MIGRATION, PUBLIC POLICY, and LATINO COMMUNITIES
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Transcript of MIGRATION, PUBLIC POLICY, and LATINO COMMUNITIES
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MIGRATION, PUBLIC POLICY, and
LATINO COMMUNITIES
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REVISED SCHEDULE• February 2: Drug Trafficking
– Talons, ch. 8
– DFC, chs. 2 and 9 (Mexico and Colombia)
• February 9: Migration
– Talons, ch. 8 [again]
– DFC, chs. 4-5 (Central America + Caribbean)
– CR #6 (ExMex)
• February 16: Mexico’s War on Drugs
– CR # 5 (DTOs in Mexico)
• February 23: War on Terror
– Talons, ch.10
– DFC, chs. 1, 3
• March 02: Opportunity for Latin America
– Talons, ch. 10-11
– DFC, chs. 6-8, 11
• March 09: Obama and Latin America
– Talons, chs. 11-12 + Conclusion
– CR #7 (Obama and the Americas)
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I. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION
INTRODUCTION
THE NUMBERS GAME(S)• Flows• Stocks• Proportions• Costs and benefits• Rates of assimilation
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READING
• Smith, Talons, ch. 8 [again]
• Dominguez and Fernandez de Castro, chapters 2, 4, 5 (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean)
• Jorge Castañeda, ExMex: From Migrants to Immigrants, ch. 8 (Course Reader # 6)
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EMOTIONAL ISSUES AND POLITICAL DEBATES
•Ethnicity vs. melting pots•Diversity vs. tradition•Fairness vs. efficiency
NAFTA AND MEXICAN MIGRATION
•Claims and expectations•Preliminary realities•Hypotheses and prognostications
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NUMERICAL DIMENSIONS
• ~12 million illegal immigrants in U.S.• 55-60% from Mexico• 25% of Mexico’s able-bodied male workforce now
in U.S.• U.S.-Mexican wage ratio ~ 8:1 or 10:1
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2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000
10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 22 000 24 000 26 000 28 000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 2003
Mill
ones
Mexican-Origin Population in United States, 1900-2003
Mx-born (9.9)
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1 02 ° 9 8° 9 4°1 06 °1 10 ° 9 0° 8 6°1 14 °
3 0°
2 6°
2 2°
1 8°
E s t a d o s U n i d o s d e A m é r i c a
G o l f o d e M é x i c o
T ró p i c o d e C án ce r
B e l ic e
E sc a l a 1 :1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
O c é a n o P a c í fi c o G u a te m a la
1 02 ° 9 8° 9 4°1 06 °1 10 ° 9 0°1 14 °
3 0°
2 6°
2 2°
1 8°
Go l f o d e C a l i f o r n i a
(Ma r d e C o r t é s )
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 k m
Regional Origin of Mexican Migrants
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Geographical Concentration of Mexican Migrants
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2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Años
Remittances to Mexico, 1990-2003
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BORDER PATROL AGENTS
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EFFECTS 0F BORDER ENFORCEMENT
• 1. Shifting routes (toward Arizona)
• 2. Increased use of polleros (smugglers)
• 3. Reduced “circularity” (more permanent stays)
• 4. More women and families
• 5. Increased loss of life
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Deaths at the Border
2001 = 528
2002 = 470
2003 = 478
2004 = 460
2005 > 500
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PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS
•Economic threat?•September 2000 = 38% agreed•March 2006 = 52%
•Cultural threat?
•Societal threat?
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MIGRATION AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS
• Context: joblessness everywhere• New entries down (not due to border
enforcement, since 95% of migrants without papers get through)
• Return migration stable (despite concern in Mexico about major increase)
• Within USA, unemployment among Latino men > Anglo men
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THE RANGE OF POLICY CHOICE: LEGAL MIGRATION
•Revise legal quotas•Revise criteria for entry
THE RANGE OF POLICY CHOICE: ILLEGAL MIGRATION
•Strategies for restriction:
Building fencesBlocking corridors (e.g., Operation Gatekeeper)Withdrawing incentives and benefits (e.g., Prop 187)Punishing employers
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•Strategies for opening:
Augmenting quotasGuest-worker programsEliminating barriers
•Strategies for reduction:
Targeting economic developmentCirculating informationAdditional steps?
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Initiatives on Migration:
Phase 1: The Whole Enchilada (January-September 11, 2001)
Phase 2: Focus on Security
Phase 3: The Second Term
•Temporary amnesty for those here and employed
•Guest-worker program
•Eventual path to citizenship
Phase 4: Barack Obama?
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What Would You Do?