Midwest Home Living

15

C O N T E N T S

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Zammito & Company LLCOffice: 314-258-4412 Residence: 636-8543

Email: [email protected]

Page 19

Midwest Home Living Page 3

Home Lighting Design & Home Lighting Decor Page 4The Importance Of Home Security Today Page 6Is Your Home Office Furniture Hindering Or Helping You? Page 7Converting An Old Barn Into A Home Page 8Your Barn Kitchen Can Be Stylish Page 9How to Live in a House During a Renovation or Construction Page 11Gardening with Tips - Tips and Activities Page 12Variations on a Theme Called Canine Play Page 14How to Prepare for a Cruise Page 16Drinking Water Can Encourage Healthier Food Choices Page 17Recipe of the Month Page 18


Home Lighting Design | Home Lighting Decor

Recessed Lighting There are a couple of ways that you can userecessed lighting. The first is to use it as a wash oflight over the fronts of your cabinets as well as yourwork areas. A spot would give you a narrower beamof light that could create shadows either wanted ornot wanted. A flood light would give you more of awash of light. The second function of recessed lighting in akitchen is to illuminate the whole room. If you have alarge kitchen you might decide to use some addi-tional recessed lighting around an eating cove oralong walk way areas that might appear dark other-wise.Track Lighting Track lighting can beused for the same func-tions of the recessedlighting. It can eitherprovide light abovecounters and cabinets sothat you can see in thecabinets. Or it can lightup dead spaces. Tracklighting generally comes down a little from the ceil-ing. The amount of distance is dependent on howhigh your ceiling is. There are basically two styles of track lighting.One that is a straight bar that can either be installedflush with your ceiling or lowered a bit. The secondis more of a funky artsy style that is often curvy.They can take LED light bulbs or more often Halo-gen light bulbs.

Some use track lighting for the design element.Others might use track lighting for the mere fact thatyou don't have any space above your kitchen to puta recessed can. There are remodel cans that can beinstalled from below if you can not get to the crawlspace above your kitchen. But when you don't havethat space is the time someone might opt for tracklighting.

Under Counter Under counter lightingis really more importantthan most think. Themain function is to lightup your work area onyour counters. It alsolights up the area underyour counter where

recessed or track lighting will not reach. When under counter lighting is installed it shouldbe installed under all of your cabinets. They eithercome in the form of low voltage puck lights or stringof fixtures that hold a long tube style light bulb.

Pendant LightsOften you will see pendant lights in groups of three.Always try and install an odd number. Occasionally,two will suffice but one or three is much better. Todaypendants enhance the décor or feel of your room.Manufacturers offer many different styles of pendantlights. Those styles enhance your décor whether youare decorating your home in a modern style, tradi-tional style or any other fancy you have.


Over Table Lighting Larger pendants and chandeliers are commonplace in a kitchen over an eating area. These pro-vide an anchor above your table and complete thespace whether it is portioned off by a wall or is a partof another room. You will want to hang a chandelier or pendent inthe center of where your table will be. Now, if youlive in an older home like mine the electricity doesn'talways come out of the ceiling in the right place.What we've done is to place a hook above thecenter of our table. We insured the cord of thechandelier was long enough to drape from thepower to our hook and fall to right length. Over an eating table you will want to hang yourfixture at 60" from the floor. For the same reasonsI've noted above with pendant lights, you will want tobe able to converse with someone across the tablebut not be blinded by the light bulbs when you lookup into the fixture.Accent LightingKitchens today are built much larger than they useto be. As a result you have a lot more space to playwith. Accent Lighting is not only decorative but canprovide function as well. We use ours in the eventsomeone needs to visit the refrigerator or get aglass of water in the middle of the night but doesn'twant to completely wake up in the process. Small portable lamps can be placed on counterswhere there are no upper cabinets. You might alsobe able to find one small enough to go under theupper cabinets.


The Importance Of HomeSecurity Today

People have always tried to protect themselvesand their families, just like most animals do. In veryearly days, cavemen protected their caves by light-ing fires outside the entrance to discourage interlop-ers and wild animals. Later on, man learned how toincrease his security by training dogs to safeguardhim and his family. Later still, houses and then doorswere invented; bars and locks arrived soon afterthat. However, until a few decades ago in the west,people lived in extended large families. A familycould consist of six-to-ten children and the motherand the grandmother would often live there too. Thismade home security systems extraneous from theearly 18th Century to the 1930?s, which were quitepeaceful times. After the Second World War, familieswere not so large and new families got their ownhouse away from their parents. Nowadays, both parents are likely to be workingand the children are probably at school. This meansthat many houses are left unoccupied during the day,making them easy plunder for burglars. In fact, thenumber of household burglaries has increased byalmost 10% in the last five years according to Ameri-

can government figures. Furthermore, according to asurvey, forty percent of home burglaries were carriedout due to inappropriate locks and doors. ANSI (American National Standard Institute)produced a standard for deadbolt locks for externaldoors which is very hard to beat. If you are worriedabout your external doors, you should seek theseANSI deadbolts out, but beware, there are manycopies. However, regardless of the sort of lock, thequality of the door is just as crucial. Its thickness andcomposition can also be a disincentive. After all, whyput an expensive deadbolt on a door made of card-board? There are about 14,000,000 home burglariesevery year in the United States and many of themare preventable. The first stage that you shouldachieve in home security is well-built doors andsturdy locks. Deadbolts on exit doors is a good idea. Once you have completed that, get some exteriorsecurity lighting that reacts to either motion or bodyheat. The former sort are microwave and the latterpassive infra red sensors. These sensors will alsocontain a daylight sensor so that they will only be-come active at night. The sensors will also save youmoney by activating the powerful halogen floodlightsonly when someone enters the range of the sensor’sbeam. Once you have done that, you ought to thinkabout a home security alarm system. This shouldconsist of contact sensors on all outside doors andwindows, vibration sensors on all widows to alarmyou in case of breakage and PIR or microwavemotion sensors in the corridors and hallways.

Then, if you want to go even further in your homesecurity system, you can fit surveillance cameras oneach exterior wall of the house and maybe one inthe interior too. You do not have to take all theseprecautionary measures at once, if you are short ofcash, but they should be taken in that sequence.


Do you work from home? Or do you surf theInternet or buy or sell on eBay? Do you send andreceive email? Of course you do, because you arereading this piece. So let me ask you, how muchattention do you pay to the equipment you use toperform these tasks? You might make sure that you have the latest andfastest computer, you may make sure that you usethe provider of the fastest broadband connectionaccessible in your area, but how much considerationdo you pay to your computer table and chair? If you do not pay attention to these particulars aswell, you are surfing at top speed but you could beheading for a bad back and other physical com-plaints at break-neck speed too. If you work for acompany, these details are checked for you, orshould be and if your boss does not take care ofyour posture, then the company could be liable forcompensation. If you do not have a supervisor andwork from home, it only makes sense that you takecare of these details yourself. If you take part in any of the activities mentionedin the first paragraph, you really should be taking anactive interest in ergonomics, which is the study ofthe correct way to sit and how to use the properequipment to help you to achieve the correct postureso that you do not subject your body to undue stresswhile you are working. So, how do you go about acquiring the propertable or desk and the proper chair for you to do yourwork safely? Well, it is probably easiest to start withthe chair. The correct chair for you will allow you to

place your feet flat on the floor with your thighsparallel to the floor. You should be able to accom-plish this position without balancing on the edge ofyour chair. If you require a foot stool to achieve thisstate, that is all right. The chair should have a backtoo. Some say there should be arm rests as well. The table or desk should be of the height that willpermit you to sit on your seat and put your elbows onthe desk comfortably with a straight back. The heightof the table should not encourage you to reach outor slump. After you know how high your table and chairhave to be, you can take into account size. In gen-eral, the bigger the table or desk the better. How-ever, you know what you are like. Are you the sort ofperson who clears the desk at the end of every day,or are you the sort that works until you cannot workany more and likes to leave books and papers openfor a quick start the next day? If you are the latter type, then you need as largea desk as you can get, but you may just want a bigdesk because they are imposing. Whatever. It doesnot matter. A bigger desk is better anyway. Thebigger the better, but it must be at the height thatpermits you to sit at it on a seat that suits the lengthof your calfs and the length of your abdomen.

Is Your Home Office Furniture Hindering Or HelpingYou?

Converting An Old Barn Into A Home Tim Davis/Architectural Designer

In late 2000, I bought a piece of property that wasused as a farm for the past three generations. Andeven though just under six acres, was one of theprettiest pieces of land you ever laid eyes on. Onehalf of the property is wooded and the remainder isrolling hills. At the westernmost section of the landruns a bubbling brook fed by a gushing spring. Thewater in that spring is crystal clear, fresh, and cool,all year round. My wife and I borrowed my families RV andmoved onto the property that same year with allintentions of building an English Style Tudor homeon the front side of the property. I’m an architectural designer by trade and hadspent months laying out my wife’s dream home. (OK,I admit it was mine too!) It was going to be built usingtrees off the land that I spent six weeks cutting downand shaping into 8” x 8” beams with my chain saw. Then we hit a snag. The place where we were tobuild our dream home sat too close to the powerlines that ran across the front of the property. Sure, Icould get the utility board to move them, but not attheir expense. I’d have to pay for the entire shootingmatch and that just wasn’t in the budget. By the time we got the news about the powerlines, we had already spent nine weeks in that oldRV and to be honest, it was getting sort of crampedseeing that three of our five children were still livingat home. I don’t care how big the RV is, if there is a 5year old, two young teens, and two adults packed init, life gets interesting. My wife’s nerves were gettinga bit frazzled and to be honest, so were mine.

On our farm, the only other suitable place to buildsat the most beautiful old barn you ever laid eyeson. 64’ wide by 30’ deep. This barn had good solidconstruction with 6” x 6” columns, true 2” x 6” girtsand rafters, 1” x 10” & 12” planking on the walls andlofts floors. All rough sawn and true size. This build-ing was nearly a century old and twice as solid asmodern structures today. When I got the news about the house, I tried tobreak it to my wife as easy as possible so I took herout for a moon light stroll. You know, one of thoseromantic type walks that women just seem to get allgushy about. On our stroll we walked up to the barnwhere I had stored all those beams I had made tokeep them in the dry until needed. Sweety, I said. “We can’t build the house rightnow. If I have to clear land to build it, there will beanother three to four month wait before I can evenstart construction.” Then, off the cuff I said; “Maybe Icould build us an apartment in the barn until I canstart on the house.” Her eyes lit up and she askedme; “How long would it take to build?” I thought for asecond and decided it would take probably a monthto complete. Her excitement returned and seeing her face lightup like that spurred me on to swinging a hammer. Iselected the widest open part of the barn andstarted the construction. I’m glad I had the utilityboard hook power up to the barn as it really madelife easier to use my power tools. I visited our local saw mill and bought as muchraw lumber as I could. First I constructed a new loftarea using some of the beams I had cut out, thenusing those same beams, started cutting out stairs.Next I enclosed the face of the opening with nativerock and mortar at about three feet tall and then awood wall on top of that. I built the floor to the Living Room and Den andthen started framing the Kitchen which would pro-trude out of the back of the barn. Next, the loft I hadpreviously built became mine and my wife’s bed-room. From there I opened an area into the existingloft and started building the bathroom and two otherbedrooms. It has been close to eight years now and thatbarn apartment has become a full blown homecomplete with five Bedrooms, a Living Room, Den/Dining Room, Kitchen, Full Bathroom, Study,Sunroom/Laundry, Sewing Room, and a Garage. use.



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Not many homeowners want a new kitchen thatlooks like it belongs in a barn. But in this case, thesought-after look was the perfect fit. The home is a converted barn with the originalsliding doors and cow pen still in place. Althoughthe rest of the home is decorated with charming

antiques and trompe l'oeil artwork, the '70s - stylekitchen was overwhelmed with an oversized refrig-erator and microwave oven. It also lacked storagespace. The recessed-panel cabinetry was carefully se-lected to match the color of the cow pen and barndoors, focal points of the adjoining family and diningrooms. White painted bead board, found elsewherein the home, is used on the backsplash and as wain-scot. Individual furniture pieces were designed so thattwo large windows and the hot water baseboardheater could remain undisturbed. The sideboardcountertop is made of salvaged pine, stained anddistressed to resemble the color and character of thekitchen's exposed ceiling beams. The drawer headsof two plate rack cabinets are also finished in thiswarm color. The starting point of the renovation was the floor:earthy ceramic tile over concrete that thehomeowners didn't want to replace. Thus, relocatingelectrical, plumbing and heating fixtures was kept toa minimum. The dishwasher was moved out of a tightcorner, where it was difficult to unload, to the end ofthe "L".


1.) Lay the ground rules in a detailed talk with the projectmanager. Inform the work crew right away of any rules.)you have. Outline designated smoking areas, parkingareas and usable entrances. Let the project manager knowwhat the earliest and latest possible working hours are toavoid any unnecessary disruptions. Inform him of anyarea that is off limits to the crew.

2.) Protect your belongings by moving furniture andaccessories out of the construction area. Use plasticsheeting to section off the area. Cover furniture, electron-ics and air vents in adjoining areas to protect them againstconstruction dust that finds its way through the sheeting.If the remodeling is in your kitchen, keep refrigeration, amicrowave and utensils in a separate area where you willhave access to them at all times. If the renovation isoutside, cover plants and gardens. Keep children and petsout of the construction area at all times.4.) Be patient and flexible. Don't expect to keep a spotlesshouse for the duration of construction and don't expecteverything to go as smoothly as planned. Initial schedul-ing is a great tool to estimate how long the project willtake, but delays happen because of weather, transportationissues and out-of-stock materials, for example. Chancesare, the project will take longer than you first thought.5.) Make yourself accessible at all times--by cell phone orpager if you are not home. Although most details getsorted out beforehand, new things often come up andyou'll need to make on-the-spot decisions for the work toprogress.

How to Live in a House During aRenovation or Construction


Gardening with Tips - Tips andActivitiesFertilizing The first thing that you must do is prepare your gardenfor growth. This must occur before you plant any seeds,since the soil must be fertile enough to support life. Manypeople keep compost throughout the year and then use itto fertilize their gardens in the spring. It is also possible touse synthetic fertilizers if you do not keep a compost.Both types of fertilization can be enjoyable and will keepyou active for days.

Planting Once the soil is ready for a garden, you can beginplanting seeds or bulbs. The method that you use to plantdepends entirely on the crops that you wish to start. Withsome plants, you must put bulbs into the soil for them togrow at a rapid rate. This requires you to plant themcarefully, since you do not want to crowd the plantstogether. Flowers are a good example of this, as they needroom for the roots to take hold. Therefore, you want togive each plant enough space. This type of planting is funfor anyone who likes getting down and dirty.

Weeding Since you have fertilized your soil, there is always thechance that weeds will infiltrate your garden. Some gardenweeds can take over very quickly, so you must stay onthem at all times. While some people use herbicides to killweeds, this can do soil damage if done for long periods. Itis best to pull the weeds out of the ground. Weeding burnsmany calories and works the entire body, which is whymany people actually enjoy the process.

Pest Control Much like weeding, pest control must be part of yourgarden routine, as insects and other creatures will try tofeed on your plants. You can use pesticides or insecticidesto kill these bugs, although you must be aware that you arepotentially spraying a food source with these chemicals. Non-toxic pest control methods include spraying liquidsoap, garlic or hot sauce on the plants. Make sure that youdilute each ingredient with water before spraying it in thearea. These ingredients will kill insects in a hurry, but willnot do any damage to your plants.You can also take the steps to attracting beneficial insectsto your garden. These insects include wasps, ladybugs,hover-flies and lacewings, all of which will eat the insectsthat are killing your plants.


More driven by dour Victorian beliefs than anyscientific fact, early behaviorists viewed play asstrictly limited to young animals. Not only that, theyclaimed that what we viewed as entertaining animalfun and games served only one function: to preparethe young animal for the deadly serious adult re-sponsibilities of fighting, killing prey, and mating.However, as more scientists studied more animalsthroughout their entire life cycles, a different view ofplay has emerged. To be sure, young animals in general do playmore than adults, and an axiom often quoted byethologists, "The more you need to know, the moreyou need to play," is typically used to describe thebehavior of the young. However, as the research onplay in adult animals accumulates, it appears thatplay in older animals communicates a message ofconfidence as well as learning. The wild animal withtime to play with a leaf, or even another animal itwould normally hunt for food, loudly and clearlycommunicates that it not only has enough energy toaccomplish its basic survival function and reproduce,but also some extra left over for fun. Naturally, thoseanimals who play before they attend to their essen-tial needs get eliminated from the gene pool; but

Variations on a ThemeCalled Canine Play By Myrna Milani, BS, DVM

those who can get the serious work of life done firstthen celebrate afterward radiate a confidence notpresent in their less efficient cohorts. Within the domestic arena, we see these sameprinciples at work. Granted only the smallest per-centage of domestic puppies need to learn the basicsurvival skills of their wild canine ancestors. None-theless, their early play with humans, other animals,and objects can do much to help them fit smoothlyinto our often complex human environments. Goodbreeders who routinely expose their pups to a widevariety of different experiences under playful, upbeatcircumstances do much to make life easier for theseanimals as well as for their future owners. As dogs grow older, play serves other equallyimportant functions. Activities spanning the spectrumfrom the most simple game of fetch to an intricateround of hide-and-seek can stimulate the mind andbody of even the most energetic dog living in themost limited human environment, thereby enhancingthat animal's physical and mental well-being. But what about those pets who don't play? Dogswho don't play may not for physical, behavioral, and/or bond reasons. A canine couch potato's extraweight, lack of condition, and mental sluggishnessmay make him reluctant to play. In that case, onlythe simplest games (such as hiding a ball under apillow practically next to his nose) may appeal to himuntil he gets the hang of things. Other times the dog’s


behavior negates play. Timid Rosie so coweredwhen her owners took her to the park to play frisbee,they took her right home. In that more secure envi-ronment, they used carefully timed, confidence-building playful distractions preceding and duringstressful situations to help her over the rough spots.As the play sessions built her confidence, theymoved these out of their home and into their yardand, finally, back to the park. Of all the bond factors involved in play, a lack ofhuman leadership in the human-canine pack servesas the primary squelcher of the playful canine spirit.Dogs who feel obligated to police up busy humanhouseholds and their inhabitants rarely have time torelax, let alone play. Owners who resolve pack-related problems often comment how much moreplayful their pets become. Enjoyment differentiates play from exercise orwork far more than the nature of the activity. Andwhile no scientific criteria exist to define canineenjoyment, who doesn't recognize the special sparkthat lights up a dog at play? Just thinking about it isenough to make us smile. Most people do not realize that fear is a common

problem with dogs, especially a new dog, as he doesnot know what to expect from you. Fear in a dog ismost often associated with anxiety and it can behard for the pet owner to help his four-legged friend.Dogs can suffer from all types of fears including fearof noise, fear of being alone, separation anxiety andfear of certain objects such as a vacuum cleaner. No matter what fear your dog has trouble with,you can rest assured that you can comfort him andhelp him get over his fear. The key to helping yourpooch is knowing what causes his fear. This way youcan help him work to get past his fear. No matterhow fearful your pet is, you can help by using pa-tience, love and understanding. One thing you do not want to do is give too muchattention to the dog as he will start to think that hisfears are justified. Most dog owners want to reassuretheir pet that all is ok but they are really giving in tothe fear, which will not help him at all. There areother ways to calm your dog when he is showingfear or anxiety. For instance, if he is afraid of thun-derstorms, it is important for you to remain calmduring a storm, showing your dog that there is noth-ing to fear. Your dog will look to you to see if there isa problem, so it is good to show him you are notafraid.

The Fear in Dogs


Verify the information on your cruise documents assoon as you get access, usually no later than one weekbefore departure. Double-check the spelling of your name,your appointed cabin and departure date. Contact yourtravel agent or cruise line provider if you notice anymistakes. Check the validity of your passport. Your passport hasto be valid and should not expire within six months of thecruise. Carry your passport for proof of citizenship andidentification purposes. Your passport has to display thesame name as your cruise documents. Inquire with your travel agent or cruise line providerabout current required visas and vaccinations for thedestinations you will be visiting because these regulationsperiodically change. Bring proof of any acquired vaccina-tions with you on the ship. Schedule a pickup service or arrange for someone todrive you to the cruise port. You may also need to arrangea plane flight if the cruise departs from another state or faraway location. Reserve shore excursions. Call your cruise line'scustomer service department or log into your online cruiseaccount to set up shore excursions before your cruise.Avoid making reservations on the ship because shoreexcursions often have a limited number of available spots. Pack appropriate clothing and place identification tagson each piece of luggage. Bring casual clothing, smart-casual clothing and formal clothing. Pack mostly casualclothing, such as pants, skirts, shorts or sundresses forwomen. Pick out sporty shirts, shorts and slacks for men.Include smart-casual clothing, such as pantsuits anddresses for women, and ties and jackets for men. Packformal clothing, such as a tuxedo for men and a cocktaildress for women. Bring shoes for shore excursions; sneak-ers, sandals and flip-flops are common cruise attire. Bringswimwear to wear poolside and workout clothing if youplan to exercise. Put your essential items in your carry-on bag because itmay take a while before your luggage arrives at your cabinafter checking in. Keep your money, medications, jewelryand breakable items, in your carry-on bag. If you don'twant to wait for your bags to arrive, pack swimwear orworkout clothing so you can start enjoying the ship. Set aside traveler's checks and some cash or a creditcard to pay for on-board expenses and on-shore purchases.On many ships, you use your cabin's key card to chargeexpenses to your room. At the end of your cruise you haveto pay for your expenses Arrange for someone to watch your house, water yourplants or feed your pets while away.

How to Prepare for a Cruise


Drinking Water CanEncourage Healthier FoodChoices by: Raw Michelle

While the majority of concern about diet busiesitself with the chemical makeup of nutritious foods, alarge portion of health problems are held in placenot only by what foods are eaten, but by the con-sumption behaviours that reinforce poor choices.Just as connoisseurs of fine dining would recom-mend red wine with red meat and white wine withfish, the combinations in which foods and drinks areconsumed can demand each other's company. Thestudy of gastronomy springs from the natural urge topair complimentary flavours. Two research studies investigating the impactthat beverage choice has on accompanying eatingbehaviours were recently conducted at the Univer-sity of Oregon and Michigan State University. Thestudies, while largely similar in their subject matter,differed in the ages of participants. One targeted theeating behaviours of 60 people aged 19-23, whilethe other studied 75 children between the ages ofthree and five. Both studies were investigating theimpact that different drinks, such as soda or water, hadon the consumption of vegetables.Wisdom comes with practice, not ageWhen given the option, more of the older participants,when given sweet drinks, preferred high calorie andsalty foods over the available vegetables. The study ofthe preschoolers played out a little bit differently, withthe amount of vegetables eaten being the variable,instead of the option to choose junk food. A similarpattern still arose. When given soda instead of water,the younger children consumed fewer raw vegetables.

This could be either be due to a taste preference,or the simple fact that the caloric intake is alreadyelevated, removing the motivation to seek out othersources. The leading researcher notes that foodpreferences are established by eating a particularfood repeatedly. The preferences becomehabitualized. Dr. Cornwell believes that this unlocksan important key to curbing negative eatingbehaviours before they start. Childhood exposure tohigh calorie foods may condition future eatingbehaviours to seek out foods that are poor healthchoices.Filling up before a meal Drinking water with meals could make a big dentin the health problems and rising obesity rates,simply by forcing people to get more of their caloricintake from their foods. Consuming sugary drinksworks against the probability that both children andadults are going to consume their vegetables. Inmany Asian countries, the first course of a meal isoften a soup, which is both low calorie and takes theedge off of the hunger, making individuals far lesslikely to overeat.


Eileen's Best Banana BreadEileen's Best Banana BreadEileen's Best Banana BreadEileen's Best Banana BreadEileen's Best Banana BreadPreparation1.) Preheat oven to 325°.2. ) Weigh or lightly spoon floursinto dry measuring cups; level witha knife. Combine flours and next 4ingredients (through baking soda)in a large bowl, stirring with awhisk. Combine banana and next4 ingredients (through oil) in asmall bowl. Add banana mixture toflour mixture, stirring just untilmoist.3.) Spoon the batter into a 9 x 5–inch loaf pan coated with cookingspray. Bake at 325° for 1 hour and15 minutes or until a wooden pickinserted into the center comes outclean. Cool for 10 minutes in panon a wire rack, and remove frompan. Cool on wire rack.

3 2/5 ounces all-purpose flour(about 3/4 cup)3 3/5 ounces whole-wheat flour(about 3/4 cup)1/4 cup flaxseed meal1 teaspoon baking powder1/2 teaspoon salt1/2 teaspoon baking soda1 cup mashed ripe banana1/2 cup chopped walnuts3/4 cup sugar1/2 cup plain low-fat yogurt1/4 cup canola oilCooking spray

Ingredients

Yield:12 servings

(serving size: 1 slice)

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