Hawaiian Retention of Polynesian Migration History - Perspectives-
Migration as a Theme in History[1]
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Transcript of Migration as a Theme in History[1]
Introduction to Migration
presented by
Modified by Pamela Hammond & Standiford
Migration is History From the beginning of Humanity we have
evolved from moving from one habitat to another and the adaption to that new environment. Spread of Indo-European
Language
More Migration today or less?
In 2005, 191 million people were counted as living outside the country of their birth
If they lived in the same place, international migrants would form the 5th most populous country in the world
Transport and communication is faster in the contemporary world, but the continuing rise of nation-states made it harder for us to migrate?
Economic Causes of Migration
Migration in search of better economic conditions, employment, etc.
Migration due to famine, drought Irish immigration to America, and elsewhere, due to the
potato famine Migration to escape overpopulation and its effects Migration to expand and gain resources
Greeks, Rusification Migration may be internal as well as international
Rural to urban Region to region
Understanding Migration
Political Causes of Migration
To escape war, invasion, military takeover, etc.
refugees Puritans escaping religious persecution Defection from East Germany
To escape persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds
Diasporas/Exodus: Jews at various times in history Russian Jews escaping pogroms
To escape prosecution for crimes committed As punishment for crimes committed
Australia served as a penal colony for Britain Sentenced to “transportation”
Forced migration As a result of enslavement/human trafficking
Understanding Migration
Social Causes of Migration
To spread a religion Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Missionaries (Jesuits during Age of Exploration)
To reunite with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated
Chain Migration is the number one pull factor To spread a political philosophy, such as
Marxism, democracy, etc. To find personal freedom, to live a certain
lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs, not necessarily as the result of persecution
Understanding Migration
Environmental Issues Migrants are often attracted to new lands that seemed
environmentally similar to their homelands They could pursue adaptive strategies known to them Germanic Indo-Europeans chose familiar temperate zones in
America, New Zealand, and Australia Semitic peoples rarely spread outside arid and semiarid climates Ancestors of modern Hungarians left grasslands of inner Eurasia
for new homes in the grassy Alföld, one of the few prairie areas of Europe
Migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought, el Niño, etc.
Collapse of Mayans? Movement from Indus River Valley? Migrations due to spread of disease
Urban to rural as a result of the Black Death or turn it around: the Black Death spread as a result of the migratory
patterns of traders/merchants Migration to escape natural disasters
Think about the movements after Katrina Haitian’s moving out of Port au Prince following the earthquake Have/will these people return?
How each society reacts to the culture and systems of the other Acculturation –
Some culture exchanged but the groups remain distinct Assimilation (Romanization, Americanization, Russification)
The lesser or weaker or smaller numbered society is absorbed into the stronger and is required to become like the stronger culture either by society or by force.
Syncretism (Roman-Greco society following conquest of Romans over Greeks, Creole)
A whole new society is developed from the two Red and White become Pink.
Accommodation One culture is allowed to exist within another as it is expected
than they will eventually be absorbed or assimilated. This is usually the case with a minority society and culture entering and even conquering another that has higher numbers. It is a practice in tolerance and patience. In the case of the Mongolians in South Asia, they came and conquered but left little in the way of culture that was adopted by the peoples they conquered in this region. Some of their technology was adapted but in most cases was not absorbed.
What are the effects of migration?
1. Effects on the immigrants2. Effects on the host country3. Effects on the home country
Understanding Migration
Effects on the Immigrants
Issues of identity Issues of adaptation and assimilation Differing cultural values between
generations
Understanding Migration
Effects on the Host Country
Economic impacts positive and negative real and perceived
Welfare issues Social attitudes
Understanding Migration
Effects on the Home Country
Remittances Money sent home by workers
Loss of revenue Money made outside of the country is not subject
to taxes Families left behind
Families left without both parents Traditional societies threatened
“Brain drain” Young people educated elsewhere but do not
return home, stay in host country where the money is better
Doctors that train in one country and then practice in another
Population decreaseUnderstanding Migration
Multi-National Issues
“Open border” policies European Union has a free-border policy
Immigration policies USA restricts number of immigrants allowed in
each year Every so often, a U.S. administration official
suggests amnesty for illegal immigrants in the U.S…
Security issues Especially important since 9/11
Understanding Migration
Now let’s think about migration
As you view the following maps think about Why did the migration take place? (What were
the push/pull factors involved?) What effect did the migration have on the home
region? On the host region? Can you connect the migration to major events
in history? Why might you need to know this?
Possible essay topic for the APWH exam!!!!!!!!!!
Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration
Migrations to the Americas
Polynesian Migrations
Spread of Agriculture
Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)
What knowledge spread with the
Bantus?
Language “Migration”
Jewish Diaspora
Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4th-6th centuries)
•Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila•White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire•Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)
The Spread of Islam (630-1700)
Turkic Migrations (7th-15th centuries)
• Think about: Seljuks, Ottomons, Uyghers• Could they be offshoots of the Huns?
Viking Migrations (9th -11th centuries)
The Mongol Invasions (13th-
15th centuries)
Forced Migration
Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
World Migration Routes Since 1700
Migration due to religious persecution
Current Migrations
Internal Migration Developing countries seeing shift
between rural and urban Infrastructure cannot support Housing unavailable Jobs difficult to find without education
Global Migration Millions leave developing world and
emigrate to developed nations Creates racial and ethnic problems Developed nations worried about their
cultural identity France—great influx of non-Christians US—melting pot replace with a salad bowl
Immigrants hold on to traditional values of early marriage and large families
Places burden on some societies Immigrant groups growing larger than
native groups in some countries US: fastest growing ethnic group --Hispanics
French cultural identity challenged
Global Migration
US Migration CCOT
Could you do this? http://www.pbs.org/destinationame
rica/usim_wn_flash.html