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Nationalism and National Identity in Twentieth-Century LatinAmerica

Field of Study: MA in Modern History (UCL)Major or minor option: MA in Area Studies; MSc in Politics (ISA)

Professor Nicola Miller, UCLMondays 10-12, Room 304, Department of History, 24 Gordon Square [entrance is at theback of the building; then go up to the third floor].

Approach and structure: Latin American history since independence has been shaped by theprocess of constructing modern nation-states, yet the issue of nationalism -- as either ideologyor historical process -- is usually addressed only indirectly in the existing historiography, andthere are few sustained attempts to analyse Latin American experiences of nation-building ina comparative context. Questions of national identity have received far more attention, buttheir cultural manifestations have usually been studied out of context from the broaderpolitical process. The aim of this course is to fill these gaps by exploring Latin Americannationalisms in a comparative context, and by analysing the relationship between nationalismand national identity in Latin America.

The course will open with three sessions introducing debates in the theory of nationalism,and then proceed to test the main approaches, namely perennialism, modernism and post-modernism, against Latin American experiences. The rest of the course will be organisedaround themes and debates in twentieth-century Latin American politics, which will bebrought up to the present to incorporate the question of whether the concept of the nation-state is still relevant to the analysis of contemporary Latin American societies, especiallygiven the recent emphasis on transnational history.

We will draw on material from a variety of Latin American countries. Primary sourcematerial (available in translation for those of you just beginning to read Spanish) will beintroduced where possible and appropriate. Secondary material will be drawn from a rangeof disciplines: political theory, politics, international relations, history, cultural studies,anthropology, etc. Readings will be assigned on a weekly basis, and the course will beconducted mainly through seminar discussion.

Assessment:

ISA students: 3 essays of 3,000 words each (25% of final mark) and an unseen examinationof 3 questions in 3 hours (75%). Essays must be comparative in approach (at least twocountries).Deadlines: see the information provided by ISA.

UCL students: 2 essays of 4,000 words each, which must be comparative in approach (atleast two countries).Deadlines: see the information at the back of this list.

Contacting me: If you want to see me individually, usually the best thing to do is to mentionit at class and we can make an appointment. I hold office hours, when you can drop inwithout an appointment, on Tuesdays, 2-4pm. My email is Nicola.Miller@ucl.ac.uk.Telephone: 020 7679 3897 (33897 if you are calling from a UCL extension).

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Summary of Topics

Term 1 (teaching starts Monday 5 October)

1. Introduction

2. Theories of nationalism: Modernism and Perennialism

3. Theories of nationalism: Imagined Communities and Beyond

4. The Gender of Nationhood

5. State and Nation: Constitutions and Citizenship; Warfare and Mlitarism

READING WEEK -- No seminar

6. Ideologies of Race

7. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion: The Indigenous Peoples

8. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion: Afro-Latin Americans

9. The Role of the Other: Anti-Imperialism

10. The Role of the Other: Economic Nationalism

Term 2 (starts 11 January)

11. State and Nation: Populism and Education

12. What difference did a Revolution make? Cuba and Nicaragua

13. Writing the Nation: National Character Essays; Novels; Poetry

14. History, Memory and Commemoration

15. Visualising the Nation

READING WEEK – No seminar

16. Embodying the Nation: Music, Sport, Food and Dress

17. Icons and Iconography

18. The Mass Media: Film, Radio, Television

19. Geographies of Nationhood: Regions and Borders

20. Conclusions: The Future of Nationalism in Latin America

Course Bibliography

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Journals on the internet

JSTOR – www.jstor.orgIngenta – www.ingentaconnect.com

Bulletin of Latin American Research (BLAR) JSTOR to 1995; Ingenta 2001-6Hispanic American Historical Review (HAHR) JSTOR to 1999Journal of Latin American Studies (JLAS) JSTOR to 2000; 2006 issues at

journals@cambridge.org/actionJournal of Inter-American Studies (JIAS) JSTOR to 2000Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies (JLACS) Ingenta 2000-2006Latin America Research Review (LARR) JSTOR to 2002Latin American Perspectives (LAP) JSTOR to 2002

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1. Introduction: -- What is a Nation?-- The Historiography of Latin American Nationalism

What is a Nation? -- Readings (handouts):

-- Raymond Williams, Keywords, 1976.-- John Stuart Mill, ‘Of Nationality...’, from Considerations on RepresentativeGovernment, 1861.-- Ernest Renan, ‘What is a nation?’ [1882], from Homi Bhabha, Nation andNarration, 1990.-- Joseph Stalin, ‘A Nation’ [1913], from Marxism and the National Question, trans.1977.-- Max Weber, ‘The Nation’ [1921], from From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology,trans. 1948.

Two very useful readers on nationalism (either of these would be worth buying):Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, Becoming National: A Reader, 1996.John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Nationalism, Oxford Readers, 1994.

The Historiography of Nationalism in Latin America

Nicola Miller, ‘The Historiography of Nationalism and National Identity in LatinAmerica’, in Nations and Nationalism, 12:2, April 2006, pp. 201-22. Available inSenate House library or the LSE library; or on the internet from Ingenta.

Work began in the 1960s, mostly either from a Cold War perspective (nationalism as athreat to US hegemony) or from a dependency perspective (nationalism as a defenceagainst imperialist exploitation). They all have a very dated feel to them now, but it isworth taking a quick look at some of them, not least to appreciate how greatlyapproaches to the issues have changed since then. See:

Victor Alba, Nationalists without Nations, 1968.

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André Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution?, 1969.Gerhard Masur, Nationalism in Latin America: Diversity and Unity, 1966.Fredrick Pike, ‘The problem of identity and national destiny in Peru and Argentina’, inPike, ed., Latin American History: Select Problems, 1969.F. C. Turner, The Dynamics of Mexican Nationalism, 1968.Howard Wiarda, ed., Politics and Social Change in Latin America: The DistinctTradition, 1974, ch. by Claudio Véliz, ‘Centralism and Nationalism in LatinAmerica’.Arthur Whitaker, Nationalism in Latin America, Past and Present, 1962.Arthur Whitaker and D. C. Jordan, Nationalism in Contemporary Latin America,1966.

Interest in Latin American nationalism and -- above all -- national identity flourishedin the 1990s, and it is this work that forms the basis of this course. Here is a short listof introductory reading. These books will also be useful throughout the course.

Nancy Appelbaum, et al, Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003.

Leslie Bethell, ed., Ideas and Ideologies in Twentieth-Century Latin America,Cambridge University Press, 1996; available as a paperback, or in vols. IV and X ofthe Cambridge History of Latin America. See, especially, Charles Hale on politicalideas and Richard Morse on ‘The multiverse of Latin American identity’.

Sara Castro-Klarén and John Charles Chasteen, eds., Beyond Imagined Communities:Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2003.

Don Doyle and Marco Antonio Pamplona, eds., Nationalism in the New World, 2006.

James Dunkerley, Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America,2002.

Jorge Larrain, Identity and Modernity in Latin America, 2000, esp. ch. 4.

In this course, we will focus mostly on the twentieth century, drawing on materialfrom the nineteeth century where relevant. On the Wars of Independence, see thefollowing:

David Brading, 'Classical Republicanism and Creole Patriotism: Simón Bolívar andthe Spanish American revolution', available as a pamphlet or in Brading’s Prophecyand myth in Mexican history, 1984, part 2, pp. 37-53.David Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and theLiberal State, 1492-1867, 1991.Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1988,chapter 2, 'The formation of a colonial identity in Brazil' and chapter 3, 'Identityformation in Spanish America' and chapter 8, 'Afterword: from identity toindependence'.Simon Collier, 'Nationality, Nationalism, and Supranationalism in the Writings ofSimón Bolívar', Hispanic American Historical Review, 63:1, Feb. 1983.

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Rebecca Earle, ‘Creole Patriotism and the Myth of the “Loyal Indian”’, Past andPresent, no. 172, August 2001, pp. 125-45.François-Xavier Guerra, Las revoluciones hispánicas: Independencias americanas yliberalismo español, 1995.Jacques Lafaye, The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1531-1813,trans. B. Keen, 1976.John Lynch, 'The origins of Spanish American independence', Cambridge History ofLatin America, vol. III, 1985, esp. 40-49.John Lynch, ed. and trans., Latin American Revolutions, 1808-26: Old and NewWorld Origins, 1994. Contains translated extracts from writings of independenceleaders.Anthony McFarlane, ‘Identity, Enlightenment and Political Dissent in Late ColonialSpanish America’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, no. 8,1998.Anthony McFarlane and Eduardo Posada-Carbó, eds., Independence and Revolutionin Spanish America: Perspectives and Problems, 1998.Victor Uribe-Uran, ed., State and Society in Spanish America during the Age ofRevolution, 2001.Charles Walker, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru,1780-1840, 1999.

2. Theories of nationalism (I): Modernism and Perennialism

Main readings:

John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Nationalism, Oxford Readers, 1994.Extracts nos. 9 & 10 [***], 12 and 16 from modernists (Gellner, Hobsbawm andRanger, Breuilly); extracts nos. 17, 18 [***], 21 and 22 from perennialists (Smith,Hutchinson, Armstrong).

A modernist on Latin America: Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Nationalism and Nationality inLatin America’, in Pour une histoire économique et sociale internationale: mélangesofferts à Paul Bairoch, 1995, pp. 313-23. ***

A useful short survey of the modernist approach (although it does not address LatinAmerica): John Breuilly, ‘Approaches to Nationalism’ [***], in Gopal Balakrishnan,ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996 [an interesting collection overall; worth buying].

Further Reading

John Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 1982.John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2nd edn., 1993 [1982].Walker Connor, ‘A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic group is a ...’, Ethnic andRacial Studies, 1:4 (1978) contains useful discussion of terms as well as the broaderissues [***]. He also has a book on the subject: Ethnonationalism: The Quest forUnderstanding, 1994. Connor draws upon both modernist and perennialistapproaches.

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Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 1983; or, for a shorter statement of histhesis, see Nationalism, 1997; for critique, see J. A. Hall, ed., The State of the Nation:Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism, 1998, esp. ch. by Brubaker.Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, 1985.Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, 1990.Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, 1983, esp. theintroduction. ***John Hutchinson, Modern Nationalism, 1994.Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 1960; and Nationalism in Asia and Africa, 1971 (theintroduction). Pioneering work; still worth reading.Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, 1991, esp ch. 2, ‘The Ethnic Basis of NationalIdentity’. ***Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, 1995.Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of RecentTheories of Nations and Nationalism, 1998. Very useful overview.Anthony D. Smith, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicityand Nationalism, 2000; summary ‘Nationalism and the Historians’, in G.Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996.

3. Theories of nationalism (II) -- Imagined Communities and Beyond

Main readings: Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on theOrigins and Spread of Nationalism, 1983 and rev’d. edn. 1991, esp. ch. 2, 'CulturalRoots' [handout] and ch. 4, 'Old Empires, New Nations'. ***

See also Anderson’s introduction to G. Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996.

Critiques of Anderson:

Claudio Lomnitz, ‘Nationalism as a Practical System: Benedict Anderson’s Theory ofNationalism From the Vantage Point of Spanish America’, in Miguel Angel Centenoand Fernando López Alves, eds., The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lensof Latin America, 2000. ***

John Charles Chasteen, ‘Introduction’, in Sara Castro-Klarén and John CharlesChasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities, 2003, pp. ix-xxv. ***

Thomas C. Holt, ‘Foreword: The First New Nations’, in Nancy P. Appelbaum, et al.,Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003, pp. vii-xiv. ***

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Bill Ashcroft, et al., eds., Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, 1998, entries onpostcolonialism and nationalism. ***This is a useful reference book beyond these extracts.

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Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration, 1990, esp. the introduction and the chapter byDoris Sommer on Latin America [***]. Bhabha’s concluding chapter,‘DissemiNation’ is also worth reading, although his prose is notoriously opaque.

Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington, Penguin, 1967.This is one of the most powerful manifestos against the effects of colonialism onformer colonies, especially on their culture, and is often referred to in the literature onpost-colonialism. See the extract ‘On National Culture’ [***], in Patrick Williamsand Laura Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, 1993.

Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, 1993, esp. chs. 1 [***] and 3.A critique of Said: B. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices,Politics, 1997, ch. 2.

Further reading

Gopal Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996.Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class, 1991.John Beverley, J. Oviedo and M. Aronna, eds., The Postmodernism Debate in LatinAmerica, 1995.Amilcar Cabral, ‘National Liberation and Culture’, in Patrick Williams and LauraChrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, 1993.Néstor García Canclini, Culturas híbridas: Estrategias para entrar y salir de lamodernidad, 1989; translated as Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering andLeaving Modernity.Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A DerivativeDiscourse, 1986; and The Nation and Its Fragments, 1993.Anne McClintock, ‘The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term Post-colonialism’,Social Text, nos. 31/32, Spring 1992; reproduced in Patrick Williams and LauraChrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, 1993; and also inFrancis Barker et al., Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, 1994.Anne McClintock, et al., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and PostcolonialPerspectives, 1997, ch. 6 by Jean Franco, The Nation as Imagined Community.J. N. Pieterse and B. Parekh, eds., The Decolonization of Imagination: Culture,Knowledge, and Power, 1995.Gyan Prakash, After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and PostcolonialDisplacements, 1995, ch. 9 by J. Jorge Klor de Alva, ‘The Postcolonization of theLatin American Experience: A Reconsideration of Colonialism, Postcolonialism, andMestizaje’.Sarah Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood, Remaking the Nation: Place, Identity andPolitics in Latin America, 1996.

4. The Gender of Nationhood

Introduction: Geoff Eley, ‘Culture, Nation and Gender’, in Ida Blom et al., eds.,Gendered Nations: Nationalism and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century,2000. ***

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Further reading

Emilie Bergmann et al., Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America, 1990.Suzanne Bost, Mulattas and mestizas: Representing mixed identities in the Americas,1850-2000, 2003.Andrew Canessa, ed., Natives Making Nation: Gender, Indigeneity and the State inthe Andes, 2005.Marifran Carlson, ¡Feminismo! The Women’s Movement in Argentina from itsbeginnings to Eva Perón, 1988.Sueann Caulfield, ‘The History of Gender in the Historiography of Latin America’,Hispanic American Historical Review, 81:3-4 (2001), pp. 450-90.Sueann Caulfield, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation inEarly Twentieth-Century Brazil, 2000.Sarah Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics inArequipa, Peru, 1780-1854, 1999.Sarah Chambers, ‘Republican Friendship: Manuela Sáenz Writes Women Into theNation, 1835-1856’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 81:2, 2001, pp. 225-57.Sarah Chambers, ‘Letters and Salons: Women Reading and Writing the Nation’, inSara Castro-Klarén and John Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities, 2003.Elizabeth Dore and Maxine Molyneux (eds.), Hidden Histories of Gender and theState in Latin America, 2000.Donna Guy, Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation inArgentina, 1991.Jean Franco, Plotting Women: Gender and Representation in Mexico, 1990.John French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American WomenWorkers: From Household and Factory to Union Hall and Ballot Box, 1997.Joanne Hershfield, Imagining la chica moderna: Women, nation and visual culture inMexico, 1917-1936, 2008.Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, andUruguay, 1890-1940, 1995.Francine Masiello, Between Civilization and Barbarism: Women, Nation and LiteraryCulture in Modern Argentina, 1992.Anne McClintock, ‘No longer in a future heaven’, in McClintock et al, eds.,Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives, 1997.Karen Mead, ‘Gendering the Obstacles to Progress in Positivist Argentina, 1880-1920’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:4 (Nov. 1997), 645-75.Sandra McGee Deutsch, 'Gender and Socio-political Change in Twentieth-centuryLatin America', Hispanic American Historical Review, 71:2, 1991.Marit Melhuus and Kristi Anne Stolen, Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: Contestingthe Power of Latin American Gender Imagery, 1996.Andrew Parker et al., Nationalisms and Sexualities, 1992, introduction and ch. byDonna J. Guy, ‘White Slavery, Citizenship and Nationality in Argentina’.Sarah Radcliffe and Megan Rivers-Moore, ‘Gender and Nationalism in LatinAmerica: Thoughts on Recent Trends’, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 9:1,2009, 139-45.Ileana Rodríguez, House/Garden/Nation: Space, Gender, and Ethnicity inPostcolonial Latin American Literatures by Women, 1994.Victoria Rodríguez, ed., Women’s Participation in Mexican Political Life, 1998.

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Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America,1991.

5. State and Nation (I) -- Constitutions and Citizenship-- Warfare and Militarism

Constitutions and Citizenship: Main readings

The constitutions of Argentina (1853 and 1994) and Peru (1933). ***

For a translation of the Peronist Constitution, see The Constitution of the ArgentineNation, 1949 [in the LSE library]; Peru’s 1993 constitution is available in Spanish inthe British Library.

For comparison: the constitutions of Mexico (1917) and Chile (1925). ***

Other constitutions can be found in Russell H. Fitzgibbon, The Constitutions of theAmericas, 1948.

Further Reading

Vincent C. Peloso and Barbara Tennenbaum, eds., Liberals, Politics, and Power:State Formation in Nineteenth-century Latin America, 1996.Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder, eds., Constructing Collective Identities andShaping Public Spheres, 1998.Hilda Sabato, ed., Ciudadanía política y formación de las naciones: perspectivashistóricas de América Latina, 1999.Eduardo Zimmermann, Judicial Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Latin America,1999.

Argentina:

Tulio Halperín-Donghi, ‘Argentine Counterpoint: Rise of the Nation, Rise of theState’, in Sara Castro-Klarén and John Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities.Juan D. Perón, Libro azúl y blanco, 1946 [UCL]; Bill of Rights of the Workers, 1947[SH]; El proyecto nacional: mi testimonio político, 1981 [UCL].Hilda Sabato, ‘Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the PublicSphere in Buenos Aires, 1850s-1880s’, Past and Present, no. 136 (August 1992), pp.139-63.Hilda Sabato, The Many and the Few: Political Participation in Republican BuenosAires, 2001 [in Spanish as La política en las calles: entre el voto y la movilización,1998].Nicolas Shumway, The Invention of Argentina, 1991, esp. chs. 9 and 10.

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Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism in Argentina and Chile, 1890-1914, 1970.Hans Vogel, ‘New Citizens for a New Nation: Naturalization in early IndependentArgentina’, HAHR, 71:1, Feb. 1991, pp. 107-31.

Peru:

Manuel Burga and Alberto Flores Galindo, Apogeo y crisis de la repúblicaaristocrática, 3rd edn., 1984.Peter Klaren, ‘The origins of modern Peru’, in Cambridge History of Latin America.Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation, 1995, relevant chapters.David Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual and Nation in theNorthern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935, 1997.José Pareja Paz-Soldán, Las constituciones del Perú, Madrid, 1954.Karen Sanders, Nación y tradición: cinco discursos en torno a la nación peruana1885-1930, 1997.Steve Stern, Resistance, Rebellion and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World,1987.

Warfare and Militarism

Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-state in Latin America,2002, esp. ch. 4, ‘Making the Nation’ [***] and ch. 5, ‘Making Citizens’.James Dunkerley, ed., Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America,2002, chapters by Centeno, ‘The Centre Did Not Hold: War in Latin America and theMonopolisation of Violence’; and Deas, ‘The Man on Foot: Conscription and theNation-State in Nineteenth-century Latin America’.Will Fowler and Peter Lambert, eds., Political Violence and the Construction ofNational Identity in Latin America, 2006.Eduardo Posada-Carbó, ed., War, Parties and Nationalism, ILAS, 1995.

6. Ideologies of Race

Introduction

One of the following:

Peter Wade, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America, 1997, chs. 1 and 2. ***Peter Wade, ‘Rethinking Mestizaje: Ideology and Lived Experience’, Journal of LatinAmerican Studies, 37:2, May 2005, pp. 239-58.Peter Wade, ‘Race and Nation in Latin America: An Anthropological View’, inAppelbaum et al., Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003, pp. 263-82. ***See also the Introduction to Appelbaum, ‘Racial Nations’, pp. 1-31. ***

Social Darwinism and Whitening – Main Readings

Carlos O. Bunge, extracts from Nuestra América, 1903. ***Domingo Sarmiento, ‘Concerning National Power’, extract from Harold Davis, LatinAmerican Social Thought, 1961. ***

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Euclydes Da Cunha, ‘Biological Determinism’, extract from Davis, Latin AmericanSocial Thought, 1961. ***

Further Reading

Michael Aronna, Pueblos enfermos: The Discourse of Illness in the Turn-of-the-Century Spanish and Latin American Essay, 1999.Richard Graham, The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1991.Charles A. Hale, 'Political and social ideas in Latin America, 1870-1930', CambridgeHistory of Latin America, vol. IV 1986, pp. 367-442.Marilyn Grace Miller, Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race: The Cult of Mestizaje inLatin America, 2004, esp. chapter on Vasconcelos.Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America,1991, esp. ch. 5.José Luis Romero, A History of Argentine Political Thought, 1963.Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967, ch. II, ‘The Sick Continent and itsDiagnosticians’.Oscar Terán, Positivismo y nación en la Argentina, 1987, with a useful introduction.Ralph L. Woodward, ed., Positivism in Latin America,1850-1900, 1971.Leopoldo Zea, Positivism in Mexico, 1974; The Latin American Mind, 1963, Part 2,The New Order.Eduardo Zimmermann, ‘Racial Ideas and Social Reform: Argentina, 1890-1916’, inHispanic American Historical Review, 72:1 (1992), pp. 23-46.

Indigenismo and Mestizaje – Main Readings

Manuel Gamio, Forjando patria, 1916. ***José C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, 1928;trans. as Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, 1971, section on ‘TheIndian Problem’. [*** in Spanish].José Vasconcelos, The Cosmic Race: A Bilingual Edition, trans. 1997 [1925]. ***

Further Reading on Mexico

A. F. Basave Benítez, México mestizo: Análisis del nacionalismo mexicano en tornoa la mestizofilia de Andrés Molina Enríquez, 1992.David Brading, ‘Manuel Gamio and official indigenismo in Mexico’, Bulletin of LatinAmerican Research, 7, 1988, pp. 75-89; and ‘Social Darwinism and RomanticIdealism: Andrés Molina Enríquez and José Vasconcelos in the Mexican Revolution’,in Brading, Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History, 1984.Shirley Brice Heath, Telling Tongues. Language Policy in Mexico: Colony to Nation,1972. Fascinating account of oscillating State policies towards the indigenous peoplesfrom colonial to modern times.Sueann Caulfield, ‘From mestizophilia to biotypology: Racialization and Science inMexico, 1920-1960’, in Appelbaum, Race and Nation, 2003.Alexander S. Dawson, From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismoand the Revindication of the Mexican Indian, 1920-1940, Journal of Latin AmericanStudies, 30:2, May 1998, 279-308.Alexander Dawson, Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico, 2004.

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Natividad Gutiérrez Chong, Nationalist Myths and Ethnic Identities: IndigenousIntellectuals and the Mexican State, 1999.Alan Knight, ‘Racism, revolution, and indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940’, in RichardGraham, ed., The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940, pp. 71-113.Alan Knight, 'Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico, 1910-1940',Hispanic American Historical Review, 74:3, Aug. 1994, pp. 393-444.Florencia Mallon, ‘Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in LatinAmerica, 1780-1990’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 24, QuincentenarySupplement, 1992, pp. 35-54; and her book, Peasant and Nation, 1991.Lourdes Martínez Echázabal, ‘Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/CulturalIdentity in Latin America, 1845-1959’, Latin American Perspectives, 25:3, 1998, pp.21-42.Alexandra Minna Stern, ‘From Mestizophilia to Biotypology: Racialization andScience in Mexico, 1920-1960’, in Appelbaum et al., Race and Nation in ModernLatin America, 2003, pp. 187-210.

Peru

Ruth Arboleyda and Luis Vásquez León, Mariátegui y el indigenismo revolucionarioperuano, 1979.Marc Becker, Mariátegui and Latin American Marxist Theory, 1993.Jesús Chavarría, J. C. Mariátegui and the Rise of Modern Peru, 1890-1930, 1979.Marisol de la Cadena, Indigenous Mestizos: Race and the Politics of Representationin Cuzco, 1919-1991, 2000.Josó Deustua and José Luis Reñique, Intelectuales, indigenismo y descentralismo enel Perú, 1897-1931, 1984. UCLAlberto Flores Galindo, Buscando un inca: Identidad y utopía en los andes, 4th edn.,1994.Alberto Flores Galindo, La agonía de Mariátegui, 1991.David Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual and Nation in theNorthern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935, 1997.Francisco Miró Quesada, Hombre, sociedad y política, 1992.Orin Starn, et al., eds., The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 1995, part IV,‘The Advent of Modern Politics’.Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of PostcolonialNationmaking in Andean Peru, 1997.Harry Vanden, National Marxism in Latin America: José Carlos Mariátegui’sThought and Politics, 1986.

7. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion -- The Indigenous Peoples

General Reading

Leonardo Boff and Virgil Elizondo, eds., 1492-1992: The Voice of the Victims, 1990.Alison Brysk,‘Turning Weakness into Strength: The Internationalization of IndianRights’, Latin American Perspectives, 23:2 (Spring 1996), 38-57.Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 17, no. 2, May 1998, special issue on Raceand Ethnicity in the Andes.

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Jorge Dominguez, ed., Race and Ethnicity in Latin America, 1994.Earle, Rebecca, The Return of the Native: Indians and Myth-Making in SpanishAmerica, 1810-1930, 2007.Erick D. Langer, ed., Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 2003.Donna Lee van Cott, Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, 1994.Florencia Mallon, ‘Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in LatinAmerica, 1780-1990', JLAS, Special edition, 1992.Florencia Mallon, ‘Decoding the Parchments of the Latin American Nation-State:Peru, Mexico and Chile in Comparative Perspective’, in James Dunkerley, ed., Studiesin the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America, 2002.David Maybury-Lewis, ed., The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in LatinAmerican States, 2002.Sarah Radcliffe, ‘Indigenous Women, Rights and the Nation-State in the Andes’, inNikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux, eds., Gender and the Politics of Rights andDemocracy in Latin America, 2002.Rachel Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversityand Democracy, 2002.Donna Lee Van Cott, The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversityin Latin America, 2000.Deborah Yashar, Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of IndigenousMovements and the Postliberal Challenge, 2005.

Case Study -- The Mapuche in Chile

Stephen Lewis, ‘Myth and the History of Chile’s Araucanians’, Radical History, 58,Winter 1994. ***Florencia Mallon, ‘Bearing Witness in Hard Times: Ethnography and Testimonio in aPost-revolutionary Age’, in Gilbert Joseph, Reclaiming the Political in LatinAmerican History, 2001.Mario Sznajder, ‘Who is a Chilean? The Mapuche, the Huaso and the Roto as theBasic Symbols of Chilean Collective Identity’, in Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder,eds., Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres, 1998.Mario Sznajder, ‘Ethnodevelopment and Democratic Consolidation in Chile: TheMapuche Question’, in Erick D. Langer, ed., Contemporary Indigenous Movements inLatin America, 2003. See also the testimony from Mapuche leader R. Marhikewun.

Case Study -- Mexico

‘First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle’, 2 Jan. 1994, in Subcomandante Marcos,Our Word is Our Weapon: Selected Writings, ed. Juana Ponce de León, 2001. ***‘Second Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, 12 June 1994 in ibid. ***

Guillermo Bonfil, ed., Nuevas identidades culturales en México, 1993.Enrique Florescano, Etnia, estado y nación: ensayos sobre las identidades colectivasen México, 1997.Jean Franco, ‘Latin American Intellectuals and Collective Identity’, in Roniger andSznajder, Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres, 1998 [has agood short section on the Zapatistas].

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Kevin Gosner and Arij Ouweneel, Indigenous Revolts in Chiapas and the AndeanHighlands, 1996.Neil Harvey, The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy, 1998.Nicholas Higgins, Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Modernist Visions and theInvisible Indian, 2004.Jerome M. Levi, ‘A New Dawn or a Cycle Restored? Regional dynamics and culturalpolitics in indigenous Mexico 1978-2001’, in David Maybury-Lewis, ed., The Politicsof Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States, 2002.Claudio Lomnitz-Adler, Modernidad indiana: nueve ensayos sobre nación ymediación en México, 1999.Claudio Lomnitz, Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: Essays on Nationalism and the PublicSphere, 2000.June Nash, ‘The Reassertion of Indigenous Identity: Mayan Responses to StateIntervention in Chiapas’, Latin America Research Review, 30:3 (1995), 7-42.June Nash, Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization,2001.Gavin O’Toole, ‘A New Nationalism for a New Era: The Political Ideology ofMexican Neo-liberalism’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22:3, 2003, pp. 269-90.Marco Taranti, Las abejas: Pacifist Resistance and Syncretic Identities in aGlobalizing Chiapas, 2003.

Bolivia

ALBO, Xavier, ‘Bolivia: From Indian and Campesino Leaders to Councillors andParliamentary Deputies’, in Rachel Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America:Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, 2002.ALBRO, Robert, ‘The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics’,Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:4, Oct. 2005, 433-53.ANDOLINA, Robert James, Colonial Legacies and Plurinational Imaginaries:Indigenous Movement Politics in Ecuador and Bolivia, 1999.CANESSA, Andrew, ‘Todos somos indígenas: Towards a New Language of NationalPolitical Identity’, BLAR, 25:2, April 2006, 241-63.CRABTREE, John, Patterns of Protest: Patterns of Social Movements in Bolivia,2005.GILL, Lesley, Teetering on the Rim: Global Restructuring, Daily Life and the ArmedRetreat of the Bolivian State, 2000.GRINDLE, Merilee and Pilar Domingo, eds., Proclaiming Revolution: Bolivia inComparative Perspective, 2003.LAURIE, N. et al., ‘The Excluded “Indigenous”? The Implications of Multi-EthnicPolitics for Water Reform in Bolivia’, in R. Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in LatinAmerica, 2002.LUCERO, José Antonio, Acts of Unification: Political Representation andIndigenous Movements in Bolivia and Ecuador, 2002.MORALES, Waltraud, A Brief History of Bolivia, 2004.URIOSTE, Miguel, Bolivia: Reform and Resistance in the Countryside (1982-2000),2001.

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8. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion – Afro-Latin American People

The best introduction: George Reid Andrews, Afro-Latin America 1800-2000, 2004,esp. ch. 5, ‘Browning and Blackening, 1930-2000’. ***

Further General Reading

Juliet Hooker, ‘Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity andMulticultural Citizenship’, JLAS, 37:2, May 2005, pp. 285-310.Minority Rights Group, ed., No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, 1995.Nancy Naro, ed., Blacks, Coloureds and National Identity in Nineteenth-CenturyLatin America, 2003.Norman Whitten, ed., Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1998.

Case Study – Colombia

Jaime Arocha, ‘Inclusion of Afro-Colombians: An Unreachable Goal?’, LatinAmerican Perspectives, 25:3, May 1998, pp. 70-89.Peter Wade, ‘Patterns of Race in Colombia’, BLAR, vol. 5, no.2, 1984.Peter Wade, Blackness and Race mixture: the Dynamics of Racial Identity inColombia, 1994. One of the best monographs available on the subject of race/nationalidentity in LA.

Case Study -- Brazil

George Reid Andrews, ‘Brazilian Racial Democracy 1900-90; An AmericanCounterpoint’, Journal of Contemporary History, 31:3, July 1996.Michel Agier, ‘Racism, Culture and Black Identity in Brazil’ BLAR, Sept. 1995.Darien Davis, Avoiding the Dark: Race and the forging of national identity in Brazil,1999.Tracy L. Devine Guzmán, ‘“Diacuí Killed Iracema”: Indigenism, Nationalism and theStruggle for Brazilianness’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:1, Jan. 2005, 92-122.Michael Hanchard, ed., Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil, 1999.Kimberley Faith Jones, A luta continua: Afro-Brazilian Mobilization within theContext of Racial Democracy, 1995.Hendrik Kraay, ed., Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics, 1998.Jeffrey Lesser, Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities and the Strugglefor Ethnicity in Brazil, 1999.Rebecca Reichmann, ed., Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference toInequality, 1999.George Reid Andrews, ‘Black Political Protest in Sao Paulo,1888-1988', Journal ofLatin American Studies, 24:1, Feb. 1992;and article by Howard Winant in same issue.George Reid Andrews, Blacks and Whites in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1988, 1991.

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Thomas Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought,[1974], new edn. 1993.Thomas Skidmore, ‘Bi-Racial USA vs. Multi-Racial Brazil: Is the Contrast StillValid?', JLAS, 25:2, May 1993.Howard Winant, `Rethinking Race in Brazil', JLAS, 24:1, Feb. 1992.

9. The Role of the Other: Anti-imperialism

Main Readings

José Martí, extracts from writings, esp. 'Nuestra América', trans. as ‘Our America’ inJulio Ramos, Divergent Modernities, trans. 2001.*** Also in José Martí Reader:Writings on the Americas, ed. Deborah Shnookal and Mirta Muñiz, 1999 (but not sucha good translation). In Spanish in his Obras escogidas or Obras completas.See also Martí’s ‘The Washington Pan-American Congress’ in Philip S. Foner, ed.,Inside the Monster, 1975, or in Spanish as above.

José Enrique Rodó, Ariel [1900], esp. part V, ed. Gordon Brotherston, text in Spanish,1967 – Brotherston’s introduction (in English) is useful; also trans. Margaret SayersPeden, 1988, with an interesting prologue by Carlos Fuentes. ***

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, ‘Liberation of the Indo-American Mind’ and ‘TheHistorical Task of APRA’ in Robert J. Alexander, Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrinesof Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, 1973, pp. 52-63 and 149-58. ***See also ‘Imperialism, the First Stage of Capitalism’ and ‘We are not ashamed to callourselves Indoamericans’. ***

José Carlos Mariátegui, ‘The Anti-Imperialist Point of View’, 1929, in Michael Lowy,Marxism in Latin America, 1980. ***

Further Reading

C. Abel and N. Torrents, eds., José Martí: Revolutionary Democrat, 1986, esp. chs.6 and 7.Jeffrey Belnap and Raúl Fernández, José Martí’s “Our America”: From National toHemispheric Cultural Studies, 1998.Roberto González Echevarría, ‘The Case of the Speaking Statue: Ariel and theMagisterial Rhetoric of the Latin American Essay’, in his The Voice of the Masters,1985.Ariel Dorfman and A. Mattelart, How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology inthe Disney Comic, 1975.Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural Historyof US-Latin American Relations, 1998, esp. Ricardo Salvatore, ‘The Enterprise ofKnowledge: Representational Machines of Informal Empire’; Catherine Legrand,‘Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a UFCO Banana Enclave inColombia’; and Thomas Miller Klubock, ‘From Welfare Capitalism to the FreeMarket in Chile: Gender, Culture and Politics in the Copper Mines’.Alan McPherson, Yankee no!: Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations,2003.

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Thomas Miller Klubock, ‘Nationalism, Race, and the Politics of Imperialism:Workers and North American Capital in the Chilean Copper Industry’, in GilbertJoseph, ed., Reclaiming the Political in Latin American History, 2001.Thomas Miller Klubock, Contested Communities: Class, Gender and Politics inChile’s El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1951, 1998.Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, ch. 5.Thomas O’Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America,1900-1945, 1996.Andrew Parker, et al., Nationalisms and Sexualities, 1992, ch. by Julianne Burton,Don (Juanito) Duck and the Imperial-Patriarchal Unconscious.Julio Ramos, Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-CenturyLatin America, 2001, part II on Martí.Richard Salisbury, Anti-imperialism and International Competition in CentralAmerica, 1920-1929, 1989, esp. ch. 4.Sandhya Shukla and Heidi Tinsman, Our Americas: Political and CulturalImaginings, 2004.M. Stabb, In Quest of Identity, ch. III, The Revolt against Scientism; and ch. IV,America Rediscovered.Roberto Schwarz, Misplaced Ideas: Essays on Brazilian Culture, 1992, esp. ch. 1‘Brazilian Culture: Nationalism by Elimination’. Although Schwarz focuses onBrazil, much of what he says could well be applied across Latin America.Eric Zolov, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture, 1999.

Case Study: -- The War of Resistance in Nicaragua (1927-33)

Sergio Ramírez (ed.), Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934,1990.Michael J. Schroeder, ‘The Sandino Rebellion Revisited: Civil War, Imperialism,Popular Nationalism, and State Formation Muddied Up Together in the Segovias ofNicaragua, 1926-1934’, in Gilbert Joseph et al., Close Encounters of Empire: Writingthe Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, 1998.Whisnant, David E., Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture inNicaragua, 1995, ch. 9 on Sandino.

10. The Role of the Other: Economic Nationalism

Main readings [All ***]

Mexico, 1917, Article 27 of the Constitution [translated]Argentina, 1922, Yrigoyen’s ‘Mensaje sobre Explotación de Minas de Petróleo’Mexico, 1938 -- extracts from speech by President Lázaro Cárdenas, in Spanish andEnglish.Argentina, 1947, Perón’s ‘Declaration of Economic Independence’, in Spanish andEnglishPeru, 1968 – extracts from speech by Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado, in Spanish andEnglish.Venezuela, 1975, Rómulo Betancourt, ‘The Nationalization of the Oil Industry’, inEnglish

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Bolivia, 2006, Morales’ speech on the nationalization of gas

Further Reading

Robert Albro, ‘“The Water is Ours Carajo!”: Deep Citizenship in Bolivia’s WaterWar’, in June Nash, ed., Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader, 2005.Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuela’s Oil, trans. 1978.Jonathan Brown and Alan Knight, eds., The Mexican Petroleum Industry in theTwentieth Century, 1992.Vivienne Bennett et al., Opposing Currents: The Politics of Water and Gender inLatin America, 2005.Robert Bond, Contemporary Venezuela and Its Role in International Affairs, 1977, ch.4 on OPEC.Rafael Caldera, International Social Justice and Latin American Nationalism, 1974[former Christian Democrat President; poor translation but revealing vision ofrelationship between nationalism/social justice/anti-imperialism in LA].David Chaplin, ed., Peruvian Nationalism: A Corporatist Revolution, 1976.Hugo Chávez, Chávez, Venezuela and the New Latin America, interview by AleidaGuevara, 2005.Gustavo Coronel, The Nationalization of the Venezuelan Oil Industry FromTechnocratic Success to Political Failure, 1983.John Crabtree, Patterns of Protest: Patterns of Social Movements in Bolivia, 2005.Robert Freeman Smith, The United States and Revolutionary Nationalism in Mexico,1916-1932, 1972.Richard Gott, Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution, 2005; and earlier version,In the Shadow of the Liberator: Hugo Chávez and the Transformation of Venezuela,2000.Linda B. Hall, Oil, Banks and Politics: The United States and PostrevolutionaryMexico, 1917-24, 1995.Michael Krenn, US Policy toward Economic Nationalism in Latin America, 1917-1929, 1990, ch. 3.Brian S. McBeth, Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908-1935, 1983.Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal, The Peruvian ExperimentReconsidered, 1983, ch. 6: The Peruvian Military Government and the InternationalCorporations.Lorenzo Meyer, Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917-42, 1977;and The Mexican Revolution and the Anglo-American Powers, 1985.Robert Pastor and Jorge Castañeda, Limits to Friendship: The United States andMexico, 1988.James Petras et al., The Nationalization of Venezuelan Oil, 1977.George Philip, The Rise and Fall of the Peruvian Military Radicals, 1978, ch. 2:Peruvian Nationalism and the IPC.A. J. Pinelo, The Multi-national Corporation as a Force in Latin American Politics:A Case Study of IPC, 1973.Aníbal Quijano, Nacionalismo, neo-imperialismo y militarismo en el Perú, 1971.Laura Randall, The Political Economy of Mexican Oil, 1987.Jesse Ribot and Anne Larson, eds., Democratic Decentralization through a NaturalResource Lens, 2005.

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Douglas Richmond, Venustiano Carranza’s Nationalist Struggle, 1893-1920, 1983.Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, Oil and Development in Venezuela during the TwentiethCentury, 1994.Paul Sigmund, Multi-nationals in Latin America: The Politics of Nationalization,1980.Carl Solberg, Oil and Nationalism in Argentina, 1979.Alfred Stepan, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective, 1978, ch. 7:‘The State and Foreign Capital’.Robert Swansborough, The Embattled Colossus: Economic Nationalism and UnitedStates Investors in Latin America, 1976.

See also Council of Foreign Relations website on the Bolivian nationalization:http://www.cfr.org/publication/10682/bolivias_nationalization_of_oil_and_gas

11. State and Nation: Populism and Education

Mexico – Main Reading

Extracts from José Vasconcelos, A Mexican Ulysses, his autobiography, on his time atthe Ministry of Education. ***

Further Reading

H. Aguilar Camín and L. Meyer, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution, trans.1993, ch. 4: The Cardenista Utopia.Adrian Bantjes, As If Jesus Walked on Earth: Cardenismo, Sonora and the MexicanRevolution, 1998.Marjorie Becker, Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán Peasantsand the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution, 1995.John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Mary Kay Vaughan,‘The Educational Project of the Mexican Revolution: The Response of LocalSocieties (1934-1940)’.Gilbert Joseph and Daniel Nugent, eds., Everyday Forms of State Formation, 1994,chs. by Armando Bartra, ‘The Seduction of the Innocents: The First TumultuousMoments of Mass Literacy in Postrevolutionary Mexico’; and Elsie Rockwell,‘Schools of the Revolution: Enacting and Contesting State Forms in Tlaxcala, 1910-1930’.Alan Knight, ‘Peasants into Patriots: Thoughts on the Making of the MexicanNation’, Mexican Studies/Estudios mexicanos, 10:1 (1994).Alan Knight, ‘Cardenismo: Juggernaut or Jalopy’, Journal of Latin American Studies,26 (1994), pp, 73-107.Stephen Lewis, ‘Revolution and the Rural Schoolhouse: Forging State and Nation inChiapas, Mexico, 1913-1948’, PhD thesis, Univ. of California, San Diego, 1997 [inUCL library].Stephen Lewis, The Ambivalent Revolution: Forging State and Nation in Chiapas,1910-1945, 2005.Carlos Alberto Torres and Daniel A. Morales-Gómez, The State, Corporatist Politics,and Educational Policy-Making in Mexico, 1990.

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Mary Kay Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schoolsin Mexico, 1930-1940, 1997.Mary Kay Vaughan, The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880-1928,1982. Good on the 1920s.Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nationand Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, esp. part II.Josefina Zoraída Vásquez, Nacionalismo y educación en México, 1970.

Argentina -- Main reading:

Extracts from Perón’s writings on education. ***

Further reading:

John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Ruth and LeonardGreenup, Education for Perón.Mónica Esti Rein, Politics and Education in Argentina 1946-1962, 1998.Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón: A Cultural History of Perón’s Argentina,2003.Adriana Puiggros and Jorge Luis Bernetti, Peronismo, cultural política y educación,1993.Ricardo Rojas, La restauración nacionalista, 1910.Pedro Santos Martínez, La nueva Argentina 1946-55, vol. I, 1976, ch. 6 on education.Martin Stabb, ‘Argentine Letters and the Peronato: An Overview’, Journal of Inter-American Studies, XIII: 3-4 (July-Oct. 1971), pp. 434-55.Leonardo Senkmann, ‘The transformation of collective identities: Immigrantcommunities under the populist regimes of Vargas and Perón’, in Roniger andSznajder, Constructing Collective Identities, 1998.

12. What Difference Did a Revolution Make? – Cuba and Nicaragua

Introduction

Jorge Castañeda, Utopia Unarmed, trans. 1993, esp. ch. 9, Nation-building and theOrigins of the Left’s Nationalism.

Cuba

Extracts from Fidel Castro’s speeches ( 1961, 1971 and 1995). ***

Christine Ayorinde, Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity, 2004.Miguel Barnet, The African Presence in Cuban Culture, 1986.Ruth Behar, ed., Bridges to Cuba/Puentes a Cuba: Cuban and Cuban-Americanartists, writers, and scholars explore identity, nationality, and homeland, 1995.Julie Bunck, Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba, 1994.Michael Chanan, The Cuban Image, 1985; and Cuban Cinema, 2004.Aviva Chomsky et al., eds., The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 2003.

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Cuba, Picturing Change, photographs by E. Wright Ledbetter, essays by Louis A.Pérez, Jr., 2002.Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, History, Culture, ed. Luis Martínez-Fernández, et al.,2003.Mauricio Font and Alfonso Quiroz, The Cuban Republic and José Martí: Receptionand Use of a National Symbol, 2006.Alejandro de la Fuente, ‘Race and Inequality in Cuba, 1899-1981’, Journal ofContemporary History, 30:1, Jan 1995.Alejandro de la Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba, 2001, esp. part IV on Castro’s government.Lillian Guerra, The Myth of José Martí: Conflicting Nationalisms in Early Twentieth-Century Cuba, 2005.S. Halebsky and H. M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty Five Years of Revolution, 1985. Chs. on'The Emergence of Popular Culture' and 'Film and Revolution in Cuba'.Alex Harris, The Idea of Cuba, photographs and text, with an essay by Lillian Guerra,2007.Rafael Hernández Rodriguez, Looking at Cuba: Essays on Culture and Civil Society,2003.John King, Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America, ch. on Cuba.Alfred J. López , José Martí and the Future of Cuban Nationalisms, 2006.Jane McManus, Cuba’s Island of Dreams: Voices from the Isle of Pines and Youth,2000.Tzvi Medin, Cuba: The Shaping of Revolutionary Consciousness, 1990.Carlos Moore, Castro, the Blacks, and Africa, 1988; or see his chapter in Sergio Roca,ed., Socialist Cuba: Past Interpretations and Future Challenges, 1988.Louis Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 1988 [history of Cubannationalism before the Revolution].Louis Pérez, Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality and Culture, 1999.Gustavo Pérez Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way, 1994.Pedro Pérez-Sarduy and Jean Stubbs, Afro-Cuba: An Anthology of Cuban Writing onRace, Politics and Culture, 1993.Kate Quinn, ‘Cuban Historiography in the 1960s: Revisionists, Revolutionaries andthe Nationalist Past’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 26:3, July 2007, 378-98.Roger Reed, The Cultural Revolution in Cuba, 1991.Mona Rosendahl, Inside the Revolution: Everyday Life in Socialist Cuba, 1997.Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre and Mario Coyula, Havana: Two Faces of theAntillean Metropolis, 2002.

Nicaragua

Extracts from speeches and writings of Sandinista leaders, including:

Tomas Borge, Christianity and Revolution, 1987.Omar Cabezas, Fire from the Mountain: The Making of a Sandinista, 1985.Denis Lynn Daly Heyck, Life Stories of the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1990, esp.Vidaluz Meneses of the Ministry of Culture.Bruce Marcus, ed., Nicaragua: The Sandinista People’s Revolution, 1985; see esp.Sergio Ramírez, ‘The Relevance of Sandino’s Thought’, in Bruce Marcus, ed.,Nicaragua: The Sandinista Revolution, 1985. ***

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Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934, ed. Sergio Ramírez,1990. Extracts ***.Further Reading

Robert Arnove, Education and Revolution in Nicaragua, 1986, esp. ch. 2, TheLiteracy Campaign of 1980.John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Donald C. Hodges,What is Sandinismo?Teofilo Cabestrero, Ministers of God, Ministers of the People, 1983.Helen Collinson, ed., Women and Revolution in Nicaragua, 1990.David Craven, The New Concept of Art and Popular Culture in Nicaragua since theRevolution, 1989.Dennis Gilbert, Sandinistas: the Party and the Revolution, 1988, esp. Part 1, ch. 1,‘The Ideology of the Sandinistas’.Donald C. Hodges, Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1986.Edward McCaughan, Reinventing Revolution: The Renovation of Left Discourse inCuba and Mexico, 1997.Daniel A. Morales-Gómez, and Carlos Alberto Torres, eds., Education, Policy andSocial Change, 1992, ch. by Robert Arnove on Nicaragua.David Nolan, The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1984.Gary Prevost, and Harry E. Vanden, eds., The Undermining of the SandinistaRevolution, 1997, ch. 5 by Erica Polakoff and Pierra La Ramóe, The Evolution of thePopular Organizations in Nicaragua. A similar piece by them appears in Thomas W.Walker, ed., Nicaragua without Illusion, 1997.Margaret Randall, Inside the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1978; Sandino's Daughters,1981; Christians in the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1983; Sandino’s Daughters Revisited,1994.Carlos M. Vilas, The Sandinista Revolution, 1986, ch. 6 on education.David E. Whisnant, Rascally Signs in Sacred Places, 1995, esp. chs. 5 and 6 on theSandinista cultural project and opposition to it.Philip Williams, The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica,1989, ch. 4, 'The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution'.

13. Writing the Nation: National Character Essays; Novels; Poetry

General reading

Roderic Camp, Intellectuals and the State in Twentieth-Century Mexico, 1985.Irene Maria F. Blayer and Mark Anderson, eds., Latin American Narratives andCultural Identity: Selected Readings, 2004.Francisco Domínguez, ed., Identity and Discursive Practices in Latin America, 2000.Ingrid Fey and Karen Racine, eds., Strange Pilgrimages. Exile, Travel, and NationalIdentity in Latin America, 1800 to the 1990s, 2000.François-Xavier Guerra, ‘The Spanish American Tradition of Representation and itsEuropean Roots’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 26, 1994, pp. 1-33.Steven V. Hunsaker, Autobiography and National Identity in the Americas, 1999.Ivan Jaksic, Andrés Bello: Scholarship and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-CenturyLatin America, 2001.

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Ivan Jaksic, ed., The Political Power of the Word: Press and Oratory in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2002.Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, 1989, esp. chapter 1, 'Myths of theMestizo Continent', pp. 3-34.Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999.Angel Rama, La ciudad letrada, 1984, trans. as The Lettered City.Julio Ramos, Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-CenturyLatin America, 2001.

The National Character Essays: Main reading

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Radiografía de la pampa, 1934, trans. as X-Ray of thePampa, 1971. Extract (English) ***.Samuel Ramos, El perfil del hombre y de la cultura en México, 1934, trans. as TheProfile of Man and Culture in Mexico, 1962. Extract (English) ***.

Further reading -- Argentina

Eduardo Josó Cárdenas and Carlos Manuel Payá, El primer nacionalismo argentinoen Manuel Galvez y Ricardo Rojas, 1978 (useful background).Jeanne Delaney, ‘Imaging El ser argentino: Cultural Nationalism and RomanticConcepts of Nationhood in Early Twentieth-Century Argentina’, JLAS, 34:3, Aug.2002, pp. 625-658.Earl T. Glauert, ‘Ricardo Rojas and the Emergence of Argentine CulturalNationalism’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 43:1 (Feb. 1963), pp. 1-13.Juan José Hernández Arregui, La formación de la conciencia nacional, 1930-1960,1960.Eduardo Mallea, Una pasión argentina, trans. as History of an Argentine Passion,1983.Allan Metz, ‘Leopoldo Lugones and the Jews: The contradictions of Argentinenationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15:1, Jan. 1992, pp. 36-60.Ricardo Rojas, La argentinidad, 1916.Beatriz Sarlo, Una modernidad periférica: Buenos Aires 1920 y 1930, 1988, trans. asPeripheral Modernity.Richard Slatta, ‘The Gaucho in Argentina’s Quest for National Identity’, in David J.Webber and Jane M. Rausch, Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin AmericanHistory, 1986; see also Slatta’s book, Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier,1983/1992, esp. ch. 11.Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967.

Further reading -- Mexico

Roger Bartra, The Cage of Melancholy: Identity and Metamorphosis in the MexicanCharacter, trans. 1992. [La jaula de la melancolía, 1987].Claudio Lomnitz-Adler, Exits from the Labyrinth: Culture and Ideology in theMexican National Space, 1992.Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, ch. 4.Octavio Paz, El laberinto de la soledad, 1950, trans. as The Labyrinth of Solitude,1985.

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Henry C. Schmidt, The Roots of Lo Mexicano: Self and Society in Latin AmericanThought, 1900-1934, 1978.Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967, ch. VII, ‘The Search for Essence in Mexicoand Elsewhere’.

Novels

José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, El periquillo sarniento [1816], trans. as TheItching Parrot, 1942.Other novels, depending upon the interests of the class.

Further Reading on Novels

Nina Gerassi-Navarro, Pirate Novels: Fictions of Nation-building in Latin America,1999.Doris Sommer, Foundational Fictions: The Nationalist Romances of Latin America,1991. A summary is available as one chapter of Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration,1990. ***Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America,1999, ch. by Antonio Benítez-Rojo, ‘José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi and theEmergence of the Spanish American Novel as National Project’ (also available inModern Language Quarterly, 57:2, 1996, pp. 325-39.Fernando Unzueta, ‘Scenes of Reading: Imagining Nations/Romancing History inSpanish America’, in Castro-Klarén and Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities.

Poetry

Andrés Bello, Ode to Tropical Agriculture (1826), extracts. ***Neruda, Canto general (1950), trans. 1993, extracts. ***Mistral, Poem to Chile (1967), trans. extracts. ***

14. History, Memory and Commemoration

Much of the recent work on this topic draws upon the ideas of Pierre Nora, a historianof the French Revolution. If you are interested in this topic, have a look at his multi-volume work, Lieux de mémoire, some of which has been translated as Realms ofMemory: Rethinking the French Past, vols. 1-3, 1996-8. For commentary andcritique, see John Gillis, Commemorations. The Politics of National Identity, 1994.

Writing History

Introduction

Mark Thurner and Andrés Guerrero, eds., After Spanish Rule: PostcolonialPredicaments of the Americas, 2003, esp. the Introduction, ‘Escritura: Onimagining/writing postcolonial histories’; and Thurner’s chapter, ‘Peruviangenealogies of history and nation’.

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Further Reading

Sergio Aguayo, El panteón de los mitos, 1998.Thomas Benjamin, Mexico’s Great Revolution as Memory, Myth and History, 2000.David Brading, Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History, 1984.David Brading, The Origins of Mexican Nationalism, 1985.William E. French, ‘Imagining and the Cultural History of Nineteenth-CenturyMexico’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 79:2 (May 1999), pp. 249-67.Enrique Florescano, El nuevo pasado mexicano, 1991.Enrique Florescano, Memory, Myth, and Time in Mexico: From the Aztecs toIndependence, trans. 1994.Enrique Florescano, ed., Espejo mexicano, 2002.Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, chapter on history.Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, The conquest of history : Spanish colonialism andnational histories in the nineteenth century, 2006.Allen Woll, A Functional Past: The Uses of History in Nineteenth-Century Chile,1982.

Archaeology

Sara Castro-Klarén, ‘The Nation in Ruins: Archaeology and the Rise of the Nation’,in Castro-Klarén and Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities.

Commemoration

W. Beezley et al., eds., Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrationsand Popular Culture in Mexico, 1994.William Beezley and David E. Lorey, Viva México! Viva la Independencia:Celebrations of September 16, 2001.Miguel Angel Centeno, ‘Symbols of State Nationalism in Latin America’, EuropeanReview of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 66, 1999, pp. 75-105.Michael Costeloe, ‘The Junta Patriotica and the Celebrations of Independence inMexico City, 1825-1855’, Mexican Studies/Estudios mexicanos, no. 13, 1997.Robert H. Duncan, ‘Embracing a Suitable Past: Independence Celebrations underMexico’s Second Empire, 1864-66’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 30, 1998,pp. 249-78.Rebecca Earle, ‘Padres de la Patria and the Ancestral Past: Commemorations ofIndependence in Nineteenth-century Spanish America’, Journal of Latin AmericanStudies, 34:4 (2002), pp. 775-805.Earle, Rebecca, The Return of the Native: Indians and Myth-Making in SpanishAmerica, 1810-1930, 2007.Guy Thomson, ‘Bulwarks of Patriotic Liberalism: The National Guard, PhilharmonicCorps and Patriotic Juntas in Mexico, 1847-88’, Journal of Latin American Studies,22:1, 1990.

Memory and History in Argentina and Chile During and After the Military Regimes

Main Readings

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Loveman, B. and T. Davies, eds., The Politics of Anti-politics: The Military in LatinAmerica, rev. edn. 1997 -- extracts from speeches by military leaders of Argentina andChile. ***

Further reading

Elena Feder, ‘The rhetoric of pathology: Political propaganda and national identityduring the military ‘process’ in Argentina’, in Mercedes F. Durán-Cogan and AntonioGómez Moriana, eds., National Identities and Socio-political Changes in LatinAmerica, 2001 [in LSE library].Marguerite Feitlowitz, A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture,1998, esp. ch. 1, ‘A Lexicon of Terror’.Andrés Jaroslavsky, The Future of Memory: Children of the Dictatorship inArgentina Speak, 2004.Elizabeth Jelin, State Repression and the Struggles for Memory, 2003.Colin Lewis and Nissa Torrents, eds., Argentina in the Crisis Years, 1993, ch. 2 byTomás Eloy Martínez, ‘A Culture of Barbarism’ and ch. 3 by Horacio Vásquez Real,‘The Crisis of National Culture’.Sandra McGee Deutsch, The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins,1910 to the Present, 1993.David Rock, Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, its History and itsImpact, 1992.Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in theSouthern Cone, 1999.Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America,1999, ch. by Mary Louise Pratt, ‘Overwriting Pinochet: Undoing the Culture of Fearin Chile’.Alexander Wilde, ‘Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile’s Transition toDemocracy’, JLAS, 31:2, May 1999.

15. Visualising the Nation

Dawn Ades, Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980, 1989.Jens Andermann, The Optic of the State: Visuality and Power in Argentina andBrazil, 2007.Orianna Baddeley and Valerie Fraser, Drawing the Line: Art and Cultural Identity inContemporary Latin America, 1989.Deborah Poole, ‘Landscape and the Imperial Subject: US Images of the Andes, 1859-1930’, in Joseph, Close Encounters of Empire, 1998.María del Carmen Suescun Pozas, ‘From Reading to Seeing: Doing and UndoingImperialism in the Visual Arts’, in Joseph, Close Encounters of Empire, 1998.

The Mexican Muralists

Roderic Camp et al., Los intelectuales y el poder en México, 1991, ch. by AlastairHennessey, ‘The Muralists and the Revolution’ [in English].David Craven, Diego Rivera: As Epic Modernist, London: Prentice Hall, 1997.Ramon Favela, Diego Rivera, 1984.

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Valerie Fletcher, Crosscurrents of modernism: Four Latin American Pioneers[including Diego Rivera], Washington: Hirshhorn Museum, 1992.

Leonard Folgarait, So Far From Heaven: David Alfaro Siqueiros’ “The Marchfrom Heaven” and Mexican Revolutionary Politics, 1987.

Tace Hedrick, Mestizo Modernism: Race, Nation, and Identity in Latin AmericanCulture, 1900-1940, 2003, sections Rivera and Kahlo.Cynthia N. Helms, ed., Diego Rivera, 1986.Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Institute of Fine Arts, Mexico, Orozco!, 1980.José Clemente Orozco, An Autobiography, trans. 1962.Diego Rivera with Gladys March, My Art, My Life, An Autobiography [1960], New

York: Dover Publications, 1991.Rivera: A Retrospective, The Hayward Gallery, London, 1987.Desmond Rochfort, The Murals of Diego Rivera, 1987.David Alfaro Siqueiros, Art and Revolution, trans. 1975.Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nationand Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, chs. by Desmond Rochfort onthe muralists, Gordon Brotherston on the Mexican Codices and Claudio Lomnitz’s‘Final Reflections: What Was Mexico’s Cultural Revolution?’.Stacie Widdifield, The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-centuryMexican Painting, 1996.Bertram Wolfe, The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera, London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1963.

Graphics

D. W. Foster, From Mafalda to Los Supermachos: Latin American Graphic Humouras Popular Culture, 1989.John Johnson, Latin America in Caricature, 1980 [US cartoons].J. Pilcher, Cantiflas and the Chaos of Mexican Modernity, 2002.Anne Rubinstein, Bad Language, Naked Ladies, and Other Threats to the Nation: APolitical History of Comic Books in Mexico, 1998.

Photography

Greg Grandin, ‘Can the Subaltern be Seen? Photography and the Affects ofNationalism’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 84:1, Feb. 2004, pp. 83-111.Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and theState in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Andrea Noble, ‘Photography, Memory,Disavowal’.Wendy Watriss and Lois Parkinson Zamora, eds., Image and Memory: Photographyfrom Latin America, 1866-1994, 1998.

Exhibitions

Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and theState in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Alvaro Fernández Bravo, ‘Material Memories:Tradition and Amnesia in Two Argentine Museums’ [***] and by Beatriz GonzálezStephan, ‘Subversive Needlework: Gender, Class and History at Venezuela’sNational Exhibition, 1883’.

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Beatriz González-Stephan, ‘Showcases of Consumption: Historical Panoramas andUniversal Expositions’, in Castro-Klarén and Chasteen, Beyond ImaginedCommunities.Beatriz González-Stephan and Jens Andermann, eds., , 2006.Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, Mexico at the World’s Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation,1996.Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nationand Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, ch. by Rick López, ‘The NocheMexicana and the Exhibition of Popular Arts: Two Ways of Exalting Indianness’.

16. Embodying the Nation

Introduction

Peter Wade, ‘Race and Nation in Latin America: An Anthropological View’, inAppelbaum et al., Race and Nation in Latin America, 2003. *** (week 6)

Further General Reading

William Beezley and L. Curcio-Hagy, eds., Latin American Popular Culture: AnIntroduction, 2000.Eva P. Bueno and Terry Caesar, Imagination Beyond Nation: Latin AmericanPopular Culture, 1998.Néstor Gárcia Canclini, Transforming Modernity: Popular Culture in Mexico, 1993.William Rowe and Vivien Schelling, Memory and Modernity: Popular Culture inLatin America, 1991.Ton Salman, The Legacy of the Disinherited: Popular Culture in Latin America,1996. The introduction is especially useful.Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison, Pop Culture Latin America!: Media, Arts andLifestyle, 2005.

Music

Leonardo Acosta, Cubano be, Cubano bop: One hundred Years of Jazz in Cuba,trans. Daniel S. Whitesell, 2003.Michelle Bigenho, Sounding Indigenous: Authenticity in Bolivian MusicPerformance, 2002.Simon Collier, The Life and Times of Carlos Gardel, 1986.Vanessa Knights, ‘Modernity, modernization and melodrama: The bolero in Mexicoin the 1930s and 1940s’, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American CulturalStudies, 2003.Deborah Pacini, ed., Rockin’ las Américas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/oAmerica, 2004.Julie Sellers, Merengue and Dominican Identity: Music as National Unifier, 2004.Ned Sublette, Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo, 2004.H. Vianna, The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil,1999.Maya Roy, Cuban Music, 2002.

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Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nationand Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, ch. by Marco Velázquez andMary Kay Vaughan, ‘Mestizaje and Musical Nationalism in Mexico’.Peter Wade, Music, Race and Nation: Música Tropical in Colombia, 2000.Eric Zolov, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture, 1999.

Sport

Joseph Arbena, Sport and Society in Latin America, 1988.Joseph Arbena & David LaFrance, eds., Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean,2002.Eduardo Archetti, ‘Masculinity and Football: The Formation of National Identity inArgentina’, in R. Giulianotti and J. Williams, eds., Games Without Frontiers:Football, Identity and Modernity.Eduardo Archetti, ‘The Spectacle of Identities: Football in Latin America’, in StephenHart and Richard Young, eds., Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003.Peter C. Bjarkman, A History of Cuban Baseball, 1864-2006, 2007.Roberto González Echevarría, The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball,1999.J. A. Mangan and LaMartine DaCosta, eds, Sport in Latin American Society: Past andPresent, 2002.Anthony Mason, Passion of the People? Football in South America, 1995.

Food

Lauren Derby, ‘Gringo Chickens with Worms: Food and Nationalism in theDominican Republic’, in Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Close Encounters of Empire:Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, 1998.Mike González, ‘Food in Latin America’, in Hart and Young, Contemporary LatinAmerican Cultural Studies, 2003.J. M. Pilcher, ‘Tamales or Timbales: Cuisine and the Formation of Mexican NationalIdentity, 1821-1911’, The Americas, 53:2 (1996), pp. 193-216.

Clothing

Rebecca Earle, ‘“Two Pairs of Pink Satin Shoes!” Race, Clothing and Identity in theAmericas (17th-19th centuries)’, History Workshop Journal, 52, Autumn 2001, pp.175-95.Rick A. López, ‘The India Bonita Contest of 1921 and the Ethnicization of MexicanNational Culture’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 82:2, 2002, pp. 291-328.Regina A. Root, ed., The Latin American Fashion Reader, 2005.Jon Schackt, ‘Mayahood Through Beauty: Indian Beauty Pageants in Guatemala’,Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:3, July 2005, 269-287.

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17. Icons and Iconography

Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and theState in Latin America, 2005.

Eva Perón

Eva Perón, My Mission in Life, 1953; and In My Own Words, trans. 1997.

Javier Auyero, Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy ofEvita, 2001.James Brennan, ed., Perón and Peronism, 1998.Cristian Buchrucker, Nacionalismo y peronismo, 1987.Alberto Ciria, 'Flesh and Fantasy: The Many Faces of Evita (and Juan Perón)', LatinAmerican Research Review, 18 (1983), 150-65.M. Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism, 1982 -- chapter by Marysa Navarro.Alicia Dujovne Ortiz, Evita Perón, 1995.Tomás Eloy Martínez, The Perón Novel, 1988 ; and Santa Evita, 1997.Julio Godio, El movimiento obrero argentino (1930-1940): socialismo, comunismo ynacionalismo obrero, 1989.Lidia Santos, ‘Eva Perón: One woman, several masks’, in Hart and Young,Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003.Julie M. Taylor, Evita Perón: The Myths of a Woman, 1979.

The Virgin of Guadalupe

David Brading, Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe. Image and Traditionacross Five Centuries, 2001.Isabel de Sena, ‘Engendering the Nation, nationalizing the sacred: Guadalupismo andthe cinematic (re)formation of Mexican national consciousness’, in Mercedes F.Durán-Cogan and Antonio Gómez Moriana, eds., National Identities and Socio-political Changes in Latin America, 2001 [in LSE library].Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and theState in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Mary Louise Pratt on the Virgin of Zapopan.

Gabriel Mistral

Licia Fiol-Matta, A Queer Mother for the Nation: The State and Gabriela Mistral,2002.Tace Hedrick, Mestizo Modernism: Race, Nation, and Identity in Latin AmericanCulture, 1900-1940, 2003, section on Mistral.Nicola Miller, ‘Contesting the Cleric: The intellectual as icon in modern SpanishAmerica’, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003.

18. Mass Media

John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Alan Wells, TheAmericanization of Latin American Television.

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Julienne Burton, ed., Cinema and Social Change in Latin America, 1986; interviewswith Latin American directors.Richard R. Cole, ed., Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media,and Society, 1996.Susan Dever, Celluloid Nationalism and Other Melodramas: From postrevolutionaryMexico to fin de siglo Mexamérica, 2003.Seth Fein, ‘Everyday Forms of Transnational Collaboration: US Film Propaganda inthe Cold War Mexico’, in Joseph et al., Close Encounters of Empire, 1998.Elizabeth Fox, ed., Media and Politics in Latin America, 1988. Her introduction,‘Media Policies in Latin America: An Overview’ is useful.Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Radio Nation: Communication, Popular Culture, andNationalism in Mexico, 1920-1950, 2000; or see her chapter in Mary Kay Vaughanand Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and CulturalRevolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006; see also Joanne Hershfield, ‘Screening theNation’ in this volume.Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture inMexico since 1940, 2001.John King, Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America, 1990 and new edn,2000.Joanne Hershfield and David R. Maciel, Mexico’s Cinema: A Century of Film andFilmmakers, 1999, esp. chs. by Seth Fein and Ann Marie Stock.Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture inMexico since 1940, 2001.Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison, eds., Latin American Cinema: Essays onModernity, Gender and National Identity, 2005; and their Pop Culture in LatinAmerica: Media, Arts and Lifestyle, 2005.T. Skidmore, ed., Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in LatinAmerica, 1992.

19. Geographies of Nationalism: Territories, Regions and Borders

Introduction

Víctor Zúñiga, ‘Nations and Borders: Romantic Nationalism and the Project ofModernity’, in David Spener and Kathleen Staudt, The U.S.-Mexico Border:Transcending Divisions, Contesting Identities, 1998.

Further Reading

Aviva Chomsky and Aldo Lauria-Santiago, eds., Identity and Struggle at the Marginsof the Nation-State, 1998.Raymond Craib, ‘A Nationalist Metaphysics: State Fixations, National Maps, and theGeo-Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Mexico’, Hispanic AmericanHistorical Review, 82:1, 2002, pp. 33-68.Seemin Qayum, ‘Nationalism, Internal Colonialism and the Spatial Imagination: TheGeographic Society of La Paz in Turn-of-the-Century Bolivia’, in Dunkerley, Studiesin the Formation of the Nation-State, 2002.

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Sarah Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood, Remaking the Nation: Place, Identity andPolitics in Latin America, 1996 [mostly about Ecuador].Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America,1999.

Case Study: The Mexican-American Border

Howard Campbell, ‘A Tale of Two Families: The Mutual Construction of “Anglo”and Mexican Ethnicities Along the US-Mexico Border’, Bulletin of Latin AmericanResearch, 24:1, Jan. 2005, 23-43.R. L. Earle and J. D. Wirth, eds., Identities in North America: The Search forCommunity, 1995, ch. by J. Bustamante, The Mexico-US Border.Gilbert G. González and Raúl A. Fernández, A Century of Chicano History: Empire,nations and migration, 2003.The Journal of American History, special issue on ‘Rethinking History and theNation-State: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study’, 86:2, Sept. 1999.José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and theErotics of Culture, 1998.Jaime Rodríguez and Kathryn Vincent, Common border, uncommon paths: Race,culture and national identity in US-Mexican relations, 1997.David Spener and Kathleen Staudt, The U.S.-Mexico Border: TranscendingDivisions, Contesting Identities, 1998.

20. Conclusions: The Future of Nationalism in Latin America

Main readings:

Guillermo de la Peña, ‘A New Mexican Nationalism? Indigenous Rights,Constitucional Reform and the Conflicting Meanings of Multiculturalism’, Nationsand Nationalism, 12:2, April 2006, 279-302. [available on www.ingentaconnect.com]

Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, ‘Essaying the History of National Images’, in Mark Thurnerand Andrés Guerrero, eds., After Spanish Rule, 2003. ***

Further reading:

Sonia Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino and Arturo Escobar (eds.), Cultures ofPolitics/Politics of Culture: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements, 1998.See Introduction and Part I, The Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Democracy, and theState; and chapter by George Yúdice, ‘The Globalization of Culture and the New CivilSociety’.John Beverley, et al., The Postmodernism Debate in Latin America, 1995, esp. JoséJoaquín Brunner, ‘Notes on Modernity and Postmodernity in Latin American Culture’.Néstor García Canclini, Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multi-CulturalConflicts, trans. George Yudice, 2001.Stephen D. Morris, ‘Reforming the Nation: Mexican Nationalism in Context’,Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 31, 1999, pp. 363-97.

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Sandhya Shukla and Heidi Tinsman, eds., Imagining Our Americas: Toward aTransnational Frame, 2007.

* * * * * * * * *

Essay Questions

Evaluate the theoretical strengths and weaknesses of modernist approaches tonationalism in Latin America.

How important is the concept of gender to understanding nationalism in LatinAmerica?

What role has warfare played in the development of nationalism in Latin America?

‘Indigenismo was the acceptable face of whitening’. Discuss with reference to anytwo or more Latin American countries.

How far is the ‘rhetoric of inclusion; reality of exclusion’ argument applicable to therelationship of Afro-Latin Americans to the nation-state?

Analyse the relationship between anti-imperialism and nationalism in Latin America.

Why did the United States respond so much more harshly to some cases ofnationalization than others?

How effective is education policy in promoting nationalism?

‘Nationalism is inherently antipathetic to a revolutionary ideology.’ Discuss.

To what extent have novels been significant to nation-building in Latin America?

Account for the rise of cultural nationalism in Latin America from 1900 to 1940.

‘National consciousness in twentieth-century Latin America was largely a creation ofthe state: intellectuals played little part’. Discuss.

How valid for Latin America is Renan’s claim that nationalism entails forgetting?

Analyse the role of visual images of the nation in any two or more Latin Americancountries.

What problems does the study of material and/or performance culture in LatinAmerica pose for Benedict Anderson’s theory of nationalism?‘The most decisive force for creating national consciousness in Latin America wasundoubtedly the development of modern mass culture, especially as reinforced bytechnology’ (Hobsbawm). Discuss.

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Coursework Essays – Information for UCL Students

Two copies of each essay must be handed in to the History Department reception,with a completed 3-part coversheet, which will be date stamped. The pink copy ofthe cover sheet will be returned to you as a receipt/proof of submission. Please keepthis in case of any query. Essays that are not stamped will receive a mark of 0.

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For Full time and second year Part-time StudentsYour essay(s) should handed in by Friday 18 December 2009 and Friday 26 March2010. These are unofficial deadlines which I have set to help you to space out youressay writing assignments. You will not be penalised if you fail to meet thesedeadlines. However, I may not be able to provide one-to-one tutorial feedback foressays that are submitted after these deadlines. The official deadlines for youressays are: 5 pm on Monday 11 January 2010 (first essay) and 5 pm on Monday 26April 2010 (second essay). You will be penalized if you fail to meet these officialdeadlines, unless you have been granted an extension by the Chair of the Board ofExaminers.

For First Year Part time Students: Your essays should handed in by Monday 11January and Monday 26 April 2010. These are unofficial deadlines which I haveset to help you to space out your essay writing assignments. You will not bepenalised if you fail to meet these deadlines. However, I may not be able to provideone-to-one tutorial feedback for essays that are submitted after these deadlines. Theofficial deadline for your essays is 5 pm on Monday 17

thMay. You will be penalized

if you fail to meet this deadline, unless you have been granted an extension by theChair of the Board of Examiners.

Students registered for the second term half unit only: Your essay should handed inby Friday 26 March 2010. This is an unofficial deadline which I have set to help youto space out your essay writing assignments. You will not be penalised if you fail tomeet this deadline. However, I may not be able to provide one-to-one tutorialfeedback for essays that are submitted after these deadlines. The official deadlinefor your essay(s) is 5 pm on Monday 26th April. You will be penalized if you fail tomeet this deadline, unless you have been granted an extension by the Chair of theBoard of Examiners.

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Any essay submitted after these dates will be penalised by 10 MARKS PER WEEK(OR PART THEREOF) LATE, up to a maximum of FOUR weeks, after which it willreceive a mark of 0. This will be included in the calculation of the overall mark.

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Extensions to these deadlines can only be granted by the Chair of the Board ofExaminers on the recommendation of your Course Tutor. He is only likely to do so incases of serious illness, which must be evidenced by a doctor's certificate, orbereavement. In particular, it is normal to expect up to two weeks’ illness in thecourse of the two teaching semesters and applications for extensions onmedical grounds received in the last two weeks of the second term, where theillness was clearly of less than two weeks’ duration, will not be granted. Studentswishing to apply for an extension should complete a form (available from theDepartmental reception) and make an appointment to see their Course Tutor. Pleasenote that applications for extensions will not be accepted on the deadline day itself,or subsequently, except in cases of severe illness or bereavement.

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Essays, while based upon what you have read, heard and discussed, must be entirelyyour own work. It is very important that you avoid plagiarism, that is the presentationof another person’s thoughts or words as though they were your own. Plagiarism is aform of cheating, and is regarded by the College as a serious offence, which can leadto a student failing a course or courses, or even deregistration. Please see thedepartmental graduate handbook for further guidance on avoiding plagiarism.(Students not registered in the History Department should ask at theDepartmental Office for a copy of the Department’s guidelines or download acopy of the departmental graduate handbook from the ‘current students’ sectionof the history website www.ucl.ac.uk/history).

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You should note that UCL has now signed up to use a sophisticated detectionsystem (Turn-It-In) to scan work for evidence of plagiarism, and theDepartment intends to use this for assessed coursework. This system givesaccess to billions of sources worldwide, including websites and journals, aswell as work previously submitted to the Department, UCL and otheruniversities.