas (e.g. loan/bond ( g /portfolio) and towards events (e.g. closure wholesale markets) that might be particularly ) g p ydamaging

– Reverse stress tests start from a known stress testReverse stress tests start from a known stress test outcome (such as breaching regulatory capital ratios, illiquidity or insolvency) and then askingratios, illiquidity or insolvency) and then asking what events could lead to such an outcome for the bankbank

• A good reverse stress test also includes enough diagnostic support to investigate the reasons for g pp gpotential failure

10/23/2009 nieto 14

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks

• As part of an overall stress testing program, a bank should aim to take account of simultaneous pressures in funding and asset markets and the impact of a reduction inmarkets, and the impact of a reduction in market liquidity on exposure valuation

F di d k b l– Funding and asset markets may be strongly interrelated, particularly during periods of stress

10/23/2009 15nieto

Recommendations to banksRecommendations to banks• The effectiveness of risk mitigation techniques g qshould be systematically challenged (e.g. hedging, netting and the use of collateral impaired under t k t diti )extreme market conditions)

• A bank should enhance its stress testing th d l i t t th ff t fmethodologies to capture the effect of 

reputational riskThe bank should integrate risks arising from off– The bank should integrate risks arising from off‐balance sheet vehicles and other related entities in its stress testing program

– Example:  Are reputational risks assumed by thesponsor of the SIV so large that will turn intofinancial risks?  

10/23/2009 16nieto

Example: SantanderExample: Santander

=

10/23/2009 nieto 17

Example: Santanderp

• 160+ models, operating in 11 business units160  models, operating in 11 business units supervised by 8 different supervisors.

2007 9 t ff (i l di 2 i 2• 2007: 9 staff (including 2 engineers, 2 mathematicians, 1 physicist) + 6 contractors in Madrid; 4 in London; (Banking affiliate: 17 models & 6 additional staff););

• 2007: 45 model review; 1.053 recommendations issued (521 relevant)recommendations issued (521 relevant)

10/23/2009 nieto 18

Example: SantanderExample: Santander• Internal Validation: Most common issues surfaced

– Data quality; historical depth; impact of acquisitions series discontinuity; …

– Documentation, traceability;

– Use test, etc.

Good origination procedures are not enough: sound rating and scoring models; model usage; discipline; good data storage policy; etc. are vital.

• Senior Management and Risk management departments at Santander have accepted Internal Validation burden as a necessary step forward to ensure a state of the art risk management environmentmanagement environment

10/23/2009 nieto 19

OutlineOutline

• Recommendations to banks

• Recommendations to supervisors

10/23/2009 20nieto

Recommendations to supervisors

• Supervisors should make regular and comprehensive assessments of banks’ stresscomprehensive assessments of banks  stress testing programs– Banks’ compliance with sound stress testing practices,Banks  compliance with sound stress testing practices, including the aspects listed under Recommendations for BanksE l h h i l i i h– Evaluate how the stress testing analysis impacts the bank’s decision making at different management levels

– Supervisors should engage senior management in regular communication to discuss its view on major macroeconomic and financial market vulnerabilities asmacroeconomic and financial market vulnerabilities as well as threats specific to the bank’s operations and business model

10/23/2009 21nieto

Recommendations to supervisorsRecommendations to supervisors• Supervisors should require management to take 

i i if i l d fi i i i hcorrective action if material deficiencies in the stress testing program are identified or if the results of stress tests are not adequately taken into consideration in thetests are not adequately taken into consideration in the decision making process– The range of remedial action should be proportionate to the se erit of the impact of the stress testseverity of the impact of the stress test

• the review of limits;• the recourse to risk mitigation techniques;• the reduction of exposures to specific sectors, countries, regions or portfolios;

• the revision of bank policies, such as those that relate to funding or it l d dcapital adequacy; and

• the implementation of contingency plans– Supervisors need to be legally empowered!!!!p g y p

10/23/2009 22nieto

Recommendations to supervisorsRecommendations to supervisors• Supervisors should assess and if necessary 

h ll h d f f dchallenge the scope and severity of firm‐wide scenarios. Supervisors may ask banks to use specific scenarios or to evaluate scenarios under which their viability is threatenedunder which their viability is threatened (reverse stress testing scenarios)

S i h ld b bl t ti b k– Supervisors should be able to question bank methodologies, scenarios …they need to know as m ch or e en more it is not all abo t presentmuch or even more…it is not all about present compliance but also future most likely compliance (Pillar 2 Basle II)(Pillar 2, Basle II)

10/23/2009 23nieto

Recommendations to supervisorsRecommendations to supervisors• Supervisors should consider implementingSupervisors should consider implementing stress test exercises based on common 

i f b k i th i j i di tiscenarios for banks in their jurisdictions– These are not a substitute for stress tests designed by bank management, given that a common supervisory scenario is not tailored to the unique characteristics of individual banksExample, Supervisors run exercises on the agregated banking system and banks run their own ones based on the same schocks and scenarios 

10/23/2009 24nieto

Recommendations to supervisorsRecommendations to supervisors• Supervisors should engage in a constructive p g gdialogue with other public authorities and the industry to identify systemic vulnerabilitiesindustry to identify systemic vulnerabilities. Supervisors should also ensure that they have the capacity and the skills to assess banks’the capacity and the skills to assess banks  stress testing programs– Expertise in quantitative modeling

– Expertise in forming judgements on behavioral p f g j greactions, systemic interactions and feedback effectsff

10/23/2009 25nieto

Recommendations to supervisorsRecommendations to supervisors

• Living wills / Contingency plans aimed at falicitating the orderly resolution of banks in g ycrisis should include info– Operating requirements and planning– Operating requirements and planning assumptions in stress scenarios

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