Military Dictatorship in Brazil
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Coup d’État Military Dictatorship in Brazil
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The First Days• A legalist dictatorship
o Constitutionalism
• Coup d’état? Where?• Suport from the middle classes• Political Vacuum – until 11 ͭ ͪ� ͪ ͪof ͪApril• U.S. ͪaid
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Castelo Branco• 1964 – 1967
• Suposed to be president until the end of Janio Quadros’ mandate
• Persecution of political enemieso A list made of 46 names
• João Goulart, Luís Carlos prestes, JK, Leonel Brizola• All political rights were taken• Most of them were sent to exile
o Communism and the Ligas Camponesas were
prohibited
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Castelo Branco• Economic sanitation
o Wage depression o Drop of the inflation
• Intervention in the states
• AI-2 end of all political parties• ARENA X MDB
o The military party and the allowed Opositiono “A Arena era o partido do sim, o MDB era o partido do sim senhor”o This lasted until 79
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Castelo Branco• Attack to airport of Guararapes – Recife
o Against Costa e Silva• Several dead
o hardening of the regime
• National security lawo Escola Militar das Américaso counter-guerrilla, scientifictorture and interrogation
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• Castelo Branco não concordava que Costa e Silva fosse o seu sucessor. Não pela pessoa, que era um ótimo camarada de farda, mas pelo grupo que o rodeava, muitos deles "sedentos de vingança contra os nazi-comunistas" , ou temerosos da força dos comunistas. Castelo Branco tinha prestígio suficiente para fazer o seu sucessor, e acreditava, com muita fé, na democracia como antídoto a qualquer golpe nazi-comunista (que já voltaram a ser aliados, como o foram no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial). Pela lógica, o sucessor de Castelo Branco deveria ser o general Ernesto Geisel. Castelo Branco permitiu que Costa e Silva o sucedesse porque temia que um enfrentamento causasse um racha no Exército, o que poderia culminar com um enfrentamento militar, reduzindo ainda mais a soberania nacional....Foi um erro (ou acerto) que nos manteve fora dos quartéis por 21 anos.! !
• Newton Cruz
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Costa e Silva• 1967-1969• A harder side of the dictatorship
o Linha Dura
• Thrombosiso Because of his condition Costa e Silva leaves Power
• A Military Junta takes the power• In order to prevento the vice to take office
o Pedro Aleixo o He opposed AI-5
• The desease would later claim the life of the dictator
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A New Constitution• 1967
o sense of legalityo Concentrates within the Executive Power most of the power of decision;
• Only gives the executive the power to legislate on matters of safety and budget;
o Establishing indirect elections for president for a term of five years;o Tendency to centralization, but preach federalism;o Establishes the death penalty for crimes of national security;o Restricted to workers the right to strike;o Expansion of Military Justice;o Open space for the enactment of subsequent laws of censorship
and banning.
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Costa e Silva• Frente Ampla
o Lacerda, JK, Goulart
• Student Protestso Une
• 1240 arested
• Passeata dos Cem Milo 1968
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AI-5• Restraining civilian liberties
o Censorshipo Closed the congresso The end of Habeas corpus in political crimeso Prohibition of protestso Prohibition of gatherings in squares or universitieso Prohibition of syndicateso SNI
• Serviço Nacional de Informaçõeso DOE CODI
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Médici• 1969-1974• Economic miracle
o Foreign investment• Foreign debt
o In 1974 the external debt was 6 X what it was in 1964o In 1981 it was of 62 Bi – in 1964 it was of 6 Bi
o National industry• unlasting goods
o Mutinational industry• Lasting goods
o Statal Industry• National security
o Low salaries• “A Economia vai bem, o povo é que vai mal.”• income concentration• The country profits but the workers still receive the same low salaries
o More purchasing power in the middle classo Facility in obtaining credit
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Armed Struggle• Guerrilla
o Influenced by Mao, Vietnã and Cuba
• Urban Guerrillao VPR
• Vanguarda Popular revolucionáriao ALN
• Aliança Libertadora Nacionalo VAR-Palmares
• Varguarda Armada Revolucionária Palmares
o MR8• Movimento revolucionário 8 de Outubro• The Kdnapping of the US Ambassador
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Armed Struggle• Urban Guerrilla
o Carlos Mariguellao Mini Manual do Guerrilheiro Urbano
• 1969
• Fleury and the death squad
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Armed Struggle• Guerrilha do Araguaia
o 1967-74o the encounter between the rivers Araguaia and Tocantinso A communist Guerrilla
• Inspired in Maoo A violent region
• The large land owners Were promoting the assassination of the peasants
o Operation 74• 6,000 soldiers
o Elite Squado Including paratroopers
• the guerrilleros were captured, tortured and executed
o Where are the bodies?
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Ideological Propaganda
• Control of the Mediao Censorship
• A Brazil on the right path• A government that worked hard
o World Cup 1970• Athletes as heroes of the nation
o A way to draw attentiono So people wouldn’t focus on the disappeared or tortured
• The first title in the Formula One• The first title in Chess
o Changes in schools• No longer history classes
o Social studies• No longer philosophy
o Moral and Civic Education
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Ideological Propaganda
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Geisel• 1974-1979• End of the economic miracle
o Petroleum crisis• 1973 – 80%
o Energy projects• Ethanol• Nuclear energy
o Issuance of paper money
• Political Openingo Distenção lenta e gradualo The militarys go back to their headquarters
• The arena Politics stay in powero The end of AI-5
• 1979
• The April Packageo 1/3 of the senators would be indirectly elected
• The bionic senators
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Wladimir Herzorg
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Figueiredo• 1979-1985• UnB dean• Astronomic inflation• ABC strikes
o 78 &79o Lula and syndcates
• Political Openingo A lighter censorship
• ARENA PDS• Amnesty
o For the persecuted and persecutors• If you were a public employee you couldn’t come back to your job
• Direstas jáo A failure
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