Military Support to Civil Authorities Guide Air Mobility in Support of Contingency Operations...

Military Support to Civil Authorities Guide

Air Mobility in Support of Contingency OperationsOriginally Published April 2007 – Revised March 2008

Developed by ContingencyOperations.Com

Forward and DisclaimerThis guide on Military Support to Civil Authorities (MCSA): Air Mobility in Support of Contingency Operations is intended for CONCEPTUAL USE ONLY and has been published without endorsement of the United States government, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, or Department of Defense (TRANSCOM/Air Mobility Command). The content is nothing more than an unofficial interpretation in reference to: The National Response Plan, DoD Directives, and Joint Publications (cited on next page). Additionally, the preparation of this guide involved very liberal standards of referencing/editing the referenced material in order to convey information to the reader in the most simplistic, clear and concise manner possible. No claim is made by the developer of this guide (ContingencyOperations.com / Clif Cunningham) as intellectual property and it may be freely reproduced and distributed as required.

Periodically the information in this guide is reviewed and revised. To insure to always have the most up to date version of this guide, please download it from the source file:http://www.contingencyoperations.com/downloads/MSCA%20Air%20Mobility.ppt

For Additional Questions and Support Contact:

Clif Cunningham – Founder of www.ContingencyOperations.comPrimary E-Mail: [email protected]

http://www.contingencyoperations.com/downloads/MSCA%20Air%20Mobility.ppt

http://www.contingencyoperations.com/

mailto:[email protected]

ReferencesThere were several important references used in the compilation of this guide. The subject matter involving civil the Department of Defense supporting civil authorities is organizationally complex as well as nuanced from agency to agency. This guide represents a very simplified overview of the fundamental processes involved with Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA) or Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) so, for the final word please refer to the following:

The National Response Plan http://www.dhs.gov/nrp

DoDD 3025.1 M: Manual for Civil Emergencies http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302501m.pdf

Joint Publication 3-08: Interagency, Intergovernmental Organization, and Nongovernmental Organization During Joint Operations (Vol I and II)

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_08v1.pdf http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_08v2.pdf Joint Publication 3-17: Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Air Mobility Operations

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf

Joint Publication 3-26: Homeland Security

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_26.pdf Joint Publication 3-35: Joint Deployment and Redeployment Operations

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_35.pdf Joint Publication 4-01: Joint Doctrine for the Defense Transportation System

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp4_01print.pdf Joint Publication 4-01.1: Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Airlift Support to Joint Operations (Obsolete – but still useful as a general reference source)

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/jp4_01_1.pdf

http://www.dhs.gov/nrp

http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302501m.pdf

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_08v1.pdf



http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_26.pdf


http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp4_01print.pdf


Revision Log**Remember to keep your copy of our MSCA Air Mobility Guide current and download it from: http://www.contingencyoperations.com/downloads/MSCA%20Air%20Mobility.ppt

11 April 2007 – Since initial release of the ContingencyOperations.com MSCA Air Mobility Guide, the response has been overwhelming with regards to the value of the information presented. In order to provide greater visibility to the MSCA Air Mobility process this first revision is focused on highlighting the sources of information presented on each slide in the guide. Additionally, hyperlinks have been provided to provide an easy means of information reference.

05 April 2008 – Not much has changed as far as new information so the guide is for the most part as up to date as it was when it was originally published. Modified the term TALCE (Tanker Airlift Control Element) to ALCE (Airlift Control Element) because the term “ALCE” is more correct historically/operationally speaking as well as makes more sense with the term “ALCF” (Airlift Control Flight). It should be noted active duty Air Force refers to their ALCE units as “CRE” (Contingency Response Elements).

http://www.contingencyoperations.com/downloads/MSCA%20Air%20Mobility.ppt

The National Response PlanThe National Response Plan establishes a comprehensive all-hazards approach to enhance the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents. The plan incorporates best practices and procedures from incident management disciplines—homeland security, emergency management, law enforcement, firefighting, public works, public health, responder and recovery worker health and safety, emergency medical services, and the private sector—and integrates them into a unified structure. It forms the basis of how the federal government coordinates with state, local, and tribal governments and the private sector during incidents. It establishes protocols to help:

- Save lives and protect the health and safety of the public, responders, and recovery workers;

- Ensure security of the homeland; - Prevent an imminent incident, including acts of terrorism, from occurring;

- Protect and restore critical infrastructure and key resources;

- Conduct law enforcement investigations to resolve the incident, apprehend the perpetrators, and collect and preserve evidence for prosecution and/or attribution;

- Protect property and mitigate damages and impacts to individuals, communities, and the environment; and

-Facilitate recovery of individuals, families, businesses, governments, and the environment.

Compiled From National Response Plan http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_FullText.pdf

http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_FullText.pdf

Federal Emergency Response ProcessPrimacy for responding to disasters and emergencies rests with State and local authorities. When a disaster threatens or occurs, local authorities take immediate steps to warn and evacuate citizens, alleviate suffering, and protect life and property. If additional help is needed, the Governor may direct execution of the State's emergency plan, use State Police or National Guardsmen, or commit other State resources as the situation demands.

When the response and/or recovery requirements are beyond the capabilities of local and State forces and assistance programs, the Governor may request that the President declare a "catastrophic disaster,“ "major disaster," or an "emergency." The Stafford Act (reference (f)) provides the President authority to use Federal resources to supplement State and local efforts. This authority is activated upon declaration of a "catastrophic disaster," "major disaster,” or an "emergency," as are some other Federal disaster relief programs. This assistance supplements the efforts and resources of State and local governments and voluntary organizations, and fills the needs that are unfulfilled by Federal disaster assistanceprograms not requiring a Presidential declaration.

Excerpt From DoDD 3025.1-M http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/302501m.pdf


Incident Occurs

Local FirstResponders

- Arrive - Advise

Mayor / CountyExecutive

- Activates local EOC - Requests Aid

Governor- Activates State EOC

- Assess Damage- Request Presidential

Declaration

DHS Operations Center

- Evaluates situation- Informs DHS Secretary

DHS Secretary-Reviews Situation- Informs POTUS- Activates NRP

National ResponsePlan

- Activates Federal Emergency Response

President of theUnited States

-Declares Emergency- Approves NRP

Emergency ResponseTeams- Deploy

*Note: ERT = ESF

Joint Field Office-Coordinates Federal

Response

FederalAssistance

- Delivered

Department of Defense- Supports lead federal agencies

- Activated by POTUS/NRP- Coordinates with JFO

The Stafford Act – Circle of Federal ResponseBased on NRP, Figure 11 http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_FullText.pdf

MSCA FocusArea


MSCA Air Mobility ProcessDomestic Response

EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefense

Defense Coordinating

Element

Air Mobility CommandAir Force ReserveAir National Guard

AirliftRequest

Tanker AirliftControl Center

TRANSCOM

AirliftTasking

Deployment

ALCE AirliftSupportingAgency

Slide Developed by: ContingencyOperations.com

EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office


Element

Chapter 01The Joint Field Office - JFO

This chapter, The Joint Field Office will outline the functions of the Joint Field Office (JFO) as well as its subcomponents: Principal Federal Official (PFO), Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO), Defense Coordinating Element (DCE), Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO), Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officers (EPLO), Emergency Support Functions (ESF), and a general framework of the JFO Section organization.


Joint Field Office - JFOThe JFO is a multiagency coordination center established locally. It provides a central location for coordination of Federal, State, local, tribal, nongovernmental, and private-sector organizations with primary responsibility for threat response and incidentsupport. The JFO enables the effective and efficient coordination of Federal incident-related prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery actions.

The JFO fully replaces the DHS/EPR/FEMA Disaster Field Office (DFO), and accommodates all entities (or their designated representatives) essential to incident management, information-sharing, and the delivery of disaster assistance and other support.

Threat situations or incidents that impact multiple States or localities may require separate JFOs. In these situations, one of the JFOs may be identified (typically in the most heavily impacted area) to provide strategic leadership and coordination for the overall incident management effort.

Organizationally, the JFO is comprised of three distinct areas:

■ JFO Coordination Group (PFO, FCO)

■ JFO Coordination Staff (DCE, DCO, EPLO)

■ JFO Sections (ESFs -> Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance/Admin)



JFO – Organizational Diagram

Chief of Staff

Safety CoordinatorLiaison Officers

Infrastructure Liaison(Others as Needed)

External Affairs

Office of the Inspector General

Defense Coordinating Element- Defense Coordinating Officer

- Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officers

Operations Planning Finance / AdminSection

Logistics

Federal Coordinating

Officer

StateCoordinating

Officer

Senior Federal Officials

Principal Federal Official

JFOSections

JFOCoordination

Staff

JFOCoordination

Group

Slide Developed by: ContingencyOperations.com based on information from the National Response Plan

Principal Federal Official - PFOThe PFO is personally designated by the Secretary of Homeland Security to facilitate Federal support to the established ICS Unified Command structure and to coordinate overall Federal incident management and assistance activities across the spectrum of prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The PFO ensures that incident management efforts are maximized through effective and efficient coordination. The PFO provides a primary point of contact and situational awareness locally for the Secretary of Homeland Security. The Secretary is not restricted to DHS officials when selecting a PFO. The specific roles and responsibilities of the PFO include the following:

■ Representing the Secretary of Homeland Security as the lead Federal official;■ Ensuring overall coordination of Federal domestic incident management and resource allocation activities;■ Ensuring the seamless integration of Federal activities in support of and in coordination with State, local,and tribal requirements;■ Providing strategic guidance to Federal entities;■ Facilitating interagency conflict resolution as necessary;■ Serving as a primary, although not exclusive, point of contact for Federal interface with State, local, andtribal senior elected/appointed officials, the media, and the private sector;■ Providing real-time incident information to the Secretary of Homeland Security through the HSOC and the IIMG, as required;■ Coordinating response resource needs between multiple incidents as necessary, or as directed by theSecretary of Homeland Security;■ Coordinating the overall Federal strategy locally to ensure consistency of Federal interagency communications to the public;■ Ensuring that adequate connectivity is maintained between the JFO and the HSOC; local, county, State,and regional EOCs; nongovernmental EOCs; and relevant elements of the private sector; and■ Participating in ongoing steady-state preparedness efforts (as appropriate for PFOs designated in a“pre-incident” mode, when a threat can be ascribed to a particular geographic area).



Federal Coordinating Officer - FCOThe FCO manages and coordinates Federal resource support activities related to Stafford Act disasters and emergencies. The FCO assists the Unified Command and/or the Area Command. The FCO works closely with the PFO, SFLEO, and other SFOs. In Stafford Act situations where a PFO has not been assigned, the FCO provides overall coordination for the Federal components of the JFO and works in partnership with the SCO to determine and satisfy State and local assistance requirements. Roles and responsibilities of the FCO include the following:

■ Conducting an initial appraisal of the types of assistance most urgently needed;■ Coordinating the timely delivery of Federal assistance to affected State, local, and tribal governments and disaster victims;■ Supporting the PFO, when one is designated;■ When delegated from the DHS/EPR/FEMA Regional Director, serving as Disaster Recovery Manager (DRM) to administer the financial aspects of assistance authorized under the Stafford Act;■ Working in partnership with the SCO (appointed by the Governor to oversee operations for the State) andthe Governor’s Authorized Representative (GAR) (empowered by the Governor to execute all necessary documents for Federal assistance on behalf of the State); and■ Taking other such action consistent with the authority delegated to him/her as deemed necessary to assist local citizens and public officials in promptly obtaining assistance to which they are entitled.



Defense Coordinating Officer - DCOInitial requests for assistance are made to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Executive Secretariat. If approved by the Secretary of Defense, DOD designates a supported combatant commander for the response. The supported combatant commander determines the appropriate level of command and control for each response and usually directs a senior military officer to deploy to the incident site. Under most circumstances, the senior military officer at the incident site is the DCO. Requests for Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) originating at the JFO will be coordinated and processed through the DCO with the exception of requests for USACE support, National Guard forces operating in State Active Duty or Title 32 status (i.e., not in Federal service), or, in some circumstances, DOD forces in support of the FBI. In general, the DCO will:

■ Collocate with the PFO/FCO/FRC/SFLEO in the JFO;■ Coordinate and process applicable requests for assistance from the PFO/FCO/FRC/SFLEO or designated representative to the Joint Task Force (JTF) or supported combatant commander;■ Orchestrate the accomplishment of approved mission assignments utilizing available resources;■ Assign and supervise military liaison officers as appropriate to ESF agencies at the JFO to provide technical assistance or facilitate timely coordination; and■ Refer problematic or contentious issues through the appropriate military chain of command to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense.■ Validates MSCA requirements requested by the FCO, State Coordinating Officer (SCO), and/or the Emergency Support Function (ESF) representatives.■ Coordinates and assigns MSCA requirements to the appropriate military organizations.■ Coordinates and tasks the use of ALL DoD resources provided in response to a specific natural disaster or civil emergency.■ Serves as the Department of Defense's single point of contact for DoD resources.

■ Receives requests for assets and passes them to the supported CINC or Component for action if they cannot be filled at the DCO level.

Compiled and Edited for Clarity from National Response Plan http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_FullText.pdf


Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officer - EPLO

DoD Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officers (EPLOs). EPLOs are assigned by the Military Services and selected DoD Agencies to coordinate the use of DoD resources in support of civil authorities during Presidentially declared disastersand emergencies. EPLOs serve with major civil and military headquarters that haveprimary responsibility for planning, coordinating, and executing support to civil authority in disasters. These include FORSCOM, CONUSAs, State Adjutants General and STARCs, and FEMA National and Regional headquarters (CINCs may also be included). EPLOs represent unique Service or Agency expertise and knowledge that contributes to a coordinated and effective DoD response to disasters and emergencies. When providing assistance in response to a Presidentially declared disaster or emergency, EPLOs represent the DoD Executive Agent and the supported CINC having area responsibility. DoD EPLOs are responsible for coordinating civil requests for the use of DoD resources under the auspices of DoD Directive 3025.1



Emergency Support Function - ESFThe ESFs provide the structure for coordinating Federal interagency support for Incidents of National Significance and are foundation of the JFO Sections. The ESF structure provides mechanisms for interagency coordination during all phases of incident management. Some departments and agencies provide resources for response, support, and program implementation during the early stage of an event, while others are more prominent in the recovery phase.

The ESF coordinator has ongoing responsibilities throughout the prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation phases of incident management. The role of the ESF coordinator is carried out through a “unified command” approach as agreed upon collectively by the designated primary agencies. Responsibilities of the ESF coordinator include:

- Pre-incident planning and coordination;- Maintaining ongoing contact with ESF primary and support agencies;- Conducting periodic ESF meetings and conference calls;- Coordinating efforts with corresponding private-sector organizations; and- Coordinating ESF activities relating to catastrophic incident planning and critical infrastructure preparedness as appropriate.



ESF Responsibilities – Primary AgenciesA Federal agency designated as an ESF primary agency serves as a Federal executive agent under the Federal Coordinating Officer (or Federal Resource Coordinator for non-Stafford Act incidents) to accomplish the ESF mission. When an ESF is activated in response to an Incident of National Significance, the primary agency is responsible for:

- Orchestrating Federal support within their functional area for an affected State;- Providing staff for the operations functions at fixed and field facilities;- Notifying and requesting assistance from support agencies;- Managing mission assignments and coordinating with support agencies, as well

as appropriate State agencies;- Working with appropriate private-sector organizations to maximize use of all

available resources;- Supporting and keeping other ESFs and organizational elements informed of

ESF operational priorities and activities;- Executing contracts and procuring goods and services as needed;-Ensuring financial and property accountability for ESF activities;- Planning for short-term and long-term incident management and recovery

operations; and- Maintaining trained personnel to support interagency emergency response and support teams.



ESF Responsibilities – Support AgenciesWhen an ESF is activated in response to an Incident of National Significance, support agencies are responsible for:

- Conducting operations, when requested by DHS or the designated ESF primary agency, using their own authorities, subject-matter experts, capabilities, or resources;- Participating in planning for short-term and long-term incident management and recovery operations and

the development of supporting operational plans, SOPs, checklists, or other job aids, in concert with existing first-responder standards;

- Assisting in the conduct of situational assessments;- Furnishing available personnel, equipment, or other resource support as requested by DHS or the ESF primary agency;- Providing input to periodic readiness assessments;- Participating in training and exercises aimed at continuous improvement of prevention, response, and recovery capabilities;- Identifying new equipment or capabilities required to prevent or respond to new or emerging threats and hazards, or to improve the ability to address existing threats;- Nominating new technologies to DHS for review and evaluation that have the potential to improve performance within or across functional areas; and- Providing information or intelligence regarding their agency’s area of expertise.

When requested, and upon approval of the Secretary of Defense, the Department of Defense (DOD) provides Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) during domestic incidents. Accordingly, DOD is considered a support agency to all ESFs. For additional information on DSCA, refer to the NRP Base Plan.



Emergency Support FunctionsESF #1 - Transportation - U.S. Department of TransportationESF #2 - Communications - U.S. Department of Homeland Security / National Communications SystemESF #3 - Public Works and Engineering - U.S. Department of Defense / U.S. Army Corps of EngineersESF #4 - Firefighting - U.S. Department of AgricultureESF #5 - Emergency Management - U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Federal Emergency Management AgencyESF #6 - Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services - U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Federal Emergency Management AgencyESF #7 - Resource Support - U.S. General Services AdministrationESF #8 - Public Health and Medical Services - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ESF #9 - Urban Search and Rescue - U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Federal Emergency Management AgencyESF #10 - Oil and Hazardous Materials Response - U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyESF #11 - Agriculture and Natural Resources - U.S. Department of AgricultureESF #12 - Energy - U.S. Department of EnergyESF #13 - Public Safety and Security - U.S. Department of JusticeESF #14 - Long-Term Community Recovery - U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Federal Emergency Management AgencyESF #15 - External Affairs - U.S. Department of Homeland Security



JFO Operations SectionThe Operations Section coordinates operational support to on-scene incident management efforts. Branches may be added or deleted as required, depending on the nature of the incident. The Operations Section also is responsible forcoordination with other Federal command posts that may be established to support incident management activities.

Law Enforcement Investigative Operations Branch/Joint Operations Center: The JOC Branch is established by the Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official (SFLEO) (e.g., the FBI SAC during terrorist incidents) to coordinate and direct law enforcement and criminal investigation activities related to the incident. The JOC Branch ensures management and coordination of Federal, State, local, and tribal investigative/law enforcement activities. The emphasis of the JOC is on prevention as well as intelligence collection, investigation, and prosecution of a criminal act. This emphasis includes managing unique tactical issues inherent to a crisis situation(e.g., a hostage situation or terrorist threat).

Response and Recovery Operations Branch: The Response and Recovery Operations Branch coordinates the request and delivery of Federal assistance and support from various special teams. This branch is comprised of four groups: Emergency Services, Human Services, Infrastructure Support, and Community Recovery and Mitigation.

Security Operations Branch: The Security Operations Branch coordinates protection and site security efforts, and incorporates the functions of the DHS/U.S. Secret Service Multiagency Command Center (MACC) during National Special Security Events (NSSEs).



JFO Planning Section

The Planning Section’s function includes the collection, evaluation, dissemination, and use of information regarding the threat or incident and the status of Federalresources. The Planning Section is responsible for preparing and documenting Federal support actions, and developing strategic, contingency, long-term, and other plans related to the threat or incident, as needed. The Planning Section provides current information to the JFO Coordination Group to ensure situational awareness, determine cascading effects, identify national implications, and determine specific areas of interest requiring long-term attention. The Planning Section also provides technical and scientific expertise. The Planning Section is comprised of the followingunits:

Situation Unit – ESF #5, 15Resource Unit – ESF #5, 7, Documentation – ESF #5Technical Scientific Unit – ESF #2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14Demobilization – ESF #5, 7Intelligence Unit (if not assigned elsewhere) – ESF #5, 13Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC) representative - aids in the development of reports for the HSOC and Interagency Incident Management Group (IIMG).



JFO - Logistics Section

This section coordinates logistics support that includes control and accountability for Federal supplies and equipment; resource ordering; delivery of equipment, supplies, and services to the JFO and other field locations; facility location, setup, space management, building services, and general facility operations; transportation coordination and fleet management services; information and technology systems services; administrative services such as mail management and reproduction; and customer assistance. The Logistics Section may include:

Service BranchMedical Unit – ESF #5, 8Communications Unit – ESF #2, 3, 5

Support Branch Supply Unit – ESF #5, 7 Facilities Unit – ESF #4, 5, 7 Ground Support Unit – ESF #1, 4, 5, 7 Air Support Unit – ESF #1, 4, 5, 7



Finance/Administration Section (Comptroller)

The Finance/Administration Section is responsible for the financial management, monitoring, and tracking of all Federal costs relating to the incident and thefunctioning of the JFO while adhering to all Federal laws, acts, and regulations. The position of the Financial/Administration Chief will be exclusively held by a Comptroller who serves as the Senior Financial Advisor to the team leader (e.g., FCO) and represents the coordinating agency’s Chief Financial Officer (CFO) as prescribed by the CFO Act of 1990. The Financial Management Support Annex provides guidance to ensure that funds are provided expeditiously and that financial operations areconducted in accordance with established law, regulations, and standards.

Time Unit – ESF #5Procurement Unit – ESF #5, 7Claims and Compensation Unit – ESF #5, 7, 10Cost Unit – ESF #5, 7



Additional Information

Imminently serious conditions resulting from any civil emergency may require immediate action to save lives, prevent human suffering, or mitigate property damage. When such conditions exist and time does not permit approval from higher headquarters, local military commanders and responsible officials from DOD components and agencies are authorized by DOD directive and pre-approval by the Secretary of Defense, subject to any supplemental direction that may be provided by their DOD component, to take necessary action to respond to requests of civil authorities consistent with the Posse Comitatus Act (18 U.S.C. § 1385). All such necessary action is referred to as “Immediate Response.”DoD 3025.1-M

In addition to direct support for incident response, DOD possesses specialized capabilities employed in support of Federal, State, local, and tribal government agencies, to include their first responder communities. Included among these specialized capabilities are test and evaluation facilities and capabilities; education and exercise expertise; explosive detection; technical escort; medical services; the transfer of applicable technologies, including those developed through DOD science and technology programs; and the expertise of DOD personnel. The DOD Homeland Defense Coordination Office established at DHS Headquarters facilitates interdepartmental cooperation and transfer of these capabilities to the emergency responder community.DoD 3025.1-M




EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefense


Element


AirliftRequest


TRANSCOM

AirliftTasking

Deployment



Chapter 02The Department of Defense (DoD)

This chapter, The Joint Field Office will outline the functions of the Department of Defense (DoD – www.Defenselink.mil ) as well as its subcomponents: NORTHCOM (the geographic supported combat commander of North America – www.NORTHCOM.mil ) and TRANSCOM (Military Transportation Command – www.TRANSCOM.mil ) as well as the Airlift Request and Airlift Tasking Processes

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefenseAirlift

RequestTRANSCOM

AirliftTasking


Element


http://www.defenselink.mil/

http://www.northcom.mil/

http://www.transcom.mil/

Airlift Request Factors

A request for airlift support is initiated/validated by the Defense Coordinating Element (DCE) in support of the Joint Field Office (JFO) should be fulfilled based on:

- Operational necessity- Availability and suitability of alternate surface transportation modes- The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff priority system - The combatant commander’s apportionment.

There are three categories of requests:

Planned - Requests generated to meet airlift requirements, which can be forecast or where requirements can be anticipated and published in the air tasking order.

Immediate - Requests generated that, due to their time-critical nature, cannot be filled by a planned mission.

Emergency - Airlift in direct support of operational forces engaged in combat,Contingency, or peacekeeping operations directed by the national commandauthorities or for emergency lifesaving purposes.

Validation is the assessment of the feasibility and value of an airliftrequirement.

Slide Developed by ContingencyOperations.com and is based on the principles of operation from: JP 3-08v1: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_08v1.pdf ,

JP 3-26: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_26.pdf JP 4-01 (Obsolete): http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp4_01print.pdf




Airlift Validation: The Process of turning an Airlift Request into an Airlift Tasking

**This is a critical concept to understand**

There is essentially a three step process in transforming an airlift request into an airlift tasking

1. The DCE initiates/validates the airlift request in support of the FCO mission.

2. The geographic combatant command (NORTHCOM) then validates/prioritizes the airlift request based on operational requirements in their theatre of responsibility.

- In some cases tactical airlift (C-130) can be directly dispatched in support of the FCO mission by the geographic combatant command

3. TRANSCOM then validates/prioritizes the airlift request based on its global operational requirements. TRANSCOM then tasks Air Mobility Command to support the FCO with airlift based on the requirements set forth in the airlift request.






Department of Defence – Civil Agency Support- Mission Statement -

The military role in disasters is one of support to a lead Federal Agency. The Department of Defense's primary function is to provide relief to the victims of a disaster when tasked by the lead Federal Agency. Our support to the disaster area is maximized when the needs of the local community are identified prioritized in the response plan. This requires installation, base, and post commanders at all levels to identify the key local officials who represent the community. Localofficials may include State, county, city, district, and neighborhood representatives.

DoD 3025.1-M



USNORTHCOM’s specific mission:• Conduct operations to deter, prevent, and defeat threats and aggression aimed at the United States, its territories and interests within the assigned area of responsibility (AOR); and

• As directed by the president or secretary of defense, provide defense support of civil authorities including consequence management operations.

USNORTHCOM’s civil support mission includes domestic disaster relief operations that occur during fires, hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. Support also includes counter-drug operations and managing the consequences of a terrorist event employing a weapon of mass destruction. The command provides assistance to a Lead Agency when tasked by DoD. Per the Posse Comitatus Act, military forces can provide civil support, but cannot become directly involved in law enforcement.

USNORTHCOMhttp://www.northcom.mil/

Excerpt From: http://www.northcom.mil/



Mission StatementProvide Air, Land, and Sea transportation for the Department of Defense, both in time of peace and time of war.

Transportation AssetsTRANSCOM currently controls a fleet of military assets valued in excess of $52 billion, including: 87 ships, 1269 aircraft, and 2150 railcars. Additionally, with commercial partners: 1001 aircraft through the CRAF (Civil Reserve Air Fleet) program and 360 vessels through the VISA (Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement)

Transportation Component CommandsAir Mobility Command (AMC)Military Sealift Command (MSC)Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)

USTRANSCOMhttp://www.transcom.mil/

Excerpt From: http://www.transcom.mil/




EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefense


Element


AirliftRequest


TRANSCOM

AirliftTasking

Deployment



Chapter 03Air Mobility Command (AMC)

Air Mobility Command (AMC). AMC is a major command of the US Air Force. Asa transportation component of USTRANSCOM, AMC provides common-user air mobility and aeromedical evacuation transportation services to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy US forces on a global basis. Additionally, AMC is the single port manager (SPM) of common-user aerial ports of embarkation (APOEs) and/or aerial ports of debarkation (APODs).



ALCE Airlift


The Roles of AMC in Strategic Airlift Contingency Operations

- Sustain deployed forces

- Deploy forces from the continental U.S. to a theatre or between theatres (including strategic airdrop)

- Redeploy forces

- Aeromedical Evacuation

- Augment theatre or special operations airlift capability

- Conduct noncombatant evacuation

Slide Developed by ContingencyOperations.com and is based on organizational principles from: JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf

JP 4-01.1 (Obsolete): http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/jp4_01_1.pdf



Air Mobility Command’s Tanker/Airlift Control Center (TACC)

TACC schedules, manages, coordinates, controls, and executes airlift missions with these forces through a global command and control system.

The TACC is the tasking and execution agency for all activities involving AMC-assigned forces.

It is a critical link between the common-user strategic airlift customer and the operational unit providing that service.

From a central point, the TACC controls all strategic airlift forces worldwide through decentralized elements of AMC.

The TACC receives operational and mission requirements for strategic airlift support, then tasks assigned AMC subordinate.

The TACC publishes airlift schedules that vary according to mission type.

Slide Developed by ContingencyOperations.com and is based on organizational principles from: JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf

JP 4-01.1 (Obsolete): http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/jp4_01_1.pdf



Airlift Response Factors

Airlift response time is the total time required to fulfill a tasked transportation requirement. Airlift response time is dependent on numerous interrelated factors.

• Mission priority. • Availability of cargo for loading. • Availability and suitability of airfields, LZ or DZ. • Availability and suitability of personnel to operate the airfields, LZ or DZ. • The nature of the expected threat throughout the mission. • Airspace limitations. • Availability of aircraft, aircrews, loading crews, and MHE.• Weather conditions.• Availability of mission support teams.• Time to coordinate diplomatic clearances and radio frequency authorizations.• Access to timely, accurate, and relevant information to coordinate airlift

operations.

Excerpted From: JP 4-01.1 (Obsolete): http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/jp4_01_1.pdf


Airlift Response Factors

Actions that may decrease response time include the following.

• Conducting advanced mission planning.• Reserving airspace.• Preparing and coordinating force packages.• Surveying airfields, LZ or DZ for possible use.• Briefing aircrews on mission details and pertinent intelligence information.• Coordinating and receiving space based information.• Augmenting the supported commander’s battle staff with USTRANSCOM

liaisons to expedite planning and coordination.• Coordinating the mission with the appropriate ground support elements.• Placing crews, aircraft, and other elements on alert status.• Rigging loads and positioning them at an onload site.• Dedicating airlift resources to support a specific operation.• Air Refueling.

Excerpted From: JP 4-01.1 (Obsolete): http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/jp4_01_1.pdf


Air Mobility Command Expeditionary Forces

TALCEs and MSTs

Support for AMC inter-theater assets operating in forward locations is provided by deployable MSF, including Airlift Control Elements (TALCE) or Contingency Response Elements (CRE) and Mission Support Teams (MST). These forces may provide command and control, aerial port, weather, communications, maintenance, security, transportation, intelligence, and airspace management. Whenever there is a need to provide en route support to airlift forces and in-place facilities are not available or sufficient, a TALCE or MST (which, in simple terms, is a scaled down ALCE) is deployed. The ALCE and MST are the primary entry points for information required by USTRANSCOM to track the location and status of in-transit forces and cargo.Ref AMCI 10-202v4: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/amc/10/amci10-202v4/amci10-202v4.pdf

AMLOs

Air Mobility Liaison Officers (AMLOs) are USAF liaison officers specially trained to implement the theater air control system who provide expertise on the efficient use of air mobility assets as part of the Global Mobility Task Force. They advise their aligned Army/Marine unit commander (in the case of MSCA the DCO) and staff on the optimum, safe use of air mobility assets. AMLOs are highly qualified, air mobility officers, with landing zone and airdrop experience. The AMLO will serve as the direct representative of Air Mobility Command, the Tanker Airlift Control Center, Air Mobility Division Director and Director of Mobility Forces to ground units in both peacetime and contingency operations. Ref AFI 13-106: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/af/13/afi13-106/afi13-106.pdf Ref AMCI 13-101 (Obsolete): http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/amc/13/amci13-101/amci13-101.pdf



http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/amc/10/amci10-202v4/amci10-202v4.pdf

http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/af/13/afi13-106/afi13-106.pdf

http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/amc/13/amci13-101/amci13-101.pdf





EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefense


Element


AirliftRequest


TRANSCOM

AirliftTasking

Deployment



Chapter 04Deployment Planning and Execution

This is the last chapter of the MSCA Guide and certainly the most important and complex phase to the user because it will cover the deployment planning and execution process. A good reference source for this chapter is: www.ContingencyOperations.com/452ALCF.htm

Deployment

ALCESupportingAgency


http://www.contingencyoperations.com/452ALCF.htm

ALCE / User Coordination: The Key to Successful Air Mobility

If there is one key concept anyone with an air mobility requirement needs to be aware of it is this:

Effective understanding and use of air mobility doesn’t just happen overnight. If your organization requires time critical rapid global deployment then air mobility training MUST be a mission critical priority. The key to your organizations air mobility training as well as operational air mobility coordination is ALCE.

TALCE provides the user with: - Formal Equipment Preparation / Load Planning (EP/LP) training - Joint Airborne / Air Transportability Training (JA/ATT)- Effective coordination and visibility at all levels of the Air Mobility Process- DoD secure communication- Real world air mobility guidance and support- TRANSCOM / AMC Command and Control Systems- Provides / Operates Material Handling Equipment (MHE)- Provides Joint Inspection staff- Performs airfield operations and flight clearance coordination


Embarkation/Debarkation AreasAERIAL PORTS

An Aerial Port is an air terminal located on an airfield that has been designated for the sustained air movement of personnel and materiel. An aerial port serves as an authorized aerial port of embarkation (APOE) or aerial port of debarkation (APOD) in the country in which it is located. An airfield is an area prepared to accommodate the landing and takeoff of aircraft, (including any buildings, installations, and equipment). Some air mobility aircraft are capable of operating on unimproved surfaces, but for large operations it is more effective to establish APODs and APOEs on prepared airfields. Prepared airfields are usually pre-existing facilities, with hard-surface runways, extensive ground operations areas (for taxiing, parking, cargo handling, and other appropriate uses), and support infrastructure required for sustained operations. These attributes usually make prepared airfields the best available locations for air mobility main bases and the best available terminal for deployment, redeployment, and large-scale employment operations.

LANDING ZONESA landing zone (LZ) is any specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. LZs are usually less sophisticated than airfields, with facilities meeting only the minimum requirements of anticipated operations by specific aircraft. They may vary from isolated dirt strips with no off-runway aircraft-handling areas to hard surface airfields with limited support infrastructure. The main advantage of LZs is that in many cases it is possible to find or construct them near the operating area of supported forces. A close-by, but less sophisticated LZ may offer fewer delays in providing airland resupply to forward-deployed troops or assistance to humanitarian operations. Due to their isolation and possible proximity to threats, operating at these terminals requires significant planning.

DROP ZONESA drop zone (DZ) is a specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped. Although DZs are normally on relatively open, flat terrain, they may be situated on almost any site (including water) suited in size and shape for the intact delivery and recovery of the airdropped personnel and materiel. The main advantage of a DZ is the ability to deliver forces or materiel when an LZ or airfield cannot be constructed either because of expense, time constraints, security risks, political sensitivities, or terrain. Similar to LZs, their isolation and possible proximity to threats makes security more difficult. Operations at DZs require significant planning because of limited on-ground support and likely threats to the aircraft and supportpersonnel.

Excerpted From:JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf


ALCE and User Airlift Planning Considerations

Consider these principles when planning for airlift movements:

(1) Minimize movement congestion and vulnerability by reducing the time units andmateriel spend en masse at forward terminals.

(2) Maximize the productivity and survivability of the airlift fleet by minimizingaircraft ground times at forward locations.

(3) Minimize sortie requirements by repackaging all materiel for air shipment; ensuring that combat personnel travel with their maximum authorized individual loads of rations, ammunition, or other personal protective equipment; and splitting units into air-essential and surface movement echelons (whenever possible).

(4) Ensure that personnel are adequately fed, rested, and protected at en route stops.

(5) Deploy the personnel and communications equipment necessary to track and report on all air movements.

Excerpted From:JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf


Airlift User ResponsibilitiesPlanning air mobility operations is a complicated process involving a few basic principles and numerous interdependent considerations. Service components must facilitate their airlift movement process. This responsibility includes performing and arranging to:

(1) bring units and materiel to departure terminals

(2) prepare those resources for air movement

(3) provide support services (meals, medical, billeting, and other appropriate services) to transient and arriving units

(4) receive and transport units and materiel from arrival terminals

(5) prepare all manifests, movement documents, and reports related to the actual movement

Compiled From:JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf


Departure Airfield OperationsMarshalling Area

The Marshalling Area is the deploying units area of responsibility. Preparation of cargo and personnel is into “Chalk Loads” is accomplished here.-Prepare documentation for cargo and personnel (manifests and forms)-Perform initial inspection of each chalk-Prioritize the chalk loads based on the operational requirements at the FCO

Example: if the FCO needs Communications then send communications support on the first chalk

-Release the cargo to the Departure Air Control Group (DACG) The DACG is a trained team of air mobility coordinators provided by the user to facilitate the deployment process at the APOE

MarshallingArea

AlertHolding

Area

FrustratedCargoArea

CallForward

Area

Ready Line /

LoadingRampArea

Airlift

Slide Developed by ContingencyOperations.com and is based on operational principles from: JP 3-17: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_17ch1.pdf


Departure Airfield OperationsAlert Holding Area

The Alert Holding Area is the DACG area of responsibility. The DACG verifies the users organization, preparation, and paperwork prior to the Joint Inspection (JI) at this point. -Accepts chalk loads from deploying unit-Conducts “Pre-JI” Inspection-Establishes traffic flow pattern-Establishes communications with deploying units and FCO-Coordinates with TALCE

MarshallingArea

AlertHolding

Area

FrustratedCargoArea

CallForward

Area

Ready Line /

LoadingRampArea

Airlift



Departure Airfield OperationsCall Forward Area

Airlift

The Call Forward Area is the responsibility of both the DACG and TALCE. The JI is conducted here and minor cargo discrepancies are corrected. If the JI is passed, cargo proceeds to the Ready Line / Loading Ramp Area. If the JI is failed, cargo is removed to the Frustrated Cargo Area.-JI Performed-Deployment briefings performed-Paperwork corrected-Statistical data recorded-Minor discrepancies corrected

MarshallingArea

AlertHolding

Area

FrustratedCargoArea

CallForward

Area

Ready Line /

LoadingRampArea


Departure Airfield OperationsFrustrated Cargo Area

The Frustrated Cargo Area is essentially a “Penalty Box” for cargo with significant problems of preparation and/or documentation which may ultimately be re-sequenced to future chalk loads due to airlift time constraints.

MarshallingArea

AlertHolding

Area

FrustratedCargoArea

CallForward

Area

Ready Line /

LoadingRampArea

Airlift


Departure Airfield OperationsReady Line / Loading Ramp Area

The Ready Line / Loading Ramp Area is the ALCE Area of responsibility. At this point the user cargo and personnel are preparing to be or being loaded on the aircraft. -Parking plan established-Loading process performed-Aircraft serviced-Performs airfield operations and flight clearance coordination-Provides / Operates MHE-Performs the On-Load of user cargo

MarshallingArea

AlertHolding

Area

FrustratedCargoArea

CallForward

Area

Ready Line /

LoadingRampArea

Airlift


Arrival Airfield OperationsOff-Load Ramp Area

The Off-Load Ramp Area is the ALCE area of responsibility. Cargo is off-loaded from the aircraft and released to the Arrival Air Control Group (AACG).-Establishes aircraft parking plan-Performs airfield operations and flight clearance coordination-Establishes communications with AACG-Provides / Operates MHE -Performs the Off-Load of user cargo

Off-LoadRamp Area

HoldingArea

UnitAreaAirlift


Arrival Airfield OperationsHolding Area

The Holding Area is the AACG area of responsibility. Here the AACG will verify what has been off-loaded and its condition.-Acceptance inspections performed-Cargo (Vehicles) serviced-Establishes communications with receiving unit-Establishes temporary storage

Off-LoadRamp Area

HoldingArea

UnitAreaAirlift


Arrival Airfield OperationsUnit Area

The Unit Area represents the end of the deployment process and beginning of the users operational process. Cargo is released to the receiving unit.

Off-LoadRamp Area

HoldingArea

UnitAreaAirlift



EmergencySupport

Functions

Joint Field Office

NORTHCOMDepartment

OfDefense


Element


AirliftRequest


TRANSCOM

AirliftTasking

Deployment



Conclusion Thanks for taking the time to review my MSCA Air Mobility Process guide, I hope you find it insightful. I would sincerely appreciate any feedback you could send me in order to refine the guide by keeping it up to date and pertinent for the reader. Also, if I can help your organization out with any air mobility / contingency operations issues please contact me.

For Additional Questions and Support Contact:

Clif Cunningham – Founder of www.ContingencyOperations.comPrimary E-Mail: [email protected]

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