Military Electric Vehicles WWW
Transcript of Military Electric Vehicles WWW
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
1/31
Military Electric Vehicles -Where, Why, What Next?By Dr Peter HarropIDTechEx
www.IDTechEx.com
North America
IDTechEx, Inc.Suite 0222
222 Third Street
Cambridge MA 02142
United States
Tel: +1 617 577 7890
Fax: +1 617 577 7810
Europe (UK)
IDTechEx LtdDowning Park, Station Road,
Swaffham Bulbeck,
Cambridge CB25 0NW
United Kingdom.
Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 813703
Fax: +44 (0) 1223 812400
IDTechEx (Germany)
Louisenstr. 7a01099 Dresden
Germany
Tel: +49 371 36777 643
Fax: +49 371 36777 639
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
http://www.idtechex.com/http://www.idtechex.com/ -
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
2/31
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
3/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
Contents Page
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. WHY HAVE THEM? 9
3. MARINE MILITARY VEHICLES 14
4. MILITARY AIRCRAFT 16
5. KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 20
5.1. Introduction to the six key enabling technologies 20
5.2. Traction batteries 21
5.3. Traction motors 22
5.4. Electronics/electrics 23
5.5. Range extenders 24
5.6. Fuel cells 25
6. IDTECHEX ELECTRIC VEHICLES REPORTS 31
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
4/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
Tables PageTable 5.1 First major use of new electric vehicle technologies 20
Table 6.1 IDTechEx Electric Vehicles Reports 31
Figures Page
Fig. 1.1 Pure electric truck for general use that is also used by the military 6
Fig. 1.2 Small pure electric vehicle used by the US military 7
Fig. 1.3 Polaris Industries Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)s used by the US Military 7
Fig. 1.4 Polaris Industries All Terrain Vehicle ATV specifically designed for military use 8
Fig. 2.1 Electric stealth vehicle 9
Fig. 2.2 General Dynamics Land Systems Shadow hybrid electric vehicle 9
Fig. 2.3 Millenworks light hybrid vehicle 10
Fig. 2.4 Hybrid Future Tactical Truck System (HFTTS) 11
Fig. 2.5 Oshkosh hybrid military Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) 11
Fig. 2.6 100mpg(US) Hybrid Hummer 12
Fig. 2.7 Bronco hybrid from Singapore 12
Fig. 2.8 Roboterwerk robot electric surveillance vehicle 13
Fig. 2.9 Green Wheel jeep style pure electric vehicle 13
Fig. 3.1 Swimmer type of AUV 14
Fig. 3.2 Hypersub submersible fast powerboat 15
Fig. 4.1 Boeing/ WheelTug electrified nosewheel uses Auxiliary Power Unit APU in large
aircraft whereas the EADS version uses a fuel cell. 16
Fig. 4.2 AeroVironment Raven, the best-selling hand launched surveillance aircraft 17
Fig. 4.3 Aqua Puma 18
Fig. 4.4 Very small UAVs for surveillance etc 19
Fig. 5.1 Third generation lithium-ion battery, the lithium sulphur small UAV battery of SionPower 21
Fig. 5.2 CERV 23
Fig. 5.3 TARDEC APD with in-wheel motors 23
Fig. 5.4 Evolution of range extenders 25
Fig. 5.5 Fuel cell AUV in Japan 26
Fig. 5.6 New and improved supercapacitors and their variants such as supercabatteries are
becoming more and more useful in EVs 27
Fig. 5.7 The $517 million unmanned surveillance airship currently being made for the US
Department of Defense by Northrop Grumman showing flexible photovoltaics. 28
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
5/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
Fig. 5.8 Glider type of AUV surfacing to recharge batteries using wave power (by hinging)
and solar power (by photovoltaics) 29
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
6/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
1. Introduction
This white paper provides an introduction to military and allied electric vehicles and a pointer to
the best sources of further information. It shares some of the information in the IDTechEx report,
Electric Vehicles for Military, Police and Security 2011-2021. Military electric vehicles vary from
those that are not designed primarily for such purposes - such as most Airport Ground Support
Equipment GSE - and those that are. The general situation with electric vehicles of all types can
be seen in the IDTechEx report, Electric Vehicles 2012-2022.
Fig. 1.1 Pure electric truck for general use that is also used by the military
Source Balqon
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
6
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
7/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 1.2 Small pure electric vehicle used by the US military
Source Columbia ParCar
Fig. 1.3 Polaris Industries Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)s used by the US Military
Source Polaris Industries
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
7
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
8/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 1.4 Polaris Industries All Terrain Vehicle ATV specifically designed for military use
Source Polaris Industries
What is an EV?
The term electric vehicle EV is limited to free running vehicles by land sea and air, so it does not
include tethered Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) under the sea that are often used by
military forces. It does not include vehicles lacking a large traction battery or similar power
source on board so we are not including large diesel electric and nuclear electric submarines and
ships for example. Yet what remains is already a fast growing $53 billion business at ex-factoryprices.
Electric vehicles can be pure electric with only an electric power source a battery and or a
supercapacitor bank - on board or hybrid meaning with another major power source on board as
well that is not electric. That may drive the wheels when extra power is needed ie a parallel
hybrid or simply charge the battery a series hybrid.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
8
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
9/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
2. Why have them?
Military forces have many reasons for deploying hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles. Forexample, they can be silent and almost free of vibration as is useful in a robot bomb disposal
vehicle or a stealth vehicle used for surveillance.
Fig. 2.1 Electric stealth vehicle
Source BAE Systems
Fig. 2.2 General Dynamics Land Systems Shadow hybrid electric vehicle
Source Department of Defense USA
Some versions employ the long range, high power benefits of a hybrid drive train but revert to
pure electric when stealth is needed. Indeed some electric vehicles can provide extra electricity
for other equipment at destination, permitting silent operation of radar and so on. But there is
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
9
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
10/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
more. A military force is usually limited in mission by its supply chains and a major part of that is
always supply of fuel.
The US Army sees hybrid-electric powered trucks and the hybrid-electric Future Combat SystemsFCS as key in its objective of 75% lower fuel consumption by 2020. This is as much to do with
operational flexibility - permitting previously impossible speed of deployments - as
cost saving and reduction of pollution. Significant savings have already been demonstrated.
Operating as a hybrid, with a 24-gallon tank, a truck travels 375 miles without refuelling
compared to a conventionally powered vehicle, travelling less than 60% of that range. Primarily,
savings do not relate from the cost of fuel itself, but to reduced army logistical transportation
requirements - as fuel takes up about 70% of the logistical tonnage haul in a heavy armored
division.
Fig. 2.3 Millenworks light hybrid vehicle
Source Millenworks
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
10
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
11/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 2.4 Hybrid Future Tactical Truck System (HFTTS)
Source DOD
Fig. 2.5 Oshkosh hybrid military Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT)
Source Oshkosh
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
11
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
12/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 2.6 100mpg(US) Hybrid Hummer
Source Hummer
Fig. 2.7 Bronco hybrid from Singapore
Source ST Kinetics Singapore
Even hybrid battle tanks are being designed. Therefore, whereas less than 1% of military vehicles
are electric today, something near to 40% is likely by the end of the decade on IDTechEx
projections. As early as 2016, we forecast over 35,000 electric military land vehicles being sold at
a total cost of over $3 billion. Often, the design requirements of military, security and police
electric vehicles are similar. Add to that the many marine and airborne electric military, security
and police vehicles both manned and unmanned. As the technology and its employment
broadens, there are many other advantages coming to the fore. For example, it is easier to have a
physically distributed and multiply redundant power train if it is electric. Electric power trains can
be more reliable, easier to repair and last longer. We shall even discuss structural batteries and
smart skin coming along where power electrics and electronics become part of the structure of
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
12
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
13/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
the vehicle. In all cases, reduced maintenance is welcomed in military applications because that
equates to greater security and operational flexibility not just cost control.
The German Army, Deutsche Bundeswehr, recently demonstrated two of their military vehiclescurrently in use. There was an all- terrain unmanned surveillance electric vehicle a little larger
than a quad bike and the unmanned smaller robot vehicle with surveillance camera shown below.
Fig. 2.8 Roboterwerk robot electric surveillance vehicle
Source IDTechEx
Green Wheel of China demonstrated the following all-electric jeep style vehicle at eCarTec in
Germany in October 2011.
Fig. 2.9 Green Wheel jeep style pure electric vehicle
Source IDTechEx
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
13
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
14/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
3. Marine military vehicles
On the sea and on inland waterways, some craft need to be silent and have as little heat and gassignature as possible to make it difficult for hostile missiles to impact, just as is the case in the air
and on land. However, marine electric vehicles also include a large program of deployment of
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles AUVs. Nowadays, most of the military ones used for
reconnaissance, surveillance, search and rescue and other purposes are large and expensive
being up to 20 meters long and using some of the largest batteries in any electric vehicle. These
cost up to $5 million each.
Fig. 3.1 Swimmer type of AUV
Source CMERI India
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
14
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
15/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 3.2 Hypersub submersible fast powerboat
Source MarionHSPD
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
15
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
16/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
4. Military aircraft
Military aircraft are mainly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and that will continue to be thecase for the next decade. There are civil manned aircraft but they are small single and two-seater
propeller driven craft. When pure electric they have range of only 100 miles (160 km) or so and
endurance of about one hour or two. This is of limited use to the military but progress is rapid.
For example, a hybrid electric aircraft first flew in 2011 with potentially much longer range.
Boeing and its largest competitor EADS in Europe are developing the ability for even the largest
air transporters and airliners to be independent when on the ground by becoming electric
vehicles thanks to an electric motor on the nose wheel. This is of enormous significance to
military forces because it increases the range of aircraft by having the jet engines switched on
only the instant before takeoff saving the megawatts of power wasted queuing for takeoff and it
lets the pilot dock the aircraft silently after landing, without the vulnerability of waiting for
ground support equipment.
Fig. 4.1 Boeing/ WheelTug electrified nosewheel uses Auxiliary Power Unit APU in large aircraft
whereas the EADS version uses a fuel cell.
Source WheelTug
The AeroVironment Raven, the best-selling hand launched surveillance aircraft is pure electric
and over 12,000 have been used by military and security forces from Australia to North America
and Europe,.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
16
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
17/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 4.2 AeroVironment Raven, the best-selling hand launched surveillance aircraft
Source AeroVironment
The Aqua Puma version lands on water
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
17
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
18/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 4.3 Aqua Puma
Source Royal Australian Navy
Very small surveillance aircraft are now being proved and some examples are shown below.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
18
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
19/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 4.4 Very small UAVs for surveillance etc
Source Rotomotion, AeroVironment, DARPA
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
19
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
20/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
5. Key enabling technologies
5.1. Introduction to the six key enablingtechnologies
The following are the six key enabling technologies that will confer optimum cost, safety, security,
reliability, life and performance to land, sea and air military electric vehicles over the next decade.
Table 5.1 First major use of new electric vehicle technologies
Source IDTechEx
For example, wireless transmission of energy has been largely developed for consumer
electronics and non-military electric vehicles but it is leading to continuous power acquisition
resulting in small or no traction battery being needed. Anyway, wireless charging of the vehicle
traction battery when stationary is executed without the driver leaving the vehicle, so it is safer
and cleaner. For more on this see the IDTechEx report, Wireless Power Transmission for
Consumer Electronics and Electric vehicles 2012-2022.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
20
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
21/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Traction batteries
Traction motors
Electronics/electrics such as battery management System BMS, on-board chargers, motor
controllers, and the Vehicle Management System that manages these with interfaces tocontrols and instruments, energy harvesting, supercapacitor banks etc.
Range extenders
Supercapacitors
Energy harvesting such as regenerative braking by reverse motor, generator or flywheel,
dampers that generate electricity and harvesting heat from the hybrids engine and exhaust.
However, although military vehicles pioneered almost all of the most advanced technologies
some years ago, that is no longer the case today and benchmarking with all forms of non-military
vehicle is now extremely important.
5.2. Traction batteries
Military vehicles occasionally use single use batteries but the vast majority of configurations
employ rechargeable batteries where lead acid and nickel metal hydride versions are on the way
out because of performance inadequacies such as weight, space, poor handling of power surges,
short life, memory effect, self-discharge etc.
Fig. 5.1 Third generation lithium-ion battery, the lithium sulphur small UAV battery of Sion
Power
Source Sion Power
For the next decade, lithium-ion batteries will strongly dominate the traction battery scene for
military electric vehicles but there are variants. During the next ten years, we shall see some
progress from second generation lithium-ion batteries that have a better cost-performance-
safety compromise, notably those with lithium ion phosphate or low cobalt cathodes, lithium
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
21
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
22/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
22
polymer electrolyte construction (sold polymer with gel and no separator) and carbon or lithium
titanate or other advanced anodes. Next come traction batteries with higher energy density,
often of flat construction to improve performance. First of these to be used is lithium sulphur
batteries already deployed in several unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs. Lithium air and lithiumwater batteries also have a place as their problems are overcome and truly solid state
electrolytes, typically inorganic, will lead to a great saving in containment and safety sy
including cooling. Indeed, third generation lithium-ion batteries often dispense with the organic
electrolytes the part that can catch fire and employ solid state inorganic electrolytes in
structures printed reel to reel to create a much more robust entity. For more see the IDTech
report, Electric Vehicle Traction Batteries 2011-2021
stem costs,
Ex
Traction motors
Here there is a battle between asynchronous and synchronous electric motors for electric
otating
cost
In-wheel and near-wheel motors create redundancy and improve steering and traction and they
l Systems
d
s - all
et
5.3.
vehicles with little difference between the needs of hybrid vs pure electric vehicles.
Asynchronous motors never have permanent magnets because they are effectively r
transformers. They therefore tend to be more temperature tolerant and independent of the
of neodymium in magnets, an element that has sextupled in price and could go higher as long as
China controls supply. For more see the IDTechEx report, Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles
2012-2022
are in use in military forces to a small extent while being largely unaffordable in other
applications despite replacing transmission and differential. For instance, Quantum Fue
Technologies Worldwide, Inc., has its Clandestine Electric Reconnaissance Vehicle (CERV), an all-wheel-drive diesel hybrid electric vehicle designed by Quantum and TARDEC's National
Automotive Center (NAC) with funding support from the US Special Operations Comman
(USSOCOM). The unit can maintain speeds of 80 miles per hour and climb 60 percent grade
while reducing fuel consumption by up to 25 percent compared with conventional vehicles of
comparable size. QT has developed a land-based V22 hybrid reconnaissance surveillance and
targeting vehicle "RSTV", a hybrid FMTV truck and a hybrid line hauler. The development budg
granted by the US military for the projects was $43 million.
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
23/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 5.2 CERV
Source: Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies
Fig. 5.3 TARDEC APD with in-wheel motors
Source TARDEC
5.4. Electronics/electrics
The electronics and electrics in electric vehicles are merging and changing from being wired
discrete components and bus bars in the main. Rogers Corporation saves cost and improves
performance with its copper high current conductors bonded to ceramic in place of copper bars.
Many companies print electrics and electronics. Overall, the amount of electrics and electronics
in a vehicle is growing rapidly, from about 30% of cost to up to 80%. For example, the
asynchronous motors gaining market share substitute circuits for a mechanical commutator,
addition of energy harvesting calls for new control and conversion circuitry. The call for improved
safety in batteries and elsewhere leads to adoption of an increasing number of wired and
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
23
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
24/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
24
wireless sensors. Without a Battery Management System and its cell sensors, one in 70,000
electric vehicle would explode if the same lithium-ion battery technology as used in laptops is
used in EVs the point being that there are 10,000 or so more cells. Charging infrastructure
appears both in and alongside electric vehicles these days and both are linked to energyharvesting circuits. For more read the IDTechEx reports, Introduction to Printed Electronics and
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure 2011-2021.
5.5. Range extenders
Most hybrid vehicles today have a largely unmodified conventional engine. As hybrids trend
towards being series hybrids where the engine never does more than charge the battery, the use
of a conventional engine becomes increasingly ridiculous because the requirement is completely
different and ultimately nothing much more than the equivalent of an emergency charger. In the
meanwhile, we are talking of something as small. Low cost and lightweight as possible the onlyprovides fairly constant power (and, if it rotates, torque). Necessary power from range extenders
is being further reduced where there is ubiquitous fast charging and multiple energy harvesting
on-board.
The situation with range extenders is not as simple as that with batteries (mainly variants on the
lithium-ion battery for the next decade) and motors (two basic choices). One way of looking at it
is to say that there are many designed-to-purpose rotating machines that attach to a generator
via a rotating shaft. Competing with these are the less proven but more elegant fuel generators
that inherently generate electricity.
Examples of range extenders being used or trialled, with fuel generator versions indicated withthe red gen.
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
25/31
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
26/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 5.5 Fuel cell AUV in Japan
Source JAMSTEC
There are many variants deployed including high temperature solid oxide fuel cells SOFC and thefavourite, the PEM being most commonly developed and used in transport. Proton Exchange
Membrane PEM fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells PEMFC,
convert atmospheric oxygen and hydrogen stored in the vehicle into water and electricity. The
water is pure and it can be used in vehicle climate control. For all the jargon and explanation of
many EV technologies see the IDTechEx Electric Vehicle Encyclopaedia that comes free with
any IDTechEx EV report.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
26
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
27/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Supercapacitors
Look out for deployment of supercapacitors that take over much of the function of traction
batteries beyond todays assistance with fast charge and discharge. This will be because
supercapacitors and later supercabatteries (Asymmetric Electrochemical Double Layercapacitors) will offer longer life and greater reliability and possibly other benefits in military
vehicle design.
New and improved supercapacitors and their variants such as supercabatteries are becoming
more and more useful in EVs. They started by being used across batteries to cope with fast
charge and discharge but some now have useful amounts of power stored yet still the
advantages over batteries such as life of over 20 years and very high reliability.
Fig. 5.6 New and improved supercapacitors and their variants such as supercabatteries are
becoming more and more useful in EVs
Source Industry
Energy harvesting
The main forms of energy harvesting being used or considered for military electric vehicles are
harvesting of motion, heat and light. Primarily, capturing motion consists of the favoured
brushless traction motors working in reverse to capture and electrically return up to 15% of
braking energy and, soon to be introduced, dampers capturing vertical energy up to 1kW per
damper on a large vehicle. However, complete energy harvesting active suspension is being
researched and there are dreams of body flexing also generating energy. Wind turbines can be
deployed when the vehicle is stationary. Air and marine vehicles achieve the equivalent of
regenerative brakingby soaring, mooring in a tidestream or sailing with the propeller trailing.
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
27
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
28/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Next most popular is capturing light using photovoltaics (solar cells), here the progression is
towards transparent or translucent film over the whole vehicle, even underneath as it is
developed to capture infrared not just light,. Indeed, in the laboratory, some photovoltaics
captures ultra violet as well. Meanwhile, structures that unfold or expand when parked gainmore area and therefore electricity and some vehicle manufacturers are looking at self sufficient
rear lights etc thanks to local photovoltaics, reducing the large cost and vulnerability of wiring.
Examples include nantenna=diode photovoltaics promising flexibility with double the best
efficiency achieved with PN junction and photoelectrochemical DSSC photovoltaics today.
Meanwhile, we expect Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide CIGS photovoltaics to be a front runner
for long life flexible, conformal photovoltaics. The much needed photovoltaics that harvests UV,
visible and IR and/or that is transparent to be many years away.
Fig. 5.7 The $517 million unmanned surveillance airship currently being made for the US
Department of Defense by Northrop Grumman showing flexible photovoltaics.
Source Northrop Grumman
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
28
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
29/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
Fig. 5.8 Glider type of AUV surfacing to recharge batteries using wave power (by hinging) and
solar power (by photovoltaics)
Source Falmouth Scientific
Printed electronics and electrics
Printed electronics and electrics will save up to 40% of weight, space and cost of control clusters
and other human interfaces and wiring in electric vehicles, eventually encompassing much of the
battery pack electrics and electronic circuitry and several forms of energy harvesting feeding the
battery, multi-mode harvesting becoming commonplace, first in marine military vehicles the in
air and land military vehicles.
Structural components and smart skin
Dumb vehicle bodies and chassis will progress to smart forms with advanced structural
composites married to smart skin performing many functions including energy harvesting,
storage and sensing condition in real time. Something of a halfway house is the incorporation of
components into the body of the vehicle as with T-Ink printed tape replacing the much bulkier
and heavier copper wire. Then there are the structural batteries in the Drayson racing cars being
built in the UK in 2012 that have lessons for the military. Battery geometry is changing with this.
Flat, wide batteries employed in aircraft wings, such as those of surveillance UAVs at over 10,000
meters up turn out to have faster charge-discharge and simpler cooling when well-made and this
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
29
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
30/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
IDTechEx Ltd 2011US Tel: +1 617 577 7890
UK Tel: + 44 (0)1223 813703
www.IDTechEx.com
30
is now being applied to land vehicles. Add that to the conformal thin film photovoltaics now
favoured, the capacitive skin that destroys incoming ordnance, printed logic and power circuits
and so on and clearly various forms of smart vehicle skin are on their way for land, sea and air
vehicles. That happens inside as well as outside, as with the printed and laminated T-Ink lightingand controls that release up to 40% of space, weight and cost of dashboard and overhead
instrumentation. In-wheel motors are another devolution of function to the outer parts of the
vehicle.
-
7/31/2019 Military Electric Vehicles WWW
31/31
Military Electric Vehicles - Where, Why, What Next?
6. IDTechEx Electric Vehicles Reports
Table 6.1 IDTechEx Electric Vehicles Reports
Electric Vehicles by ApplicationAll these reports forecast numbers, ex-factory unit value and total market value for ten years
MASTER REPORT
Electric Vehicles 2012-2022
Industrial and
Commercial
Electric Vehicles
2012-2022
Electric Buses and
Taxis 2011-2021
Electric Vehicles
for Military, Police
& Security 2011-
2021
including
land, sea and air
Hybrid & Pure
Electric Cars
2011-2021
Light Electric
Vehicles 2011-2021
including e-bikes
and mobility
vehicles for the
disabled
Electric Aircraft
2011-2021
including
manned and
unmanned
aircraft and
airships
Marine Electric
Vehicles
2011-2021
including surface
craft, AUVs,
private &
commercial
submarines, sub-
aqua scooters
Electric Vehicle TechnologiesAll these reports forecast numbers, ex-factory unit value and total market value for ten years except for the Advanced Energy one
Electric Motors
for Electric
Vehicles 2012-
2022
Range
Extenders for
Electric
Vehicles 2011-
2021
Electric Vehicle
Traction
Batteries 2011-
2021
Car Traction
Batteries The
New Gold Rush
2011-2021
Advanced
Energy Storage
Technologies
Patent Trends
and Company
Positioning
Energy
Harvesting for
Electric
Vehicles 2011-
2021
Electric Vehicle
Charging
Infrastructure
2011-2021
Wireless Power
Transmission
for Consumer
Electronics and
Electric
Vehicles 2012-
2022
Geographical
Electric Vehicles in East Asia 2011-2021
with forecasts for China, India, Japan, South Korea, Other East Asia
EV Encyclopaedia free with each publication
For further details and to purchase please visit www.IDTechEx.com/reports
31
http://www.idtechex.com/reportshttp://www.idtechex.com/reports