Military Psychology: Teams and Teamwork Dr. Steven J. Kass.
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Transcript of Military Psychology: Teams and Teamwork Dr. Steven J. Kass.
![Page 1: Military Psychology: Teams and Teamwork Dr. Steven J. Kass.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082611/56649ec75503460f94bd3ddb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Military Psychology:Teams and Teamwork
Dr. Steven J. Kass
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Military Psychology Importance of Teamwork
Importance of Teamwork
1. Readiness – coordination/communication in stressful war environment
2. Adaptation – ability to adapt to changing demands of a wider range of missions
3. Task Complexity – teams are called upon to perform tasks that:– Require quick decision making in complex environs– Have severe consequences of error– Are performed under ambiguous situations
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Team – “…a distinguishable set of two or more people who interact dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively toward a common goal/objective/mission, who have each been assigned specific roles or functions to perform, and who have a limited life-span of membership” (Salas et al., 1992)
Military Psychology Team Defined
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2 or more members Members possess multiple sources of info Tasks are interdependent (sequential, pooled, or
reciprocal) Members must coordinate efforts Members share compatible values/goals/objectives Members have specialized roles Team is hierarchically structured (team leader) Communication crucial Team develops strategies to adapt to change
Military Psychology Team Characteristics
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Teams must complete:1. Taskwork – individual competencies (KSAs)
necessary to do the job2. Teamwork – competencies associated with being
an effective team member Motivating teammates Providing backup/support Monitoring one another Self-correcting Shifting strategy on demand
Military Psychology Teamwork
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Identify team competencies through Team Task Analysis Knowledge:
– Task specific teammate characteristics– Shared task models– Teamwork skills
Skills:– Adaptability– Shared situation awareness– Mutual performance monitoring– Motivating team members/leadership– Communication– Assertiveness
Attitudes:– Collective efficacy (Potency)– Shared vision– Team cohesion
Military Psychology Team Competencies
Cannon-Bowers et al., 1995)
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Focus on outcome may be rewarding flawed processes.– Assess both:
Taskwork and Teamwork Outcomes (winning, accuracy, efficiency, etc.) and
Process (communication, coordination, support, etc.)
Military Psychology Measuring Team Performance
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Measurement process1. Describe individual and team behavior
2. Evaluate behavior
3. Diagnose causes of behavior
Military Psychology Measuring Team Performance
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Assessment Tools
1. Observational Checklists/Rating Scales
2. Content Analysis
3. Critical Incidents
4. Automated Performance Recording
5. After Action Reviews
Military Psychology Team Performance
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Effective Team Performance Measurement, should:
1. Identify processes linked to key outcomes
2. Distinguish between individual and team level contributions and deficiencies
3. Produce assessment to be used for providing feedback to team
4. Produce accurate and reliable evaluations
5. Be easy to implement
Military Psychology Team Performance Measurement
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Cross-Training – learn KSAs of other team tasks by rotating positions– Learn contribution of each task to “big picture”– Allows teammates to anticipate others’ actions– Helps provide backup and flexibility
Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
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Aircrew Coordination Training – increase crew’s awareness of need for coordination– Provide crews with info about teamwork skills– Demonstrate behaviors via video recording– Provide opportunities to practice– Receive feedback on performance
Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
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Guided Team Self-Correction – feedback to teammates by leader to allow team to identify its own problems– Feedback should:
Enable each member to perform his/her task Demonstrate how individual’s performance contributes
to that of other Demonstrate how individual’s performance contributes
to that of team
Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
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Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
Team Adaptation & Coordination Training – training method to help teams deal with stressful environment/task– Provide team member with info on how to best
optimize: Preplanning sessions Idle periods Info dissemination Info anticipation Redistribution of workload
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Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
Assertiveness Training – training to improve team members’ willingness to state concerns assertively– Important for:
Providing feedback Stating opinions Offering solutions Initiating action Offering/Requesting help or backup
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Military Psychology Team Training Techniques
Team Leader Training – training to help leaders in their position to monitor, control, and decisions on behalf of team– Involves managing team climate – norms &
expectations of team members and their interactions