Australia’s Regional & Global Links

MigrationMigration

Use pg 271 of book to complete the table

TermTerm DefinitionDefinition

Emigration The process of…..

The 2 main processes of migration

Immigration-Immigration-The movement of people into

A country

Emigration-Emigration-The permanent departure

Of people from their country

• The process of migration takes place at a range of scales.

1.1. InternationalInternationalBetween countries

2.2. InterInterstatestate

Between states orterritories within a country.

3. 3. IntraIntrastatestate

Between regionswithin a state or territory.

IMMIGRATION-IMMIGRATION-• Migration may be

either forced or voluntary.

• Immigration has had a significant impact on the size and structure of Australia’s population

During the fifty years from 1947 to 19971947 to 1997Australia Population increased

By approx 11.5 million.11.5 million.

7 Million of this increase can beattributed to the

net gain of immigrantsand their families

http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0,23636,24474767-664,00.htmlOct 2008 migration rethink from the 2008-09 Migration Program is set at 190,300 places, representing a 19.8 per cent increase

on the 2007-08 program. The figure includes 56,500 places for family migrants sponsored by

people already in Australia and 133,500 places for those with special skills.

Net Migration

• Net migration is the difference between the number of permanent departures from Australia (emigration) and the number of people arriving to live in Australia on a permanent basis (immigration)

• permanent arrivals (immigration) – permanent departures (emigration) = net migration

Immigration• Australian society has been shaped by a long

history of immigration. Since 1945 around 6.5 million people have arrived as new settlers and in 2006, nearly one in four (24%) Australian

residents were born overseas.

Australian Population Change 1901-2002

Growth rates

Australian Immigration:• 7 million immigrants(2nd Generation) between

1947-97• The composition of immigrant population has

changed significantly over time.Why? :– White Australia Policy.– The need for labour post WWII. (Snowy River)

Why come to Australia?

http://www.ntrust.com.sg/why-migrate-to-australia.htm

A perspective from Singapore

Short Answer Short Answer practice.practice.

1.OutlineOutline this cartoon’s main ideas/ themes

Indicate in general terms the main features of…

• The cartoonists main ideas are that immigration has created jobs.

• Businesses in Australia have a larger amount of people to sell to.

• There is a larger marketplace which has created Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. GDP means the total combined value of all the goods and services produced in the economy at a given time.

• Therefore immigration has largely contributed to economic growth

Australian Emigration:• This is a voluntary form of migration.

Why leave Australia?

People attempting to improve their social and economic well being.

Where do they go?

Mostly to the UK, USA, NZ, China.

Refer to page 272 for this graph

THEN

read the text below it to complete the tasks

1. Complete the summary table

1901 to 1970s

After WW II

Today

2. Work out the % for each group listed

Years/areas UK Europe Asia

1950

1970

2000

Skilled & family Migrants

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1996 2003 2004

years

tho

usa

nd

s

family

Skill

Types Of

Migration

Skilled

Humanitarian

Trans Tasman

Family Streamed

Illegal Migrants• Illegal migrants under Australian law are

those who:– enter Australia without authority; or – overstay visas, work without

appropriate approval or have their visas cancelled.

• There are estimated to be about 50,000 visa over stayers in Australia. The majority? British Nationals.

Types of migration flows to Australia • Skilled Stream:

– Highly skilled migrants who could potentially contribute to the economy.

– Migrants must pass a skills test. ie, English speaking ability, work experience,etc.

– This is usually a voluntary form of emigration.

– Since the late 1990s, the Skill Stream has been the largest and fastest growing Migration Program stream, an increase in the proportion of total permanent additions in this category from 23% in 1996–97 to 51% in 2005–06.

• Family Stream:– Migrants selected due to their families ties in Australia.

– Migrants must be a close family member of someone already living in Australia.

– There is no skills or language test for these migrants.

– As a proportion of total permanent additions, the Family Stream has decreased from 45% (47,300) in 1996–97 to 26% (45,900) in 2005–06.

• Humanitarian migration:– The Humanitarian Program is the smallest of

Australia's immigration categories – This is designed to provide sanctuary for

refugees.– This is normally a forced form of migration.– Examples of factors for people leaving their

countries include war, disease and famine.– In 2005–06, there were around 17,000

permanent additions through the Humanitarian Program, representing 9% of all permanent additions in that year.

• Trans-Tasman migration:– This is a unique agreement with New

Zealand.

– It means New Zealanders can enter, live and work in Australia without a visa.

– There were 15 663 migrant settlers from NZ in 2001-02.

This is a link to the latest Government Statistical publications

http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/index.htm

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Cultural and linguistic diversityCultural and linguistic diversity • Considered a valuable resource• Over 200 languages spoken here• A rich mix of traditions, cultures, languages and beliefs.• Multiculturalism is now considered a defining characteristic of

Australia’s identity.• Food, music, customs enrich our lifestyles.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGESEconomic BenefitsEconomic Benefits

• Generate wealth and employment for all Australians + invest in economy. (29% small businesses owned/operated by overseas born)

• Generate extra tax revenue for the govt. (very important in an ageing society)

• Important language and cultural skills boosts our links/ business opportunities overseas.– Research shows that migration increases

average incomes and improves the economy.– Migrants address skills shortages.

(check p.279 for more advantages)

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Geopolitical advantagesGeopolitical advantages• Migration policy is a sensitive topic and accepting refugees

improves our foreign relations and standing in the international community.

• It has also helped Australia to build stronger bilateral and multilateral links with other countries.

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

Racial ConflictRacial Conflict• There are those who see this as a threat to Australia’s

Anglo- Celtic background.• Some groups are discriminated against e.g. Sudanese

people in Tamworth

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

Economic CostsEconomic Costs• At times it can be a drain on the economy because they

need support services• In some instances they can take jobs from Australians

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

Geopolitical disadvantagesGeopolitical disadvantages• Australia’s hard line on people smuggling out of SE Asia has

created some friction with our close neighbours• The ‘Pacific Solution’ (processing and detaining asylum

seekers on islands outside the migration zone has drawn criticism from the United Nations.

The role of Government

Migration continued

• The Federal Government plays an important role in the development of immigration policy.

• It has a number of key roles, such as:– Developing policy– Enforcing Australia’s migration policy– Provision of services for new arrivals

Developing Policy

• Federal government develops immigration policy

• Sets requirements foreign nationals need to meet for entry into Australia (Migration Act 1958)

Enforcing Australia’s migration policy

• This involves:– Preventing people smuggling– Deporting foreign nationals who do not

have correct documentation– Ensuring visitors do not overstay their

visas

Provision of services

• Provisions that are provided for new migrants include:– Settlement information– English programs– Translation and interpretation services

The role of non government services: (NGO’s)

• Some roles of NGOs include:– Defend human rights of asylum seekers

and illegal migrants– Provide legal advice to asylum seekers.– Mount campaigns in support of migrants

rights.– Some eg’s of NGOs include: Amnesty

International, AUSTCARE, and Red Cross.

Govt. treatment of asylum seekers.

• Those entering Australia with the correct visa can apply for permanent protection visas.

• Those arriving illegally are detained until they can prove their refugee status.

• Some detention centres include Villawood, Baxter, Woomera, and Port Hedland.

The Tampa Crisis.• Aug 2001: 433 asylum seekers

rescued from a sinking ship by MV Tampa (Norway).

• The Tampa was refused entry into Australian waters to unload the people.

• The govt. processed the asylum seekers applications offshore, eventually accepting 27 of the refugees.

The plight of asylum seekers was brought to the attention of the world as a result of the affair.

The Pacific solution:• The creation of an ‘exclusion zone’

which included nearly all of the northern coast of Australia, as well as outlying islands.

• This meant that people arriving on these outer islands could not automatically apply for visas

News articles• http://www.smh.com.au/news/paul-sheehan/and-the-challenge-of-

migration/2008/08/03/1217701846375.html Aug 2008 Paul Sheehan Immigration targets for 2009

• http://business.smh.com.au/business/an-inconvenient-truth-about rising-immigration-20080302-1way.html March 2008 Ross Gittins “we're in the biggest immigration surge in our history.” Consequences

• http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,23133652-25658,00.html?from=public_rss Asian migration, Bernard Salt January 2008

• http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/migration-must-double-report/2008/02/05/1202090427563.html?s_cid=rss_national Migration must double: report, Feb 2008

• http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/migrant-home-builders-toeaseshortage/2008/03/03/1204402365340.html?s_cid=rss_national Migrant home builders to ease shortage, March 2008