ORGANISATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEALS DURING 2005:

AAHABSACF/ACHACTEDADRAAfricareAliseiAMREFARCAtlas LogistiqueAVSICAMCARE Int'lCARITASCEASOPCESVICIRIDCOLFADHEMACOMEDCOOPICORDAID

CPA-LIRACPARCPCDCRCCREAFCRSDDGDENALDRCEMSFERMFAOFondn. Suisse DéminageGAAGPIHAHABENHandicap Int'lHDIGHDOHFe.V

HIAHorn ReliefHWA IFRCILOIMCINTERMONINTERSOSIOMIRCIRINIslamic ReliefJVSFKOCLIBALSTGMAGMani TeseMATMDANE

Non-Violence Int'lNPANRCOCHAOCPHOHCHROpen ContinentOrphan's AidOXFAM-GBPAPPPINPRCRUFOUSBFSCF / SC-UKSCUSERLOSFPSolidaritésTASOTEARFUND

TEWPAUNAIDSUNDPUNESCOUNFPAUN-HABITAT UNHCRUNICEFUNIFEMUNMASUNODCUNRWAUNSECOORDVESTAVETAIDWACROWANEP/APDHWFPWHOWV Int'l

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)

The CAP is much more than an appeal for money. It is an inclusive and coordinated programme cycle of:

strategic planning leading to a Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP); resource mobilisation (leading to a Consolidated Appeal or a Flash Appeal); coordinated programme implementation; joint monitoring and evaluation; revision, if necessary; and reporting on results.

The CHAP is a strategic plan for humanitarian response in a given country or region and includes the following elements:

a common analysis of the context in which humanitarian action takes place; an assessment of needs; best, worst, and most likely scenarios; stakeholder analysis, i.e. who does what and where; a clear statement of longer-term objectives and goals; prioritised response plans; and a framework for monitoring the strategy and revising it if necessary.

The CHAP is the foundation for developing a Consolidated Appeal or, when crises break or natural disasters occur, a Flash Appeal. The CHAP can also serve as a reference for organisations deciding not to appeal for funds through a common framework. Under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, the CHAP is developed at the field level by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Country Team. This team mirrors the IASC structure at headquarters and includes UN agencies, and standing invitees, i.e. the International Organization for Migration, the Red Cross Movement, and NGOs that belong to ICVA, Interaction, or SCHR. Non-IASC members, such as national NGOs, can be included, and other key stakeholders in humanitarian action, in particular host governments and donors, should be consulted.

The Humanitarian Coordinator is responsible for the annual preparation of the consolidated appeal document. The document is launched globally each November to enhance advocacy and resource mobilisation. An update, known as the Mid-Year Review, is presented to donors in June of each year.

Donors provide resources to appealing agencies directly in response to project proposals. The Financial Tracking Service (FTS), managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), is a database of donor contributions and can be found on www.reliefweb.int/fts

In sum, the CAP is about how the aid community collaborates to provide civilians in need the best protection and assistance available, on time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................1

2. CHANGES IN THE HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT.........................................................................2

3. REVIEW OF THE COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN...................................................4

3.1 Impact of funding levels.........................................................................................................43.1.1 Scenarios.......................................................................................................................... 53.1.2 Strategic Priorities for Humanitarian Response................................................................5

4. SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS......................................................................................................6

4.1 Food Aid................................................................................................................................ 6

4.2 Agriculture............................................................................................................................. 6

4.3 Health and Nutrition...............................................................................................................6

4.4 Water and Sanitation.............................................................................................................7

4.5 Family Shelter and Household Items.....................................................................................7

4.6 Coordination.......................................................................................................................... 7

4.7 Mine Action............................................................................................................................ 8

4.8 Economic Recovery and Infrastructure.................................................................................8

4.9 Education.............................................................................................................................. 8

4.10 Multi-sector............................................................................................................................ 8

5. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................... 9

ANNEX I.MONEY AND PROJECTS...................................................................................................................14

ANNEX II.TABLE I. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONSBY APPEALING ORGANISATION AND BY SECTOR.......................................................................16

ANNEX III.ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................17

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In November 2004, the United Nations, in collaboration with the Government of the State of Eritrea (GSE) and the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) community, launched the Consolidated Appeal (CAP) for Eritrea 2005 in which programmes amounting to approximately US$ 157.15 million were laid out. Funds appealed for were designed to combat continuing chronic household food security problems, raising levels of malnutrition, as well as ensuring basic cross-sectoral services to the most vulnerable Eritreans among others.

The food security situation worsened in the last half of 2004 and continued in this pattern throughout the early months of 2005. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Food Programme (WFP) post-harvest Crop and Food Supply Assessment (CFSAM) conducted in November 2004 estimated a cereal production of 85,000 MTs, down from 106,000 metric tonnes (MTs) in 2003/20041

and below the average of the last 12 years. Compounding this, the inflation of cereal prices over the last year was between 50 to 100%2. The overall food aid distributions throughout the first half of 2005 has varied between approximately 75% (first quarter) and 55% (second quarter) of the CFSAM mission projected food aid requirements primarily as a result of food pipeline concerns. Factors such as low production, inflation of market prices and insufficient food assistance being distributed, has further exhausted already overstretched coping mechanisms of the poor.

The stalemate in the peace process between Eritrea and Ethiopia over the continuing border dispute also adds another constraint to both household and national coping mechanisms. Many investment programmes are postponed, and families are often missing their men folk as a result of conscription, placing an unprecedented burden on women and children. While the nutritional status of the population remains stable, it is also locked at levels that do not allow proper health and growth development. Four out of six districts were covered by nutritional surveys in the last quarter of 2004, where an average of 14% of children and 40% of women were acutely malnourished3.

Overall financial contributions to the CAP follow similar patterns to previous years with late pledging by the donor community: including funding levels that have reached only about 59% of WFP food requirements. With funding levels for non-food sectors below last year’s, some agencies have been forced to reduce support in vital areas such as health and water. One fundamental difference between CAP 2004 and 2005 is that in non-food activities in particular, there were far fewer funds available for carry-over in 2005 than from the previous year, which has contributed to the delay in implementation of many important programmes.

The protracted humanitarian crisis has rendered the poorest Eritreans even more vulnerable. The Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP), which places emphasis on life saving sectors and offers limited support for recovery, remains valid. As such, even those projects that have received no or limited funding will generally be maintained – as the needs have increased relative to last year. The most important emphasis in the coming months will be on improving response to food and food security projects (food and nutrition, water, agriculture, recovery activities) in order to avoid even greater human suffering.

In light of the changes in the context and consequent humanitarian needs, financial requirements have been revised to US$ 156.4 million. With the donor response standing at 52% as of 10 June 2005, requirements for the remainder of 2005 total US$ 74.5 million.

1 FAO/WFP – Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission report, January 2005.2 Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) report, April 2005. 3 Ministry of Health, NNSS. UNICEF circular. May 2005.

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2. CHANGES IN THE HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT

March 2005 Rainfall as compared to the normal, March 2004, March 2003 and March 2002 rainfall

In the past half-year, key indicators in areas such as health care and nutritional status point to a sustained high level of risk. Additionally, indicators such as climate, food markets, livestock prices and overall security concerns, are also pointing toward a deteriorating situation. High food insecurity has resulted in increased food assistance needs compared to 2004. In excess of 2.3 million people or, 60% of the population, will continue to rely on food assistance throughout the remainder of the year.

Generally, there has been no major change in the political environment and regional stability. However, the no-war/no-peace environment has restricted micro and macro-economic activities4, especially as smaller scale and petty trade has traditionally been at the core of the livelihoods of many farmers and pastoralists. As the demarcation process has been delayed, tensions between Eritrea and Ethiopia have persisted with growing rhetoric and increased military activity in the border area. The potential for a return to conflict remains.

Source: National Food Information System

4 In addition to this, the tightening of regulations and increased control on the foreign currency has brought more hardship, even though from a macro-economic point of view it has led to increased stability. By abandoning the preferential exchange rate of 19 Nakfa per dollar for nationals (basically remittances from abroad and dollars from visiting Eritreans) and establishing a unified of 15 Nakfa to the dollar (up from 13.5) the result has been a sudden loss of purchasing power of 21% for those receiving remittances, further aggravated by high inflation.

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Commodity Price Tends for Asmara (Nafka per kilogrammes)

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Source: National Food Information System

Data collected from health clinics is available up to February 2005 and shows no improvement as compared with 2004. The ‘hunger season’ traditionally starts in May and concludes in September of each year. However, due to reduced food availability resulting from low harvests and a reduction of food assistance quantities, the ‘hunger season’ commenced in early March. This has been manifested by the significant increases in the admissions of severely malnourished children into therapeutic feeding programmes and heightened under-five morbidity and mortality from diarrhoea as compared to the same period of previous years. As such, the average figure of 14% of children under five years of age being acutely malnourished according to the recent nutritional surveys, is likely to further increase in the coming months because of five years successive drought, a protracted ‘hunger season’ coupled with a lack of assets, reduced value of remittances and an economy that continues to operate poorly. Moreover, the National Nutrition Surveillance Surveys (NNSS) show that malnutrition affects approximately 30-60% of women of age between 18 and 60 living in Eritrea. Pregnant and lactating women are more vulnerable due to the extra caloric requirement of their physiological condition.

In addition, coping mechanisms such as consumption and sale of livestock, employment in day labour, cross border movements and use of wild and famine foods have all become scarce: livestock losses over years and grazing farther from communities prohibits families from relying on this important coping mechanism. Furthermore, a lack of labour opportunities, able bodied men and environmental degradation (deforestation) has reduced the availability of wild foods. Recent field visits to assess response behaviour at the household level in the southern districts of Debub and Gash Barka showed that negative coping mechanisms were already prevalent. Meals were reduced in number, while livestock was generally unavailable for food and income. Many household heads predicted a worse year than any in the past five years of poor rains, primarily because so few household assets remained5. The number of female-headed households is over 50% in some areas, creating an enormous burden on women who are often culturally barred from engaging in some agriculture activities such as ploughing.

As a means to further reinforce local coping mechanisms, ensuring the timely arrival of adequate food aid - coupled with community-based recovery inputs such as seeds, tools and implements, credit, animal nutrition and health support - will be key. Eritrean aid agencies refer to this new strategy as “humanitarian plus”, without which adapting to the current drought prone conditions will be impossible. Rapid and increased injection of both life saving food assistance, health and water support and reinforcing the recovery components of the CAP are required for an holistic humanitarian impact to be achieved.

5 Many women predicted growing illness and malnutrition among their children because the lowered food rations had resulted in a diet of mostly bread and occasional tomatoes, and not the traditional porridge and milk. The local markets of more remote areas confirm the lack of milk and butter, and most who do produce this are now selling and not consuming such by products

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Commodity Price Tends for Asmara (Nafka per head)

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3. REVIEW OF THE COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN

3.1 IMPACT OF FUNDING LEVELS The components of the 2005 CHAP for Eritrea are outlined as: a) food aid; b) food security and water; and c) relief and resettlement of war-affected displaced. Food aid distribution levels have been lower than in 2004 due to a combination of reduced availability (pipeline) factors and difficulties in distribution due to the lack of fuel. While this may have been tolerated from October 2004 through May 2005, failure to increase food distribution levels will likely produce much higher levels of malnutrition than last year.

The Water Sector has only received approximately US$ 1,291,128 or 20% of its requiredUS$ 6.5 million with only the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Cooperazione e Sviluppo (CESVI) receiving donor support thus far. This has slowed the ability of the sector to meet the critical water needs of priority groups. Additionally, as the Bahri rains (October to March) performed very poorly along the eastern escarpment, particularly the northern and north central parts of the country, those areas have witnessed a growing crisis of decreasing water tables and acute water shortages. As a result, UNICEF has been requested to increase water trucking from 60,000 to 90,000 people. The nutrition survey in the Northern Red Sea area undertaken in January 20056 confirms that a lack of water is having an adverse affect on the health of local populations, especially children with some 62% falling ill during the previous two weeks prior to the survey, and 35% of these cases as a result of diarrhoea, which was significantly higher than six months previously.

In the Agriculture Sector, resources committed to date have been sufficient to cover 43% of the total requirement. Availability of good quality seeds in the country is currently very low and the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) permits only small-scale importations of improved seeds. This is the reason why the quantities of seed for distribution, requested in the CAP 2005, are lower than the seed gap estimated (5,000 MTs) by the MoA. Only 800 MTs or 16% of the required seeds for the forthcoming planting season have been secured, including some funds for NGOs. The seed multiplication project, which has been funded, represents the most effective alternative, allowing farmers to locally produce good quality seeds.

Most vulnerable households/communities, affected by Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) or by high malnutrition rates, remain uncovered by agricultural assistance. Support for enabling greater self-sufficiency with regard to home gardening, improvement of diet and small income generation activities, should be promoted in collaboration with other existing programmes. The agricultural project of CARE International, in partnership with Haben and the MoA, that aims to strengthen coping mechanisms of vulnerable populations, has been revised upward, from US$ 429,150 to US$ 555,479. This is now fully funded by the Norwegian Government. Funding shortfalls for the Agricultural Sector remains at US$ 1.73 million.

In the Health Sector, some US$ 2.059 million, or 40% of funding for the three-agency component, has gone to UNICEF-supported nutrition programmes. This funding has allowed the procurement of special foods for 42,500 malnourished children and women and support to 40 Therapeutic Feeding Centres (TFCs) serving 3,000 severely malnourished children. It has also allowed support to an emergency meningitis vaccine programme to stem the limited outbreak that occurred in February. Meanwhile, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have had to rely on funding from other sources. UNFPA is utilising its core resources to provide training on Reproductive Health (RH) issues (health workers training on Life Saving Skills (LSS) and Traditional Birth Attendance (TBA) training on the recognition of danger signs of pregnancy and early referral). While standard RH equipment and commodities have been purchased, commodities and supplies additionally required to meet extra demand have not yet been procured due to lack of funding. The ability to maintain a positive trend in reducing maternal mortality is at risk unless greater amount of funding becomes available for the health sector. Due the unavailability of funds through the CAP 2005, WHO implemented CAP-related activities by reprogramming its regular budget. This reprogramming has affected recovery activities planned for 2005 such as maternal health programmes, vulnerability reduction which are equally important to prevent crisis generated by the lack of these programmes.

6 Source: Ministry of Health (MoH). Preliminary Report of the National Nutrition Survey System (NNSS), Northern Red Sea, January 2005.

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UNICEF has only been able to secure 6% of its funding requirement for activities geared toward children living in camps. Those funds carried over for UNICEF Mine Risk Awareness (MRA) activities will be depleted by August. Given the return of 19,000 IDPs into high mine risk areas in February, there is an urgent need for funding in this sector. During the past five months, the UN Mine Action Coordination Centre (UNMACC) has reported 11 landmine incidents and there are still an estimated 650,000 people who are living in 481 landmine-impacted communities throughout the country.

In terms of relief assistance to Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP) has raised only one-third of shelter needs for IDPs in camps and in settlement areas. The result is that nearly 8,000 IDP households in camps are still without adequate temporary shelter. In terms of resettlement, recovery and reintegration activities, funding has been more favourable and UNDP has secured more than US$ 10 million for IDP resettlement (most outside of the CAP). UNHCR is financing its operations through allocations from contributions earmarked at the country or regional level and from allocations from unrestricted contributions. For its programme in Eritrea, country level earmarked contributions currently amount to approximately US$ 2.2 million. The balance of the current requirements is thus met from broader or un-earmarked funding received.

3.1.1 ScenariosOverall, the anticipated ‘Most Likely Scenario’ as outlined in the 2005 CHAP remains the same, although it has been aggravated by the short-term impact of the revised exchange policy. Drought conditions have persisted and any likely improvement in 2005 will only be seen at the time of the first harvest (October/November), with no impact on the current ‘hungry months’ (March/September). Food insecurity and the continual weakening of the economy are evident and the no-peace/no-war situation has persisted. While the ‘Worst-Case’ scenario outlined the possibility for the resumption of hostilities, this has so far been avoided. Many other risks associated with high physical, social and economic vulnerability have indeed evolved over the past months, threatening the ability of the government and humanitarian aid agencies to contain the situation.

3.1.2 Strategic Priorities for Humanitarian ResponseStrategic humanitarian priorities for the second half of 2005 remain the same: a) prevent high levels of malnutrition; b) ensure basic survival of vulnerable groups; c) support resettlement and durable solutions for previous displaced; d) prevention of landmine incidents; and e) strengthen coordination capacities in government and civil society counterparts. Projects that have received no or partial funding remain highly valid, and even when many might appear at first sight not immediately life saving, they remain equally important. Priorities in the next months will be on improving response to food security projects (food aid, water, agriculture, recovery activities) so as to avoid loss of life and to start to bridge humanitarian initiatives to more sustainable solutions.

The strategy envisages an integrative mode where sector specific inputs catalyse other investments. For example, improving supply to potable water will allow food aid to have greater impact on child health, while health programmes such as supplementation of Vitamin A will equally contribute to improved nutritional status by lowering infections and reducing the burden on health care. Agricultural and livelihood inputs (economic assets) support will reduce household food insecurity and will allow some semblance of recovery from the past harsh years. Only the solid support of the donor community for all components of the outlined strategy will have the largest cumulative impact on relief and recovery in the country

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4. SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS

4.1 FOOD AID The late arrivals of a number of food aid shipments, in combination with the non-delivery of food aid for more than one month in late 2004, resulted in significant carry-over stocks at the beginning of 2005. Nonetheless, these carry-over stocks and the shipments that arrived in the first half of 2005 were insufficient to meet food aid needs as estimated earlier by the November 2004 FAO/WFP CFSAM report. The CFSAM report also estimated that during 2005, food aid needs would amount to352,900 MTs of mixed commodities for 2.3 million people. To date, approximately 1.3 million monthly food aid rations have been distributed using a ration range from 65% -100% of daily requirements of 2,100 kilocalories (kcal).7

4.2 AGRICULTURE Availability of good quality seeds remains one of the highest priorities in the country. It is estimated that about 5,000 MTs8 of seeds will be required for farmers located in about 30-40% of the overall crop area. Seed insecurity will prolong the negative impact of current and previous seasons. A ”Seed Protection” campaign in medium production areas should be undertaken in order to prevent the consumption of valuable seeds. Seed multiplication programmes at the community level will strongly contribute to improving the self-seed production and small rural trade. There is also a need to reactivate a seed production system of staple crops through the provision of seeds of improved varieties, technical assistance to the farmers, support to Agricultural Research Stations and training of MoA technicians.

Households with reduced reserves are facing the prospect of liquidating productive assets (consuming seed grains or selling breeding animals). Lack of market access is due to the fragile socio-economic situation, inflation, shortage of basic commodities and reduced purchasing power. Possible actions include:

Distribution of small agricultural tools including ploughs for animal traction; Improvement of water harvesting techniques.

Livestock is totally dependent on natural-range vegetation, crop residues and supplementary feeding could be necessary to overcome nutritional stress during the dry season; close monitoring of animal feed and water resources is to be pursued.

4.3 HEALTH AND NUTRITION The health and nutrition sector of the Consolidated Appeal will not be revised or changed, and some 60% of funds still require to be raised. Statistics point to little change in the overall situation of morbidity or mortality in the country over the past months, but as the ‘hungry season’ is between March and September - when increased diarrhoea incidence, malnutrition and child mortality has been seen the last three years - the situation will require close monitoring. Thus far, funding has been received for 55% of UNICEF’s requirements for nutrition activities, but other agencies involved, WHO and UNFPA, have not yet received funding for essential health initiatives: disease control and RH care in particular, in spite of the alarming levels of maternal malnutrition and its adverse implications for maternal and neonatal morbidity. The health sector will continue to emphasise disease outbreak monitoring and immunisation, as will support to nutrition training, surveillance and special feeding. Malnutrition surveillance and training on proper management of malnourished children and women will continue too.

7 Following general relief feeding average ration levels have been reached: Red Cross 40,000 (65% ration); Catholic Relief Services (CRS) 345,000 (65% ration); Mercy Corps 150,000 (90% ration) and WFP 735,000 (65 to 100% ration). In addition, 112,000 school children have received school feeding rations from Mercy Corps and WFP, while WFP further provides rations to 75,000 participants of adult literacy classes and to some 6,000 people affected by HIV/AIDS.8 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment mission to Eritrea, January 2005

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4.4 WATER AND SANITATION Disappointingly, the water sector has thus far not enjoyed the same level of funding as that generated in the 2003 and 2004 emergency appeals. At this time, only US$ 1,291,128, or 20%, of required funding has been pledged or received and this has been provided only to CESVI and UNICEF.9 The two NGOs who joined in the CAP water sector have received no funding, although they have been able to carry on activities using funding from outside the CAP. The major problem of late funding in this sector is the delays it creates in the ability to order various off shore supplies that are required for implementation. A new United Nations (UN) Joint Programme worth US$ 18 million over a two year period has been devised by UNICEF, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), WHO and UNDP, against a US$ 86 million three-year government emergency water programme, thus allowing CAP funding to work within a prioritised national framework.

4.5 FAMILY SHELTER AND HOUSEHOLD ITEMS

Some 51,000 people remain as internally displaced or expellees living in camps. UNDP, against an appeal of US$ 7.1 million for Shelter and Household Items, has received US$ 2.3 million (US$ 1.7 million for shelter and US$ 600,000 for transport). The funds so far obtained are being used for provision of shelter kits for 19,000 IDPs (from Adi Keshi camp) assisted by UNDP to return to their villages of origin in January 2005. Over 11,000 IDPs, still in camps in Koitobia and Mai Wurai, await similar returns as soon as funds are secured. Meanwhile, this latter group needs urgent assistance to replace their worn-out tents and non-food household necessities. Thus far, UNICEF has received a contribution of US$ 213,949 in child protection, of which one half will go to procurement of clothing and shoes for IDP women and children. This represents only 6% of non-food aid needs of children in camps. There remains an urgent shortfall of slightly over US$ 5.5 million in this sector, that needs to be met to ensure provision of adequate shelter and emergency household items to both returning IDPs and those still in camps. Without this support, the health of children is at risk due to exposure, and children and women will not participate in normal activities such as attending school or other activities due to lack of decent clothing10. Moreover, the reintegration process of those IDPs returning to areas completely devastated by war and six years of abandon would also be in jeopardy.

4.6 COORDINATION Of the total US$ 930,931 for emergency coordination, only US$ 71,124 has been raised by OCHA. This has curtailed various activities in capacity building and has prevented such initiatives in humanitarian coordination as the joint Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)-UNFPA project to support the Information Communication Centre (ICC). No emergency training has been conducted and some coordination activities were postponed for lack of funding. With the small funding received, OCHA has managed to maintain the regular humanitarian information exchange through publishing the monthly humanitarian update, and the quarterly donor information update. In addition, the tracking of agencies and projects continues through the “W3 Report” (“Who does What, Where in Eritrea?”) and its database, which is updated on a twice-yearly basis. As the needs for continued humanitarian coordination increase with the deteriorating situation, and with the added challenge of coordinating bridging strategies from relief to recovery activities, far greater investment for coordination activities is urgently needed. As for the humanitarian capacity building of national institutions, a joint effort between OCHA and UNFPA, no major progress has been made so far due to lack of funding.

9 Thus far in 2005, UNICEF water supply systems have been constructed to cover 15,000 people in GB and Anseba, (Adi-Chomai, Adikonsi, Sheetel,) and two additional projects in Northern Red Sea Region (Ghedem-Halib, and Ghedghed water supply projects) is almost completed benefiting 7,500 people. Four other projects in three different regions, namely Adi Shimagle, Aromaile, Wazintet Awenjeli are under implementation serving 19,967 people and are in the final stages of completion. The projects are planned to be completed by the end of the 2nd quarter of 2005.10 There are also contributions to the return of Adikeshi IDPs outside the CAP 2005: Water and sanitation has received US$ 1.05 million and - Sustainable livelihoods has received US$ 830,000

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4.7 Mine Action There will be no change in the sector strategy for the remaining period of the CAP. However, as the two agencies involved in the sector received no funds against a total requirement of US$ 3.15 million, the figures for the remaining period of 2005 have been revised down to US$ 2.27 million. UNDP are currently providing support and technical assistance through the Mine Action Capacity Building Programme (MACBP) to the Eritrean De-mining Authority (EDA) and the Eritrean De-mining Operations (EDO) with funding from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the first quarter of 2005, EDO have been conducting operations in the Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) in support of IDP return by clearing a total 92,273 square meters of mine contaminated land. UNDP are also providing technical assistance to the Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare with support for victim assistance. Current activities include the development of a national database for all disabled persons in Eritrea and the setting up of the Maekel orthopaedic workshop. UNICEF has been operating with carry over funds from 2003, as no funding was pledged for MRA activities in 2004 or this year to date. However, UNICEF activities have not been interrupted and two Mine Risk Education (MRE) field teams are providing MRE assistance to vulnerable populations. This includes 25,859 people in risk areas (from January-April 2005), as well as 19,000 IDPs of Adi Keshi camp prior to their movement in February to 22 villages of origin within the TSZ. In addition, 21 community volunteers were trained on data gathering and reporting mechanisms in order to reinforce the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database on mine victims and Unexploded Ordinance (UXO) incidents. In March 2005, 20 community volunteers targeted 2,641 adults and 1,814 children in their area of responsibility.

4.8 ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND INFRASTRUCTURE This component of the CAP has not been revised. While CARE International did not received funds for the recovery project mentioned in the CAP 2005, they did, however, receive funds outside the CAP from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Norwegian government for similar projects in other geographical areas. These projects are implemented in partnership with Vision Eritrea (local NGO) and local government. For its income generating activities geared toward destitute families (housing orphans and those of street children), UNICEF has not received funding so far. Given the recent economic decline and worsening of the urban situation, UNICEF will concentrate on the most vulnerable children in urban centres should funding be forthcoming. As the amount of funding required, US$ 2.2 million and beneficiary numbers will remain the same, no revised project profile is submitted.

4.9 EDUCATION The emergency education component to provide support for educational opportunities of IDPs remains unfunded. The UNICEF project will remain unaltered, as critical needs of IDP children have not changed and there are urgent needs, in particular for IDP children who have returned to their villages along the border. Of great importance are the following support areas: provision of water and sanitation facilities to newly extended schools serving 10,000 children from Adi Keshi camp, school uniforms and materials to support children’s ability to attend school, and school furniture and equipment for newly extended schools.

4.10 MULTI-SECTORIn 2005, UNHCR continued voluntary repatriation of people, ensuring that an appropriate environment of security is maintained for the returnees and that sustainable reintegration is implemented. UNHCR maintains its programme as outlined in the CAP 2005, and has so far received a slightly over ofUS$ 2.22 million in country earmarked contributions. To meet the current requirements, UNHCR has also made allocations from the broader earmarked or unrestricted contributions received.

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5. CONCLUSION

The humanitarian situation in Eritrea remains grave. Factors related to environment and political / economic conditions have placed already vulnerable groups at serious risk. The goals and strategy outlined in the CHAP remain valid and of even more importance than at the time devised six months ago. Inadequate and late funding overall has seriously affected the ability for accelerated activities. At the same time there appears to be a general gradual decline in overall donor support since 2003.

Previously determined CAP funding requirements remain almost the same; thus, there are only four revised projects included in this document. All projects remain equally valid, as the growing number of people needing assistance will easily absorb the anticipated budget demands - even if funds arrive late in the year.

Prospects for the remaining months of 2005 are not promising: the ability of the pastoralists in the eastern lowlands to recover from the effects of prolonged drought was seriously reduced by the failure of the Bahri coastal rains in late 2004. While it is still too early to make predictions for the main 2005-cropping season, it is already clear that the continuing shortages of agriculture inputs, including labour and quality seeds, will seriously affect the harvest. In combination with the economic hardship the country is facing, this will perpetuate the need to maintain high levels of food aid inputs into 2006.

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Appealing Agency: CARE INTERNATIONAL IN ERITREAProject Title: Integrated Livelihood Security Project in Mai Maine, Debub - EritreaProject Code: ERI-05/A01 Sector: AgricultureObjective: Strengthen the coping strategies of war and drought affected

households and to ensure future sustainability in marginalized environments through a multi-sectoral action approach in livestock development, crop production, and economic and social empowerment.

Beneficiaries: 3 Administrative villages in Mai Maine (9,900 people)Implementing Partner(s): Ministry of Agriculture, Haben, communitiesProject Duration: April 2005 – April 2006 (As a result of late funding, programme

started only in April, therefore ending in April. CARE cannot say at this stage which amount will be spent in 2005 and in 2006. But this is a 2005 project.)

Funds requested: US$ 555,479

ObjectivesThis project will strengthen the coping strategies of 2,581 war and drought affected households. Future livelihood sustainability in marginalized environments will be ensured through a multi-sectoral action approach in livestock development, crop production, and economic and social empowerment of women. The multi-sectoral action approach comprises:

1) Formation and strengthening of village natural resources management committees (water and rangeland). The committees will participate in developing and managing three enclosures(100ha each) and construction of three water ponds for livestock water consumption;

2) Strengthen and improve the livelihoods of the target communities whereby 300 households will be provided with 25 chickens each, chicken coops and chicken feed. In addition, we will provide100 farmers with improved varieties of sorghum for multiplication purposes;

3) Assist 600 women headed households to organise themselves into 30 Women’s Social Mobilisation Groups (WSMGs) so that they can develop and manage various income generating activities.

Project Main Activities: 1. To apply range management practices such as over-sowing and re-seeding in village enclosures

(300 ha);2. Mobilise the communities to locate three water ponds and assist them in their construction,

operation and maintenance; 3. To provide 300 households with 25 chickens each and assist in their management;4. Implement seed multiplication activities and provide farmers with technical support by the

technical committee and MoA agriculture extension specialists;5. Establish 30 WSMGs;6. Issue loans to members of WSMGs to start Income Generating Activities (IGAs).

Expected outcome: 300 hectares of enclosures re-seeded with suitable range grasses, legumes and fodder shrubs; 7,500 chickens provided to 300 households resulting in improved nutritional status and income

generating opportunities through the sale of eggs; Three ponds and additional wells constructed to improve the water availability in the project area; 45 MTs of improved seed are produced and stored for the next distribution/multiplication. This

quantity will be enough to plant 3,750 hectares in the next planting season with improved seed; 600 member households (3,700 beneficiaries) have participated in the business development and

vocational skills training sessions to promote more sustainable livelihood initiatives.

FINANCIAL SUMMMARYBudget Item US$

Staff costs (Int. direct and indirect technical support) 62,608Project implementation costs 451,951Administrative costs 40,920Total 555,479

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Appealing Agency: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEProject Title: Emergency clearance for resettlement of internally displaced

personsProject Code: ERI-05/MA02Sector: Mine ActionObjective: By end of 2005, make the most essential areas safe for return of

displaced persons by employing previous international (NGO) manual-clearance and explosive ordnance disposal teams.

Beneficiaries: GSE, Eritrea Relief and Refugee Commission (ERRC), an estimated 65,000 IDPs

Implementing Partner(s): EDA, EDO, United States Demining Contractor (RONCO)Project Duration: January—December 2005Project Budget: US$ 1,050,000Funds requested: US$ 1,050,000

ObjectivesThis MACBP project will conduct Technical Surveys, detailed planning and implementation of clearance operations of critical areas in order to assist the safe return of IDPs currently accommodated in canvas camps. This project is fully in-line with request recently received by both EDA and EDO to assist with the resettlement of IDPs in the Gash Barka area of Eritrea (i.e. Western Eritrea).

Activities Procure operational, camp, and safety equipment as required for team operations; Conduct refresher training and accreditation of previously experienced de-miners; Provide de-miner benefits and field operating expenses.

Expected Outcomes Six 20-person teams employed for a period of six months, resulting in a cleared area of

approximately 300,000 square meters; Land made safe for return/resettlement of approximately 65,000 IDPs.

FINANCIAL SUMMMARYBudget Item for 2005 US$

International Field Operations Advisory Contract 60,000National Staff (120 de-miners) 110,000Capital Costs (mine detectors, operational equipment, safety equipment, communications, vehicles) 750,000Operational Costs (office, vehicle, rations) 90,000Overhead 40,000Total 1,050,000

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Appealing Agency: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEProject Title: Revitalisation and Strengthening Eritrea’s Prosthetic Care

CapabilitiesProject Code: ERI-05/MA03Sector: Mine ActionObjective: To support the GSE in strengthening its capacity to meet the

prosthetic needs of Eritrean mine victims.Beneficiaries: An estimated 16,000 Eritrean amputees and their families, GSE,

Eritrean prosthetic practitionersImplementing Partner(s): Ministry of Labour and Human WelfareProject Duration: January 2005—December 2007Project Budget: US$ 3,978,524 (3 years)Funds requested: US$ 822,024

ObjectivesThe project aims to revitalise, improve quality and respond to the needs of landmine survivors through provision of raw materials to manufacture functional lower limbs, to build access to services for rural landmine survivors and strengthen clinical capacity of prosthetic practitioners within the Eritrean Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare.

Activities Develop and manufacture functional, reliable and affordable prosthetic components in Eritrea; Establish coordination between the three orthopaedic workshops; Expand referral mechanisms for landmine survivors from rural communities; Upgrade prosthetic manufacturing equipment to respond to the increased need and train

prosthetic practitioners in the use of and maintenance of any new manufacturing equipment; Manufacture artificial limbs that lower limb amputees find functional when return home; Continue an outreach programme to provide assessment, repair and care for victims in rural

areas; Assist staff in development, and manufacture of locally made, reliable prosthetic components; Decrease the number of landmine victims needing to access the workshop for the first time.

Expected Outcomes 30% of recent victims identified in Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) accessed equipment they

require; Increased number of victims access prosthetic care by increased production, delivery and

outreach; Raw materials available to manufacture artificial limbs; Referral structure developed between mine risk education and orthopaedic workshops; Address individual needs through functional designs related to individual victim’s terrain when

returning home and monitor use and satisfaction of equipment; Higher quality of prosthetic care for victims through enhanced clinical capabilities and training; Information developed and available in local languages to assist victims in care of limbs and

equipment.

FINANCIAL SUMMMARYUS$

Budget Items 2005 2006 2007Consultants 15,250 33,500 33,500Capital Costs (equipment, tools, facility) 73,000 114,000 45,000Operational (materials to make limbs, referral, outreach) 680,000 1,362,000 1,362,000Overhead 53,774 105,665 100,835Total 822,024 1,615,165 1,541,335

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Appealing Agency: UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUNDProject Title: Mine Risk EducationProject Code: ERI-05/MA01Sector: Mine ActionObjective: Reduction of landmine-related injuries and fatalities.

Strengthen national MRE capacityBeneficiaries: 200,000 people living in mine/UXO affected areas

60,000 IDP’s in Debub and Gash Barka Teachers and children in highly affected areas Farming and nomadic communities in mine affected areas Returning refugees from Sudan

Implementing Partner(s): EDA, EDO, MoE and Information, National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students, Red Cross Society of Eritrea.

Project Duration: January 2005 – December 2005Funds Requested: US$ 401,000

ObjectivesReduction of mine-related accidents and fatalities by raising awareness within affected communities of the dangers posed by mines and UXOs. The LIS in 2004 has provided valuable new data on mine and UXO contamination which will be used by UNICEF in 2005 to enhance MRE activities, and better target the most vulnerable populations. UNICEF will also continue to broaden its initiatives in the fields of school and community based MRE, as well as psychosocial support for mine victims and children affected by mines and UXOs.

Activities in 2005The activities will target some 200,000 people living in high-risk areas and 60,000 IDPs living in Gash Barka and Debub as well as children and teachers, farming and nomadic communities. The aim of the programme is to reduce mine related accidents and fatalities by raising awareness within mine affected communities of their dangers of mines and UXOs. This includes: Strengthen the national institutional MRE through support to national bodies as an integrated part

of the overall mine-action capacity-building programme; Continue to develop a network of community volunteers in the most highly affected communities,

based on LIS data; Continue to support the EDO by providing technical and financial support to six MRE field teams; Conduct education for returning refugees and IDP’s and follow-up with their communities; Continue to implement MRE under the formal primary school curriculum; Advocate with the MoE for MRE integration into secondary school curriculum; Enlarge the existing MRE mass-media strategy through increased radio programming and

dissemination of materials such as posters, leaflets and stationery; Support the collection of mine/UXO-related data and further strengthen linkages between MRE

and mine clearance / disposal; and Continued to provide psychosocial support and recreation activities for children affected by mines

and UXOs.

Expected Outcomes Increased awareness of mine/UXO dangers and a large reduction in fatalities and accidents; Holistic responses to communities through increased linkages between MRE and clearance; Enhancement of national EDO and EDA MRE capacity; and Sustained and institutionalised reinforcement of MRE messages through the school system, mass

media campaigning, and community based networks.

FINANCIAL SUMMARYBudget Items US$

Staff costs (International technical assistance) 55,000Implementing costs (equipment, advocacy materials) 90,000Operating costs (training, workshops, MRE field team running costs) 230,000Administrative costs 26,000Sub-total 401,000Minus available resources 0TOTAL 401,000

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ANNEX I. MONEY AND PROJECTS

The following charts describe the current funding status of projects by sector by donor and by agency as of June 10, 2005.

Food Aid Agriculture Health/Nutrition

Water/Sanitation

Shelter/Relief

Landmines Economy/Recovery

Multi/Refugee

Education Coordination Total

Target 114,400,000 3,050,977 5,116,934 6,499,059 8,079,818 2,273,024 2,519,023 12,783,757 744,318 930,931 156,397,841Donor Austria 914,118 914,118Canada 2,835,014 2,835,014Eritrea 105,742 105,742Finland 259,403 259,403France 653,595 653,595Ireland 324,254 324,254Italy 1,683,043 323,415 2,006,458Japan 995,267 995,267Netherlands 1,807,000 600,000 2,407,000Norway 555,479 2,059,167 177,193 1,000,000 3,791,839Sweden 2,686,931 639,551 213,949 71,124 3,611,555Switzerland 207,830 207,830UK 954,198 954,198USA 22,534,580 50,000 700,000 1,900,000 25,184,580EC/EU 763,568 404,223 1,167,791Private 4,958 20,161 25,119Other 31,928,430* 4,526,390** 36,454,820Total funded 67,894,363 1,319,047 2,059,167 1,291,128 2,513,949 0 0 6,749,805 0 71,124 81,898,583Unfunded 46,505,637 1,731,930 3,057,767 5,207,931 5,565,869 2,273,024 2,519,023 6,033,952 744,318 859,807 74,499,258

* Represents carry-over.** Represents allocations made from broader earmarked or unrestricted contributions received.

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Food Aid Agriculture Health/Nutrition

Water/Sanitation

Shelter/Relief

Landmines Economy/Recovery

Multi/Refugee

Coordination Education Total

Target 114,400,000 3,050,977 5,116,934 6,499,059 8,079,818 2,273,024 2,519,023 12,783,757 930,931 744,318 156,397,841AgencyFAO 763,568 763,568UNHCR 6,749,805 71,124OCHA 71,124 0UNICEF 2,059,167 886,905 213,949 9,930,751UNDP 2,300,000 2,300,000UNFPA 0WHO 0WFP 67,894,363 67,894,363CARE 555,479 555,479CESVI 404,223 404,223HABEN 0Mani Tese 0Total funded 67,894,363 1,319,047 2,059,167 1,291,128 2,513,949 0 0 6,749,805 71,124 0 81,898,583Unfunded 46,505,637 1,731,930 3,057,767 5,207,931 5,565,869 2,273,024 2,519,023 6,033,952 859,807 744,318 74,499,258% Covered 59 43 40 20 31 0 0 53 8 0 52

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ANNEX II.TABLE I. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS

BY APPEALING ORGANISATION AND BY SECTOR

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ANNEX III.ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CAP Consolidated Appeals ProcessCARE International International NGOCFSAM Crop and Food Supply Assessment CHAP Common Humanitarian Action PlanCRS Catholic Relief Services

EDA Eritrean De-mining AuthorityEDO Eritrean De-mining OperationsERRC Eritrea Relief and Refugee Commission

FAO Food and Agriculture OrganisationFEWS Famine Early Warning System

GSE Government of the State of Eritrea

HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome

ICC Information Communication CentreIDP Internally Displaced PersonIMSMA Information Management System for Mine ActionIGA Income Generating Activities

Kcal Kilocalorie

LIS Landmine Impact SurveyLSS Life Saving Skills

MoA Ministry of AgricultureMACBP Mine Action Capacity Building ProgrammeMoE Ministry of EducationMoH Ministry of HealthMRA Mine Risk AwarenessMRE Mine Risk Education

NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNNSS National Nutrition Surveillance System

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

RH Reproductive HealthRONCO United States Demining Contractor

TBA Traditional Birth AttendanceTFCs Therapeutic Feeding CentresTSZ Temporary Security Zone

UN United NationsUNDP UN Development FundUNFPA UN Population FundUNHCR UN High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF UN Children’s FundUNMACC UN Mine Action Coordination CentreUSAID US Agency for International DevelopmentUXO Unexploded Ordnance

WFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganisationWSMGsWomen’s Social Mobilization Groups

18

Consolidated Appeal Feedback Sheet

If you would like to comment on this document please do so below and fax this sheet to + 41–22–917–0368 (Attn: CAP Section) or scan it and email us: CAP@ReliefWeb.int Comments reaching us before 1 September 2005 will help us improve the CAP in time for 2006. Thank you very much for your time.

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) Section, OCHA

Please write the name of the Consolidated Appeal on which you are commenting:

1. What did you think of the review of 2005?How could it be improved?

2. Is the context and prioritised humanitarian need clearly presented?How could it be improved?

3. To what extent do response plans address humanitarian needs?How could it be improved?

4. To what extent are roles, responsibilities, and coordination mechanisms clearly presented?How could it be improved?

5. To what extent are budgets realistic and in line with the proposed actions?How could it be improved?

6. Is the document lay-out and format clear and well written?How could it be improved?

Please make any additional comments on another sheet or by email.

Name:Title & Organisation:Email Address:

OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS(OCHA)

NEW YORK GENEVA OFFICEUNITED NATIONS PALAIS DES NATIONS

NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 1211 GENEVA 10USA SWITZERLAND

TELEFAX: (1 212) 963.3630 TELEFAX: (41 22) 917.0368

Appeal for Funds

CHAP

The Consolidated Appeals Process: an inclusive, coordinated programme cycle in emergencies to:

Report

Revise the Plan

Monitor &Evaluate

Implement a CoordinatedProgramme

Plan theResponse

Identify Roles &Responsibilities

Set Goals

BuildScenarios

Assess Needs

Analyse the Context

Appeal for Funds

CHAP

The Consolidated Appeals Process: an inclusive, coordinated programme cycle in emergencies to:

Report

Revise the Plan

Monitor &Evaluate

Implement a CoordinatedProgramme

Plan theResponse

Identify Roles &Responsibilities

Set Goals

BuildScenarios

Assess Needs

Analyse the Context

Appeal for Funds

CHAP

The Consolidated Appeals Process: an inclusive, coordinated programme cycle in emergencies to:

Report

Revise the Plan

Monitor &Evaluate

Implement a CoordinatedProgramme

Plan theResponse

Identify Roles &Responsibilities

Set Goals

BuildScenarios

Assess Needs

Analyse the Context