Middle East to Japan and everything in between 600 A.C.E Islam Foundations The caliph Upon Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr served as caliph ("deputy") Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander The expansion of Islam , seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia 640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa 651, toppled Sassanid dynasty , conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind, Iberia, NW Africa Success due to weakness of enemies, vigor of Islam The Shitte and Sunnis The Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphs Were Arab as opposed to Islamic Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of Muhammad) A refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Irag, Iran Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder Islamic dynasties The Umayyad dynasty ( C.E.) New caliph won civil war; murdered Ali; established dynasty Established capital city at Damascus in Syria Ruled for the interests of Arabian military aristocracy The Abbasid dynasty ( C.E.) Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government TRAVELERS COMPARED Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Russia Rise of Russia Area inhabited by Slavs Varangians (Vikings) arrived, used river system Set up state based on trade, conquest around 9 th Century State founded by Rurik, people called Rus; capital Kiev The conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 Converted for trade, commercial reasons Elites baptized by order of prince, often against will Served as conduit for spread of Byzantine culture, religion Conversion led to literacy, use of Slavonic; Greek traditions Byzantine art and architecture dominated Kiev The growth of Kiev Princes established caesaropapist control of church After 1453 claimed to inherit imperial crown of Byzantium State divided into provinces ruled by princes/boyars Landed nobles called boyars, constant strife with princes Kievan rule was very decentralized Constant threat, war with steppe nomads THE TANG DYNASTY Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 907 CE) A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty, the Tang Tang Taizong 2 nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity Extensive networks of transportation and communications Bureaucracy of merit Recruited government officials through civil service examinations Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the dynasty Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for bureaucrats Foreign relations Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of civilization Tributary system became diplomatic policy Tang decline Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty The Uighurs became de facto rulers The equal-field system deteriorated A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884 Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the emperor The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907 SONG DYNASTY ( C.E.) Song Taizu Reigned C.E. Founder of the Song dynasty Song weaknesses Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang Financial problems Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war Military problems Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads External pressures Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279 Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY Foot binding gained popularity during the Song Emphasized dependence of women on men, home Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire servants to do work Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts Women could not walk without pain but had to shuffle Forced women to remain at home, dependent on others Male sense of beauty at womens expense Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding Women had to work with men to support family Men could not afford to have women at home, idle TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY Porcelain High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa Metallurgy Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th century Gunpowder Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia Printing Became common during the Tang From block-printing to movable type Books became widespread Naval technology "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments POST-CLASSICAL S.E. ASIA Srivijaya ( C.E.) Established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan Maintained sea trade between China and India by navy Chola kingdom of south India eclipsed Srivijaya in 11 th century Angkor ( C.E.) Kingdom built by Khmers (Cambodians) Two capitals Angkor Thom (Buddhism), Angkor Wat (Hinduism) The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order Famous for architecture and water technologies Immense wealth built on trade Centralized rule only near capital, feudal in farthest reaches Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth, thirteenth centuries Originally Mahayana Buddhist Later Theravada introduced from Sri Lanka Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned it MEDIEVAL JAPAN Japanese feudalism Called the Shogunate Period Military dictators ruled, Emperors reigned in splendid isolation Government was centralized feudalism Countryside divided up into fiefs Daimyo appointed by the shoguns Adopted Neo-Confucianism as state philosophy Provincial lords controlled Japan Called Daimyo, vied for power against each other Constant war to increase personal power, wealth, fiefs The Samurai The lowest class of aristocratic nobility Professional warriors of provincial lords Observed samurai code called bushido Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline; traded military skills for food To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku Japanese Women Legendary founder of Japan, Yamato clan was sun goddess, Amaterasu Under Heian They were the cultural elite with elaborate rituals including dress Had great influence, including several empresses Under Shogunate Lost considerable influence as Neo-Confucianism introduced, warfare spread Could still be samurai and fight but patriarchal society Shinto was also male dominated and included ancestor worship FIEFS OF FEUDAL JAPAN Feudalism in other places Existed in Japan and amongst Aztecs EuropeJapan rulerKingEmperor, Nobility lordShogun (warlord), Daimyo Priests priests WarriorsKnightsSamurai WorkersSerfsPeasants, artisans Code of Conduct ChivalryBushido Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") Unified Mongol tribes by alliance, conquests Merged into empire Mongol political organization Organized new military units Broke up tribal affiliations Chose officials based on talent, loyalty Mongol conquest of northern China Overran Xi-Xia Towns which resisted were used as examples Later towns simply surrendered Mongol conquest of Persia Wanted trade and diplomatic relations with Persia Mongol force invaded Khwarazim empire Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities and qanat Chinggis died in 1227, laid foundation for a mighty empire Mongol rule was generally tolerant Mongol War Machine Mongol warriors Excellent horsemen Accomplished archers Raised in the saddle and able to hunt as children Mongol armies Entirely cavalry Depended on speed and mobility in assaults Chinggis Khan reorganized the tribal armies Units called tumens containing 10,000 men Each unit command by separate leaders Sun-units called ordas; word horde in English Communication by flag, drum Able to cover vast distances in one day Based on the hunting formations of the Mongols THE EMPIRE AT CHINGGIS DEATH Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan Khubilai Khan rules Yuan Dynasty in China Chinggis Khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China Conquest of southern China Song Dynasty fell in 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan Mongol rule in China New hierarchy: Mongol and allies; Central administration reserved for Mongols, allies Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge Dismissed Confucian scholars; dismantled civil service examination Favored merchants, cities, peasants over Chinese elites Mongol Social Policies Would not allow Mongols to settle in China nor Chinese in Mongolia Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians The 4 empires Exchanges During the Mongol Era From Europe From Southwest Asia From South Asia From East Asia Honey Horses Glassware Slaves Textiles Rugs Incense Finished iron products Finished gold products Spices Gems Perfumes Textiles Gunpowder Firearms Rockets Magnetic compass Porcelain Silk Maritime Technology Paper Making Printing Tea Christian missionaries Italian merchants European diplomats Muslim merchants Nestorian merchants Muslim diplomats Indian merchants Indian diplomats Buddhist religious objects Chinese bureaucrats Chinese artists, artisans East Asian diplomats SugarcaneBlack Death Intellectual Exchanges of Ideas, Art, Architecture, Knowledge was constant Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China Major Reason for Decline Mongols too few in number, settled populations massive Any interaction resulted in acculturation Any intermarriage resulted in loss of identity Mongol rule resented Settled populations began to use firearms 'The grave of the Sultan of the World, Emir Timur Guragan. May Allah accept his loyalty and allow him entry to Paradise. By order of the Sultan...' The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Turks Nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia Ottoman Turks settled on Byzantine border Established warrior society raiding Byzantines Osman Charismatic leader of clan Ottomans Conquer the Balkans in 1350s Raided into Europe at Gallipoli (Dardanelles) Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia Pushed into Greece, Defeats Hungarian crusade Temporarily stopped by Timurs invasion Mehmed II Sacked Constantinople in 1453 Made Constantinople capital as Istanbul Absorbed remainder of Byzantine empire During 16 th century Extended empire to southwest Asia In southeast Europe Into north Africa Expansion of the Ottoman Empire