Midterm Review

Prologue: Intro to Psychology

• Psychology

– Biology and Philosophy

• Wundt’s Lab

– Reaction Time(psychophysics/Atoms of the Mind

• Structuralism

– Edward Titchener

– Introspection

• Functionalism

– William James

– Charles Darwin

• American Psychologists

– G. Stanley Hall

– Mary Calkins

– Margret Washburn

• Psych Perspectives (in order of history)

– Psychodynamic

– Freud

– Cognitive

- Behavioral

• Watson, Skinner

– Humanistic

• Maslow, Rogers

– Biological

– Evolutionary

– Social-Cultural

Research Methods

• Independent vs. Dependent Variables

• Ethics in Research

• Random Assignment vs. Random Sample

• Case Studies

• Surveys

• What makes a study scientific?

• Statistical Significance

Positive Correlation:Muscle size and exercise

Negative Correlation: Smoking and health

No Correlation: Weight and GPA

Biology and Behavior

• Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

• Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Areas

• Medulla vs. Pons

• Amygdala

• Split Brain Research

• Twin Studies

• fMRI scans vs. PET scans

• Endocrine System Glands

• Lobes of the Brain

• Hypothalamus and Dopamine Rewards

Agonist (Heroin) vs. Antagonist (Botox)

Mimic & ExciteBlock & Inhibit

Types of Brain Scans

PET SCAN MRI

fMRI

EEG Brain Wave Activity

Developmental

• Reflexes

• Habituation

• Maturation

• Erikson’s Stages (Adolescence and Young Adulthood)

• Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

• Gender Typing

Schemas

• Assimilation

– Taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema

• Accommodation

– Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one

Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse

Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse

Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies

Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing themPros: Eliminate difference variables between peopleCons: Expensive, time consuming and people die

Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same timePros: Quick, less expensiveCons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables.

Year 1 Year 5 Year 10

Age 1 Age 5 Age 10

Same Day, Different Ages

Same People, Different Days

Piaget Cognitive Development

Harlow vs. Ainsworth

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Is his Research Biased against women?

-Coral Gilligan

Baumrind’sTypes of Parenting

Sensation and Perception

• Selective Attention

• Absolute Threshold

• Color Blindness

• Brain Plasticity

• Gestalt Psychology

• Feature detectors

• Pain

• Hearing Mechanisms

Change Blindness

• Selective Attention

• Cocktail Party Effect

• Inattentional Blindness

• Change Blindness

Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)

Color Vision Theories

Trichromatic Theory (Y-H Theory)Cones see in red, blue and green, helps explain color blindness

Opponent Processing TheoryOpponent cells get stimulated after exposure to opposite colors.

The Ear

PLACE THEORYThe place in the cochlea where hair cells are stimulated determines pitch

FREQUENCY THEORYThe number of times per second the hair cells are stimulated determines pitch

States of Consciouness

• REM sleep

• Sleep Disorders

• Circadian Rhythms

• Hypnosis

• Withdrawal vs. Dependence

• Alcohol

Learning

• Classical Conditioning Process

• Punishment

• Little Albert Study

• Edward Thorndike

• Positive reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement

• Higher-Order Conditioning

• The Garcia Effect

• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

• Overjustification Effect

• Observational Learning (BoBo Doll)

•

Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning:

Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone?

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Watson's Classical Conditioning

Little Albert Generalized his fear to be afraid of all white furry things

Reinforcement & Punishment

Memory

• Repression

• Types of Mnemonics

• Short-Term Memory

• Procedural vs. declarative memories

• Recall vs. Recognition

• Types of Amnesia

• Long-Term Potentiation

• Proactive vs. Retroactive interference

•

DECLARATIVE/

EXPLICIT MEMORY

NON-DECLARATIVE, IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL

MEMORY

SEMANTICMEMORY

EPISODICMEMORY

MEMORY

Amnesia

TimeOnset of Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

Memory Loss

Memory Loss

Source amnesia: Forgetting where you saw or acquired the information

Forgetting

33Mr. Burnes

Encoding Failure with pennies

Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.

Thinking and Language

• Concepts vs. Prototypes

• Functional Fixedness

• Algorithms

• Divergent vs. Convergent thinking

• Availability vs. Representativeness Heuristics

• Wolfgang Kohler

• Noam Chomsky vs. BF Skinner

• Phonemes vs. Morphemes

• Syntax vs. Semantics

• Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Whorf)

Concepts and Prototypes

Concept“General Category”

Prototype“Specific Representation”

Why is a penguin nota typical prototype?

Representativeness and Availability Heuristics

Availability HeuristicWhat ever comes to mind quickest

Is it safer to fly or drive?More words that begin with K or

have K as the third letter?

Representativeness HeuristicWhat ever best fits our schema best

Is this man more likely a bankerOr a pro basketball player?

Gambler’s Fallacy

Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism