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Credit Seminar on :MILK PROTEINS INDUCED SATIETY

Shamim HossainM.Tech (Dairy Technology))

ICAR-National Dairy Research InstituteDairy Technology division

Outline :▹ Introduction▹ Feeding Cycle And It`s Stages▹ Mechanisms Regarding Protein-induced Satiety▹ Milk Protein In Satiety▹ Application ▹ Adverse Effect of High Protein Diet ▹ Conclusion

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Introduction :

Proteins are known to induce Satiety, increase secretion of GI Hormones, and increase Diet-induced Thermogenesis

Milk protein contributes in short and long-term regulation of Food Intake and Satiety

Protein is the most Effective in prolonging feelings of fullness, followed by carbohydrates and then lipids

(Bellissimo et al., 2015)

(Bendtsen et al., 2013)

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Feeding cycle :

▹ Appetite

▹ Hunger

▹ Satiation

▹ Satiety

Eat

Stop eating

(http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/understanding-energy-expenditure-or-output, accessed on-2/3/2017)

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Appetite :Our Psychosocial drive to eat

Mainly controlled by External Influence

Eating behavior is determined Biologically, Psychologically and Socially

Why we eat ? What we eat ? How much we eat ? When we eat ? Where we eat ?

(Vendrame et al., 2014)

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Hunger :

Our Biological drive to eat

Orexigenic neuropeptides includes Agouti-gene-related protein (AgRP) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) promotes the intake of food

Energy and nutrient

level

Release of AgRP &

NPYHUNGER

(Vendrame et al., 2014)

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Satiation :▹ Perception of Fullness which develops during a meal

▹ Short term “End of Meal” signal

▸ Psychological: Perception of the Amount of eaten food▸ Mechanical: Stomach and intestinal Walls Distension▸ Hormonal: CCK and PYY released in proportion to fat,

protein ▸ Nutritional : Glucose and Fatty acid acts directly on brain

(Stefano et al., 2014)

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Satiety :

▹ Continuation of fullness and suppression of hunger between meals

▹ Determines the time interval between meals

▹ Long term fullness signal

(Amin et al., 2015)

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Dietary factors that modulate satiety :

▹ High Protein in diet stimulates PYY secretion

▹ High fiber, high fat food decrease ghrelin secretion

▹ Taking small meals frequently and avoiding fasting results secretion of insulin

(Chambers et al., 2015)

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Effects of nutrients on satiation/satiety :

Short term effect(Satiation)

Long term effect(Satiety)

Lipids + +++

Carbohydrates-Fiber

+++++

++

Proteins- Casein- Whey protein

++++

++++

(Chambers et al., 2015)

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Mechanisms regarding protein-induced satiety :

▹ Satiety Regulating Hormones

▹ Energy Expenditure

▹ Amino Acid Level

▹ Gluconeogenesis

▹ Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (Veldhorst et al., 2008)

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Satiety regulating hormones :

(http://www.limericksportsandfitnessclinic.com/are-your-hormones-making-you-fat/, accessed on 22/2/2017)

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Energy expenditure :

Oxygenconsumption

Energy expenditure

at rest

Body temperature

Feeling deprived of

oxygenSatiety

High protein Diet

(Westerterp et al., 1999)

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Amino acid level :

Protein Serum Amino Acid level Appetite

Satiety

(Mellinkoff et al., 1956)

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Gluconeogenesis :

High protein Diet

Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

GlucoseMetabolism

Glucose Homeostasis

SATIETY

(Westerterp et al., 1999)

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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis :

High protein Diet

Thermogenesis

Energy expenditure

SATIETY

(Tappy et al., 1996)

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Milk protein in satiety :

Casein(Slow protein)

Whey protein(Fast protein)

(Boirie et al., 1997)Ingestion

40min 2 hour up to 7 hour

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Casein Vs. whey protein in satiety :

Casein Whey protein

Coagulates in the acidic environment in the stomach

Delays its gastric emptying

Induces a slow postprandial increase in plasma amino acids

Remain soluble in the stomach

Fast gastric emptying

Induces a fast, high, and transient increase in plasma amino acids

(Boirie et al., 1997)

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Casein Vs. whey protein in satiety :

Casein Whey protein Slowly recovered in the

jejunum

Recovered mainly in the form of degraded peptides

Absorbed in the upper part of the intestine

Rapidly recovered in the upper intestine

Recovered mostly in the form of intact protein

Further degraded to be absorbed more distally

(Mahé et al., 2000)

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Casein in satiety :

▹ Caseins produce numerous BAPs like β-casomorphins ▹ Regulates various physiological processes :

▸ food intake regulation▸ gastrointestinal motility▸ plasma insulin concentrations (Froetschel et al., 1996)

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Whey protein in satiety :

▹ Contains the highest concentration of the branched-chain amino acids compared to other food proteins, especially L-leucine (Sweet dry whey -10.3% ; acid dry whey- 10.5%)

▹ Leucine enters the brain from the blood more rapidly than any other amino acid

▹ Maintains a stable level of glucose and low insulin during energy restriction

(Glass et al., 1976)

(Yudkoff et al., 2005)

(Layman et al., 2006)

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GMP in satiety :

κ- Casein Caseinomacropeptide

Glycomacropeptide

Cholecystokinin (CCK) SecrationSatiety

chymosin

(Beucher et al. 1994)

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Dairy induces satiety :

▹ Over 500 ml of dairy products significantly increases satiety

▹ “You get more feelings of fullness, and less hunger, consuming a dairy product than consuming a soft drink or some other product”

▹ Protein ↑ ≈ Hunger ↓ ≈Body weight control ↑

(Onvani et al., 2016)

(Anderson et al., 2004)

(Abargouei et al., 2011)

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Protein enriched dairy products :

Greek YoghurtProtein : 13 to 18 g per 6 oz

Cottage Cheese14 g of Protein & 1.3 g of Leucine per 1/2 cup

Core Power Low -Fat, Lactose- free Milk26 g of Protein per 11.5 oz

(Smith et al., 2013)

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▹ α-Lactalbumin-Enriched Yoghurt Drink

▸ More satiating than the whey-enriched yoghurt drink

▸ α-Lac is a complete protein

▸ More thermogenic

▸ High concentrations of leucine and lysine (ketogenic AA)

(Johnstone et al., 2008)

(Milgen et al., 2002)

(Heine et al., 1991)

(Hursel et al., 2009)

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▹ High-protein yoghurt (73%) > Low-protein yoghurt (34%)

▹ Same calorie

▹ Greater suppression of hunger (Vandewa et al.,1994)

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Application in Areas of Health and Disease :

(Preedy et al., 2011)

Binge Eating Disorder

Bulimia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa

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Adverse effect of high protein diet :▹ RDA for protein : Adults - 0.8 g protein/kg BW/day

Children - 1.5 g protein/kg BW/day Adolescents - 1.0 g protein/kg BW/day

▹ Long-term high protein intake in humans :(a) Disorders of Bone and Calcium Homeostasis(b) Disorders of Renal Function(c) Increased Cancer Risk(d) Disorders of Liver Function(e) Progression of Coronary Artery Disease

(Kafatos et al., 2008)

(Dioguardi et al., 2013)

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High intake of protein

High intake of purines

Hyperuricosuria

Uric acid kidney stones

Acid load is buffered in part by bone which

releases calcium to be excreted by the kidney

Hypercalciuria

Calcium kidney stones

High acidogenic content

Decrease of urinary pH

Decreased solubility of uric acid

Weak bone

(Barzel et al., 1998)

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Conclusion :▹ Consumption of protein under RDA level have a very

good effect on satiety thus leads to body weight control and reduces obesity and its comorbidities

▹ Milk protein has a complete effect on satiety and by modifying its protein level we can increase its hunger suppressing efficiency

▹ Protein enrichment and measures of appetite and energy expenditure, seem to be key elements in the design of future studies

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Thank you ☺