Migration - 1st Year

8/6/2019 Migration - 1st Year

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MIGRATION

15th Batch PGDHM (2010-2012)

Dr Shilpi Mishra SharmaIIHMR, Jaipur


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WWHATHAT ISIS MMIGRATIONIGRATION??

A move from one area to another area during give

interval of time

Geographic movement of people across a specified

boundary for the purpose ofestablishing a new

permanent or semi-permanent residence

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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IITTSS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT??

Adynamic process - constantly changing Earth's landscapes and

modifying its cultures

Third Component of Population Change

Population change determined by ..

Basic Demographic EquationBasic Demographic Equation

Pt+n Pt = Births Deaths + In M Out M

Or

Population Change = Natural Increase + Net Migration

In absence of Migration Data

Net Migration = Population Change - Natural IncreasePGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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WWHYHY ITIT ISIS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT??

Developing world less important as a determinant of pop changey Demographic transition Middle of demographic transition

y High fertility and low mortality

y Migration across international boundaries less than migration within

Developed world more importanty Low fertility and mortality

Population change in province, districts, cities great importance

Determines size, Rate, Structure and Characteristics drastic

effect

Distribution of the population

Growth of labour force



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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS



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MMIGRANTIGRANT??


Duration ?

Certain distance?

Not simply a matter of moving certain distance for a certain length of

time

Attitude of Mind Concept of Intention Future Intention

Statistics-gathering organisation arbitrary criteria

International : duration 1 year

Internal : crossing political/administrative boundaries with an

intention


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MMIGRANTIGRANT

Who change his usual place

y least once during the migration interval.

y

Indian context, village in rural

town in urban



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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONSFor migration: area or place - a move is made

For migrants: an area of residence

at the beginning of migration interval from which

last move made for the current migration interval

For migration: area in which a move terminates

For migrants: area of residence at the end of

migration interval

Total number of moves made during a given

migration intervaly common area of origin and of destination

y Mij - area i toj

y Mji - opposing stream

y Larger - dominant stream

y Smaller - Counter stream or the reverse streamPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

Area of

Origin:

Area of

Destination:

Migration

Streams:


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First move, place of destination

More than one move from place of birth or usual residenceplace of destination

Moves back to the area of formal residence

necessary to know origin and destination at least two

migration period

not all return migrations are identified


Primary

Migrants

Secondary

Migrants

Return

Migrant


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Aperson whose area of residence at

census/survey date differs from his area of

birth

Number of such persons in a population

yAll the intercensal moves

y

Return MigrationyDies before Census


Lifetime

Migrant

Lifetime

Migration


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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS IINTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL

MMIGRATIONIGRATION

Amove into a new country

An international migrant who enters

the area from a place outside the

country

Amove out of home country

An international migrant departing

to another country by crossing the

international boundary


Immigration

Immigrant

Emigration

Emigrant

A move across international boundary


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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS IINTERNALNTERNAL MMIGRATIONIGRATION

Amovement into a new administratively

defined area Area of Destination

a person who enters a migration-defining

area by crossing its boundary from some

point outside the area

Amovement out of a administratively

defined area Area ofOrigin

a person who moves out from a migration-

defining area by crossing its boundary to a

point outside it


In migration

In migrant

Out migration

Out migrant

A move within a Country


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all moves or all migrants (Volume of Migration)

y Turnover - the sum of in-migration and out-

migration, or of in-migrants and out--migrants

Balance of movements in opposite directions

y difference between in-migration and out-migration

y in-migration exceeds out-migration - "net in-

migration (+)

y out-migration exceeds in-migration - "net out-

migration (-)


Gross

Migration

Net

Migration


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TYPES OF MIGRATION

Stream of Migration

Internal migration: movements between rural and urban areas

1. Rural to rural migration

2. Rural to urban migration

3. Urban to rural migration

4. Urban to urban migration

Rural to urban migration - most important

y contributes to the transfer of labour force from the

traditional agricultural sector to the urbanized industrial

sector

y linked with the process of urbanization



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RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION

Rural to Urban Migration: A District LevelAnalysis for India

Author - Mitra, Arup Murayama, Mayumi

Abstract

Based on the recent census data this paper

analyses the district level rural to urban

migration rates (both intra-state and the inter-

state) among males and females separately.

Both the rates are closely associated irrespectiveof whether the migrants originate from the rural

areas within the state or outside the state. This

would suggest that women usually migrate as

accompanists of the males.



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ABSTRACT CONTD

Though many of the relatively poor and

backward states actually show large population

mobility, which is primarily in search of a

livelihood, the mobility of male population is also

seen to be prominent in the relatively advanced

states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid

migration of rural females within the boundaries

of the states is, however, evident across most of

the regions.



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ABSTRACT CONTD

The social networks, which play an important

role in the context of migration are prevalent

among the short distance migrants and tend to

lose their significance with a rise in the distance

between the place of origin and destination

though there are some exceptions to this

phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in

the Indian context is indeed a significant

phenomenon with a few exceptions ofmetropolitan cities.



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ABSTRACT CONTD

As regards the effect of factors at the place of

destination, prospects for better job opportunities

are a major determinant of male migration.

Low castes and minority groups tend to pullmigration through network effects.

Among females also these effects are evident

though with the inclusion of the male migration

rate they become less significant.



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TYPES OF MIGRATION DISTANCE OF

MIGRATION

Short Distance Migration

y People moving out to areas under different blocks/

regions but within the same district

R R migration

Medium Distance Migration

y When migrants settle in a district different from the

earlier one but within the same state

Long Distance Migration

y The movement is between two states within the samecountry or between two different countries

y 1 & 2 are exclusively related to internal migration

y 3 refers to both internal and international migration

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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SSOURCESOURCES OFOF DDATAATA

Census:

y Most important source of data on internal migration

y Direct questions on internal migration cover

Place of birth,

Place of last residence,

Duration of residence in the place of enumeration

Place of residence on a specified data before the census



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2001 CENSUS

Table D

Place of birth

Place of last residence

Reason for migrationy Employment,

y Education,

y Marriage,

y Family moved

y Natural calamities

y Others.

Duration of residence at the place of enumeration

Classification of Migration : rural to urban, urban to rural,rural to rural and urban to urban



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CENSUS

migration within a district

migration across a district

boundary

migration within a state

migration across a state boundary


Intra-district migration:

Inter-district migration:

Intra-State migration:

Inter-State migration:


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Surveys:

Useful in supplementing the information obtained from a nationalcensus - in depth

Characteristics of the migrants

y Motives for migration

y Attitudes towards migration

Rounds of the National Sample Survey : 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th,

15th

, 49th

, 55th

Independent Agencies: In 1965, a sample survey on RuralMigration Patterns in Southern Maharashtra by IIPS, Bombay

Population Registers:

Information on internal moves involving residential changes -recorded in continuous population registers.

Useful for an analysis of interval between each internalmigration.

Korea, Taiwan, SwedenPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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METHODS OF MEASURING INTERNAL

MIGRATION

Direct techniques: based on data obtained from direct

questions obtained from data source:

(a) the place of birth of the person,

(b) the last or previous place of residence of the person,

(c) the duration of stay of a person at the present place of

residence



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PPLACELACE OFOF BBIRTHIRTH

(i) Migrants or life-time migrants, defined as persons

who are enumerated in a place which is different

from the place where they were born; and

(ii) Non-migrants defined as persons who were

enumerated in the place where they were born



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Out Migrants from the Region A NAB + NAC = OA

In-Migrants in Region A NBA + NCA = IA

Diagonal element NAA, NBB, NCC: non-migrants of region A, B,

C

Net Migrants to the Region A= NMA = IA - OA


Region of

Birth

Region of Enumeration Total

A B C

A NAA

NAB

NAC

NA

B NBA

NBB

NBC

NB

C NCA

NCB

NCC

NC

Total N.A N.B N.C N


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AADVANTAGESDVANTAGES ANDAND DDISADVANTAGESISADVANTAGES

Advantage:

Question - simple and easy to ask and easily understood Easy to remember his/her place of birth,

Accurate and complete.

Disadvantage:

Single movement

All persons enumerated at their places of birth are non-migrants

Exclusion of return-migrants

Concerns:

Answers to the census questionnaire by head of household

Not to know the exact birth place of each member Possibility of deliberate misreporting for some political reasons

Tendency to report a better-known place, instead of a little known or aremote rural place

Boundary changes in the political regions

Girls to go to their parents' homes for their first deliveryPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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DDURATIONURATION OFOF RRESIDENCEESIDENCE

Person living in the place of enumeration all through live -non-migrant.

Ever migrated:

(a) those born outside the area of enumeration

(b) those born in the area of enumeration who had at sometime lived outside it (return migrants).

Advantage:

y return migrants

2001 census:

(a) less than 1 year

(b) 1 to 5 years

(c) 5 to 9 years

(d) 10 year and abovePGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE

Place of last residence - all migrants and covers all persons whohad migrated at any time during their life-time

In order to ask Last move important to ask place of birth

Place of last residence cross-classified - place of enumeration

y volume of in-migration, out-migration and net migration

Place of last residence - useful - when cross-classified duration of

residence

Advantage

y Reflects on a direct movement from the place of origin to the

place of destinationPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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MMIGRATIONIGRATION RRATEATE

The number of migrants - may have migrated during a givenmigration interval.

MR =

Where:

MR = Rate of migration for the specified migration interval

M = Number of migrations or migrants

P=Population exposed to the likelihood of migration during the

interval

K=100 or 1000.


kP

M*


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CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS OFOF MMIGRANTSIGRANTS Age

y Adolescents and Youth Adults

y 15-20 and 20-35

Sex

y Revenstein 1985: Females appears to be dominate among shortjourney migrants

y

Asian and African Studies Urbanization Male predominates Urban areas

y Rural Migration Pattern female predominates

y Latin America, North America, Europe : reverse pattern

Marital Status

y Unmarried tend to move more than marriedy Half of the female migrate because of marriage

Educational Attainment

y Important component

y

Considerable higher educated than population in generalPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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WWHYHY DDOO PPEOPLEEOPLE MMIGRATEIGRATE ??



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DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION

Push-Pull Dichotomy

Biological Characteristics of Migrants

y Age

y

Sex differencey Racial difference

y Difference in intellectual ability

y Physical strength

Social Characteristics of Migrants

Individual Characteristics of Migrants



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EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

Migration - Aprocess of population redistributionboth at national and international level

Sending State and receiving state

y Change in the parameter of population such as

Aparticular age-sex group Aparticular religion and caste group

Professionals

Skilled or unskilled labor

y In large scale migration Lasting effect on the

composition of both sending and receiving state Preference of a particular area among migrants



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EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

Effect of Migration on individual moving out & alsoon the people where they settle

y No effect on biological characteristics such as race, caste,

religion, intellectual level

y Effect on physical capacity depending upon how easily

one could adapt to the changing climatic condition and

physical and social environment

y Substantial change in education, profession and social life

Effect on birth and death

y Birth and death may get affected if migration between twoareas continue for long time leaving significant effect on

composition of the population

Social Consequences of migration



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IIMPACTMPACT OFOF MMIGRATIONIGRATION ONON HHEALTHEALTH

Epidemic / pandemic

y 1881 Cholera in India 300,000 died n Russia alone

y 1918 Spanish Flue epidemic killed 20 Million people

y SARS (SARS Coronavirus) (2002 03 - China) 37 countries within 6

months 8096 know infected 774 deaths American Businessman traveling through CHINApneumonia like

symptoms died in Vietnam

y Chikungunya in 2006-07 (Aedes) (tropical Africa and Asia reunionislands) Human mosquito human transmission

y H1N1 (Swine Flue) 2009 First Case reported in US Outbreak in Maxico

y Re-emergence of malaria in the areas Effective malaria eradication campaigns in 1950s and 60s.

Exposure to disease

transport mosquitoesPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma


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IIMPACTMPACT OFOF MMIGRATIONIGRATION ONON HHEALTHEALTH

y Task Force of International Union against TB and Lung

CancerHigh TB cases of foreign migrants

y HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases: mobilitykey factor


Health status of migrantsHealth status of migrants

U Residents - R U Migrants R Non Migrants

Ghana - infant mortality is low among r-u migrants

Increase in female education, use of health services and

family planning


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INTERNALMIGRATION


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PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE

30.4

61.5

23.7

13.1

1.6

Tot l i r tion Intr - i tri t

i r nt

Int r- i tri t

i r nt

Int r- t t

i r nt

Int rnational

i rant


314,541,350


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TTRENDREND ININ IINTERNALNTERNAL ANDAND IINTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL

MMIGRATIONIGRATION BYBY PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE

30.329.1 30.4

27.1

1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1971 1981 1991 2001

% Internal Migrants % of International Migrants to Total


159.6 m 200.5 m220.7 m 300.9 m


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PPERCENTERCENT DDISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTION OFOF MMIGRANTSIGRANTS

BB SSTREAMTREAM (0(0--99 DURATIONDURATION), I), INDIANDIA20012001

60 6

17 6

6 5

12 1

26 6

38 2

6

26 7

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

R al t

R al

R al t

Urba

Urba t

R ral

Urba t

Urba

R ral t

R ral

R ral t

Urba

Urba t

R ral

Urba t

Urba


Intra State Inter State


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SEXRATIO MIGRANTS, 2001

(MALE PER 1000FEMALE)

422

323

481

865

1085

All M

r ts tr

str

t

migr

ts

ter istrict

migr

ts

ter st te

migr

ts

ter ti

l

migr

ts



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SSEXEXRRATIOATIO BYBY RRURALURAL & U& URBANRBAN SSTREAMTREAM

(0(0--99YEARSYEARS), 2001), 2001

MMALESALES PERPER1000

F1000

FEMALESEMALES

257

842

651

796

648

1480

984 970

Ru al

Ru al

Ru al

a

a

Ru al

a

a

Ru al

Ru al

Ru al

a

a

Ru al

a

a


Intra State Inter State


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RREASONEASON FORFOR MMIGRATIONIGRATION

((DURATIONDURATION 00--99YEARSYEARS),), IINDIANDIA, 2001, 2001

37.6

2.96.2

2.1

10.4

25.1

15.7

3.20.3 1.3

64.9

4.8

18.9

6.7

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

Work-

ployment

B

ine ss Educ ation Marriage Movedafter

irt

Moved wit

ousehold

Other

Male Female


14. 43. 1.. .1. 3.


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MMAJORAJOR

MMIGRATIONIGRATION

NNETET FFLOWLOW

((DURATIONDURATION

00--99YEARSYEARS),),IINDIANDIA, 2001, 2001

Migration - 1st Year

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