MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF...

19
55- -46 MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r : i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program--1987 Johnson Space Center Prepared by: Academic Rank: University & Department: NASA/ JSC Directorate: Division: JSC Colleague: Date: Contract Number: Kerri L. Nelson, MSc. Instructor Sul Ross State University Analytical Laboratory Alpine, Texas 79832 Space and Life Sciences Solar System Exploration Charles A. Wood, PhD. August 21, 1987 NGT 44-001-800 23-1 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880005497 2020-03-20T09:07:52+00:00Z

Transcript of MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF...

Page 1: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

55- - 4 6

M I D - T E R T I A R Y V O L C A N O - T E C T O N I C DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN C O R D I L L E R A OF N O R T H A M E R I C A

F i n a l R e p o r t r : i . - r '

NASA/ASEE Summer F a c u l t y F e l l o w s h i p Program--1987

J o h n s o n S p a c e C e n t e r

P r e p a r e d by:

Academic Rank:

U n i v e r s i t y & D e p a r t m e n t :

NASA/ JSC

Di rec to ra t e :

D i v i s i o n :

JSC C o l l e a g u e :

Date:

C o n t r a c t Number:

K e r r i L. N e l s o n , MSc.

I n s t r u c t o r

S u l Ross S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y A l p i n e , Texas 79832

S p a c e and L i f e S c i e n c e s

S o l a r S y s t e m E x p l o r a t i o n

C h a r l e s A. Wood, PhD.

A u g u s t 2 1 , 1 9 8 7

N G T 44-001-800

23-1

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880005497 2020-03-20T09:07:52+00:00Z

Page 2: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

A b s t r a c t

I n t h e S o u t h w e s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a (SC) o f N o r t h A m e r i c a , v o l c a n i c s t y l e c h a n g e d from d o m i n a n t l y c a l c a l k a l i n e s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s t o c a l d e r a - r e l a t e d magmatism d u r i n g t h e m i d - T e r t i a r y . T h e d o m i n a n t t e c t o n i c p rocess a f f e c t i n g t h e r e g i o n d u r i n g t h i s time was c o n v e r g e n c e of t h e F a r a l l o n a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n P l a t e s . T h e c a l d e r a s a r e s p a t i a l l y o v e r p r i n t e d o n t h e e a r l i e r c a l c a l k a l i n e v o l c a n i c s a n d , i n some i n s t a n c e s , t h e r e i s a t e m p o r a l o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t h e two c o n t r a s t i n g s t y l e s o f v o l c a n i s m . The c h a n g e i n s t y l e o f v o l c a n i s m i n d i c a t e s a c h a n g e i n ' t h e o p e r a t i v e s tress regime: c o m p r e s s i o n a l f o r t h e e a r l i e r c a l c a l k a l i n e v o l c a n i s m a n d t e n s i o n a l f o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c a l d e r a s .

The major v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s i n t h e r e g i o n a r e t h e S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l ( M e x i c o ) , T r a n s - P e c o s P r o v i n c e ( T e x a s ) , M o g o l l o n - D a t i l f i e l d ( N e w Mex ico ) , S a n J u a n V o l c a n i c F i e l d ( C o l o r a d o ) a n d t h e M a r y s v a l e V o l c a n i c F i e l d ( U t a h ) . We h a v e c o m p a r e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t hese c e n t e r s t o 1 ) e v a l u a t e t h e v o l c a n o - t e c t o n i c r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n a n d b e t w e e n c e n t e r s a n d 2 ) d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e e a r l i e r c a l c a l k a l i n e and l a t e r c a l d e r a - s t y l e v o l c a n i s m .

The c a l d e r a s e x h i b i t t h r e e d i s t i n c t s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t a r e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e East P a c i f i c R i s e / t r e n c h c o l l i s i o n . Calderas f o r m e d p r i o r t o i m p a c t t e n d e d t o be smal l b o t h i n number and s i z e . The l a r g e s t a n d mos t n u m e r o u s c a l d e r a s d e v e l o p e d c l o s e t o i m p a c t of t h e r i s e . A f t e r i m p a c t o f t h e r i se , a n a b r u p t decrease i n c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t o c c u r r e d . V a r i a t i o n i n c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s b e t w e e n t h e F a r a l l o n a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n P l a t e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e s t y l e o f v o l c a n i s m . E x t r e m e l y r a p i d c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s 0 1 5 c m / y r ) r e s u l t e d i n c o m p r e s s i v e stress a n d f o r m a t i o n o f s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s . A t "40 m a , c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s s l o w e d , c a u s i n g a n i n c r e a s e i n d i p o f t h e B e n i o f f and e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e x t e n s i o n a l regime. The s p a t i a l a n d t e m p o r a l a s s o c i a t i o n of t h e c a l c a l k a l i n e a n d c a l d e r a - r e l a t e d v o l c a n i s m a r g u e s f o r t h e S C r e p r e s e n t i n g a r e g i o n o f c o n t i n u e d a r c magmatism i n w h i c h t h e s t y l e o f v o l c a n i s m v a r i e d i n r e s p o n s e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e g i o n a l s tresses.

23-2

Page 3: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

I n t r o d u c t i o n

D u r i n g t h e m i d - T e r t i a r y , t h e r e was e x t e n s i v e c a l d e r a - r e l a t e d v o l c a n i s m i n t h e S o u t h w e s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a (SC) o f N o r t h America. T h e p r i m a r y c a l d e r a c e n t e r s i n t h i s r e g i o n a r e t h e M a r y s v a l e , S a n J u a n , M o g o l l o n - D a t i l , T r a n s - P e c o s a n d S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l v o l c a n i c f i e l d s . I n e x c e s s o f 3 m i l l i o n c u b i c km o f i g n i m b r i t e s were e r u p t e d from t h e s e c e n t e r s d u r i n g t h e O l i g o c e n e - E a r l y Miocene .

A l t h o u g h t h i s r e g i o n i s t h e l a r g e s t t e r r e s t r i a l c a l d e r a f i e l d known a n d h a s b e e n i n t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d , t h e r e is no g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t upon t h e t e c t o n i c e n v i r o n m e n t o f c a l d e r a f o r m a t i o n . Some a u t h o r s f a v o r c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t i n a back-arc r e g i o n [l,2] w h i l e o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c a l d e r a s formed i n t h e a r ea o f t h e p r i m a r y a r c [ 3 ] o r i n t r a - a r c 141. We h a v e e x a m i n e d t h e v o l c a n o - t e c t o n i c h i s t o r y o f t h e v a r i o u s c e n t e r s i n t h e SC i n o r d e r t o 1 ) b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c a l d e r a s a n d s u b d u c t i o n p r o c e s s e s a n d 2) b e t t e r d e l i n e a t e t h e t e c t o n i c s e t t i n g of b o t h t h e e a r l i e r c a l c a l k a l i n e and l a t e r c a l d e r a - r e l a t e d v o l c a n i s m .

R e g i o n a l S e t t i n g

T h e SC i s d e f i n e d here as t h e a r ea f r o m t h e S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l i n w e s t e r n Mexico t h r o u g h a n d i n c l u d i n g t h e M a r y s v a l e V o l c a n i c f i e l d of U t a h ( F i g . 1 ) . T h e major c e n t e r s in t h i s r e g i o n a r e t h e S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l (SMO), T r a n s - P e c o s P r o v i n c e ( T P ) , M o g o l l o n - D a t i l ( M D ) , S a n J u a n V o l c a n i c f i e l d (SJ) and M a r y s v a l e V o l c a n i c f i e l d ( M V ) . T h e s e c e n t e r s were c h o s e n a s t h e y 1 ) mark t h e e a s t e r n b o u n d a r y o f T e r t i a r y - a g e magmatism i n t h e S C , 2) h a v e a s s o c i a t e d c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t and 3) r e p r e s e n t d i s t i n c t g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o v i n c e s , t h u s f a c i l i t a t i n g c o m p a r i s o n o f r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s . Data u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e f i e l d s was a c q u i r e d from a number of sources C5-141 w h i c h g r e a t l y a i d e d o u r r e g i o n a l s y n t h e s i s . A c o m p a r i s o n o f p e r t i n e n t f e a t u r e s o f e a c h of t h e c e n t e r s is g i v e n in t a b l e 1.

T h e SC of N o r t h America was v o l c a n i c a l l y a c t i v e f rom a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 ma t o t h e p r e s e n t 1153. D u r i n g t h i s t ime h o w e v e r , v o l c a n i s m c h a n g e d f r o m s u b d u c t i o n - r e l a t e d t o e x t e n s i o n a l ( B a s i n a n d Range and Rio G r a n d e R i f t ) . The p r e c i s e t i m i n g o f t h i s t r a n s i t i o n is u n c e r t a i n , b u t i n c e p t i o n o f B a s i n and Range t e c t o n i s m a t 32 t o 30 ma i n t h e s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f t h i s r e g i o n 116-181 f o l l o w e d by a n o r t h w a r d m i g r a t i o n o f e x t e n s i o n r e l a t e d a c t i v i t y is g e n e r a l l y agreed upon.

V o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y c a n b e s e p a r a t e d i n t o t h r e e m a i n p e r i o d s . E a r l y magmatism i n t h e r e g i o n was p r i m a r i l y

23-3

Page 4: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

F i g u r e 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C a l d e r a F i e l d s i n t h e S o u t h w e s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a

i 5 3 O

j

I.t 1 I ! I

!

! I

30'p

I

I !

zoo

I I

l l o O 1 ooO 1 zoo

23-4

Page 5: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

T a b l e One. C o m p a r i s o n of C a l d e r a C e n t e r s i n the S o u t h w e s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a .

1 2 Center Location Ale Caldera Batholith Earlier Volmnirm

llsrysvale Utah 23 6 Yes Andesitic S t ratovo I canoes

Son Juan Colorado 29 16 Yes Andesi tic Stratovol canoes

flo;ollon- Neu kxim 32 28 Yea Anderitlc Dati I S t ra tovo 1 canoe#

Trans- Taxar 34 12 No Basal tic Pecos Flour -

Sierra brim 32 12/300 Y e9 Andes1 tic Hadre Occidental

i Averale age o! caldera iield bred on reported ale drtes. 2

kre detailed npping in each fiald my faailitate raaoirritian at nata aalarrr, Fot inrtannaa, ia tha Slerra Hadre Occidental, 12 calderas h v c been located rlthou#h in excess of 300 are thougbt to be present.

..........................................................................

Tharir aurberr reprerent ninirw values.

Pcierences: Susnson et al., 1978; h e r o n et al., 1980; Elston, 1984; Henry and Price, 1W; L i m n , lQ84; Steven et at., 1984; Suanson and HcDouell, 1984;.Var;a and Smith, 1984.

23-5

Page 6: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

c a l c a l k a l i n e i n c o m p o s i t i o n , d o m i n a t e d by a n d e s i t i c t o d a c i t i c s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s , c o n e s a n d domes. W i d e s p r e a d c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t f o l l o w e d t h e main p e r i o d o f c a l c a l k a l i n e a c t i v i t y , a l t h o u g h t h e r e was some o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t h e two p h a s e s o f magmatism i n some c e n t e r s [ 1 , 1 2 ] .

I g n i m b r i t e s e r u p t e d d u r i n g t h i s time v a r i e d c o m p o s i t i o n a l l y f rom a l k a l i n e t o c a l c a l k a l i n e i n c o m p o s i t i o n . The f i n a l p e r i o d o f v o l c a n i s m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s b i m o d a l . C o m p o s i t i o n a l l y , b a s a l t s , b a s a l t i c a n d e s i t e s a n d h i g h - s i l i c a r h y o l i t e s a r e t h e d o m i n a n t e r u p t i v e p r o d u c t s [e .g . 1 9 1 . The two i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f v o l c a n i s m a r e b e l i e v e d t o be r e l a t e d t o s u b d u c t i o n p r o c e s s e s , w h i l e t h e l a t e r s t a g e i s r e l a t e d t o e x t e n s i o n a l t e c t o n i c s [4,20].

The c a l d e r a a c t i v i t y was t r a n s i t i o n a l b e t w e e n t h e e a r l y a r c v o l c a n i s m a n d l a t e r e x t e n s i o n a l B a s i n a n d R a n g e / R i o G r a n d e R i f t a c t i v i t y . S e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e n o t e d t h a t a "magmat i c l u l l " e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e s t a g e o f c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e x t e n s i o n a l v o l c a n i s m a n d t h a t t h e c a l d e r a s a r e c u t by B a s i n a n d Range f a u l t i n g [ 1 , 3 ] . T h e r e f o r e , we r ega rd t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c a l d e r a s i n t h e S C a s s i g n i f i c a n t in t h e t i m i n g of t r a n s i t i o n of v o l c a n i c a n d t e c t o n i c a c t i v i t y i n t h e r e g i o n .

To b e t t e r e v a l u a t e t h e v o l c a n o - t e c t o n i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e SC, we h a v e t a k e n a r e g i o n a l a p p r o a c h and g a t h e r e d d a t a from o v e r 75 ca lde ras i n t h e m a j o r c a l d e r a c e n t e r s . Data o n c a l d e r a age, d i ame te r , v o l u m e , d i s t a n c e f r o m t r e n c h , l a t i t u d e , l o n g i t u d e , p r e v i o u s v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y a n d e l e m e n t a l a n d i s o t o p i c c o m p o s i t i o n were c o m p i l e d T h e r e i s n o t a c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t a v a i l a b l e f o r many of t h e c a l d e r a s , w h i c h l i m i t s t h e degree of i n t r a and i n t e r c e n t e r c o m p a r i s o n s . F o r a s i g n i f i c a n t number o r c a l d e r a s , t h e r e i s a l a c k o f d a t a r e g a r d i n g t h e vo lume of e r u p t i v e p r o d u c t s . The re a r e t h r e e m a i n r e a s o n s f o r t h e p a u c i t y o f d a t a f o r t h i s parameter. F i r s t , s i g n i f i c a n t e r o s i o n h a s o c c u r r e d s i n c e e m p l a c e m e n t a n d volume c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e minimum es t imates . S e c o n d l y , i n some a r e a s , f i e l d mapp ing i s n o t comple te and t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i g n i m b r i t e s h e e t s i s unknown. F i n a l l y , s e v e r a l c a l d e r a s i n t h e SMO h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d e x c l u s i v e l y t h r o u g h r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n i q u e s . As a r e s u l t , we h a v e vo lume d a t a on l e s s t h a n h a l f o f t h e c a l d e r a s i n t h e SC c e n t e r s . Volume, i s a n i m p o r t a n t parameter a s t h e vo lume o f e r u p t e d p r o d u c t s a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e s i z e o f t h e magma chamber b e n e a t h t h e c a l d e r a . F o r o u r d a t a s e t , a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n diameter a n d vo lume f o r c a l d e r a s u p t o 20 km i n d i ame te r e x i s t s ( F i g . 2 ) . F o r c a l d e r a s a b o v e t h i s s i z e , s m a l l c h a n g e s i n c a l d e r a d i a m e t e r c a n r e s u l t i n v e r y l a r g e c h a n g e s i n e r u p t e d volume. The c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

23-6

Page 7: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

Figure 2 . d iameter .

30

25

D 20- I

A M E 15- T : 10-

R e l a t i o n s h i p between c a l d e r a volume and

-

-

X

xx x X X

x x

X X X X

X

X X

X

23-7

Page 8: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

d i a m e t e r a n d volume is n o t u n i q u e t o t h e c a l d e r a s we e v a l u a t e d a s o t h e r w o r k e r s h a v e n o t e d s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s [ 2 1 , 2 2 ] . To work w i t h a c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t , we w i l l u s e d i a m e t e r a s a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n of vo lume a n d c o n s i d e r t h o s e two parameters j o i n t l y i n t h e r e m a i n i n g d i s c u s s i o n .

T e c t o n i c S e t t i n g

T h e p r i m a r y t e c t o n i c c o n t r o l o n v o l c a n i s m i n t h e SC b e t w e e n 80 a n d 30 ma was c o n v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n t h e F a r a l l o n a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n P l a t e s [ e .g . 231. C o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s b e t w e e n t h e s e two p l a t e s a r e b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n q u i t e r a p i d ( > 1 5 c m / y r ) b e t w e e n 60 a n d 40 ma 124 ,251 w h i c h caused v o l c a n i s m t o m i g r a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t d i s t a n c e l a n d w a r d a s t h e B e n i o f f d i p s h a l l o w e d [ 2 6 1 . A t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40 ma, s u b d u c t i o n s l o w e d t o l e s s t h a n 1 0 c m / y r i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e F a r a l l o n P l a t e b e i n g y o u n g e r , h o t t e r and t h e r e f o r e , more d i f f i c u l t t o s u b d u c t . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n a s t e e p e n i n g o f t h e B e n i o f f . The decrease i n c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e East P a c i f i c Rise ( E P R ) i n t e r s e c t e d t h e t r e n c h c a u s i n g a c e s s a t i o n o f s u b d u c t i o n a l o n g t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e c o n t i n e n t a l m a r g i n . T h i s p l a c e s t i g h t c o n s t r a i n t s o n t h e t i m i n g of v o l c a n i s m and t h e v o l c a n o - t e c t o n i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The m a j o r i t y o f t h e p r i m a r y a r c v o l c a n o e s were e m p l a c e d d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f r a p i d c o n v e r g e n c e , w h i l e t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c a l d e r a s d e v e l o p e d a f t e r c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s had s l o w e d . T h l s s u g g e s t s a v e r y i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d e v e l o p m e n t o f ca lde ra v o l c a n i s m and c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s e x i s t e d .

D i s c u s s i o n

A t s u b d u c t i o n z o n e s , a c o n t i n u u m b e t w e e n c o m p r e s s i o n a l a n d e x t e n s i o n a l t e c t o n i c s e x i s t s . A p o s s i b l e mechan i sm f o r c r e a t i n g t h e s h i f t i n s tress regime is a decrease i n o r o g e n i c s t resses r e s u l t i n g f rom t h e s l o w i n g of c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s [ 2 7 ] . I n i t i a l l y f a s t r a t e s o f c o n v e r g e n c e and s h a l l o w d i p a n g l e s f a v o r s e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f v o l c a n i s m l a n d w a r d . Once c o n v e r g e n c e s l o w s and t h e d i p a n g l e i n c r e a s e s , e x t e n s i o n a l s tress regimes c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i s w o u l d l e a d t o c r u s t a l t h i n n i n g on t h e c o n t i n e n t . T h e p r o c e s s o f s u b d u c t i o n h i n g e m i g r a t i o n o u t l i n e d a b o v e is g e n e r a l l y c i t e d a s a n i m p o r t a n t mechan i sm f o r o p e n i n g of t h e back-arc [e.g. 281 b u t is e v i d e n t l y a p p l i c a b l e i n t h e sc .

C r u s t a l t h i n n i n g i n r e s p o n s e t o dec reased c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s wou ld e n h a n c e t h e e m p l a c e m e n t o f magma c h a m b e r s a t s h a l l o w d e p t h s . The d e v e l o p m e n t o f e x t e n s i o n a l r e g i m e s

Page 9: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

a l l o w s more m a n t l e magma a c c e s s t o t h e c o n t i n e n t a l c r u s t , p r o m o t i n g s u b c r u s t a l h e a t i n g o f t h e l o w e r c r u s t w h i c h may l e a d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n i t i a l a b u n d a n t s i l i c i c v o l c a n i c s C221. F u r t h e r , m o d e l i n g o f l i t h o s p h e r i c magmatism by o t h e r a u t h o r s s u p p o r t t h e mechan i sm of c r u s t a l t h i n n i n g a s i m p o r t a n t i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t 1293.

I f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c r u s t a l t h i n n i n g and s l o w i n g o f s u b d u c t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o c a l d e r a f o r m a t i o n , t h e r e s h o u l d b e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c a l d e r a age and d e v e l o p m e n t o f e x t e n s i o n a l s t ress regimes. To e v a l u a t e t h i s , we h a v e d e f i n e d a p a r a m e t e r termed he re a s n o r m a l i z e d age, ( A G E ) . T h i s parameter n o r m a l i z e s t h e age o f a g i v e n c a l d e r a t o !!he t i m i n g of t h e E P R / t r e n c h c o l l i s i o n . An a g e o f 30 ma was c h o s e n f o r t h e c o l l i s i o n b a s e d o n m o d e l s o f p l a t e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s [20,23]. The age o f 30 ma i s n o t p r e c i s e a s i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e EPR v a r i e d b o t h t e m p o r a l l y a n d s p a t i a l l y , b u t i s a r e a s o n a b l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e S C , c o n s i d e r i n g p r o c e s s e s a t t h e t r e n c h w i l l n o t b e f e l t i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y o n t h e c o n t i n e n t . V a l u e s o f ( A G E ) ' , > 1 i n d i c a t e a c a l d e r a f o r m e d p r i o r t o i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e E P R , w h i l e v a l u e s < 1 i n d i c a t e c a l d e r a f o r m a t i o n p o s t d a t e s t h e c o l l i s i o n . When ( A G E l n i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t c a l d e r a diameter f o r c a l d e r a s i n t h e SC, t h r e e c o n s i s t e n t s t a g e s o f c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t a r e o b s e r v e d ( F i g . 3). The e a r l i e s t c a l d e r a s ( s t a g e 1 ) fo rmed i n t h e SC t e n d t o h a v e smal l d i a m e t e r s ( < 1 5 km). Ca lde ra d i a m e t e r s r e a c h t h e i r g r e a t e s t s i z e 0 2 5 km) d u r i n g s t a g e 2 when ( A G E ) i s 1.1 t o 0.9. S t a g e 2 a l s o c o r r e l a t e s w i t h t h e m o s t f n t g n s e p e r i o d o f c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t / v o l c a n i s m . Caldera d e v e l o p m e n t decreased a b r u p t l y d u r i n g s t a g e 3. T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o u t l i n e d a b o v e a r e n o t a n a r t i f a c t of s c a t t e r f r o m p l o t t i n g s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t c e n t e r s a s t h e t r e n d s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f i n d i v i d u a l c e n t e r s a s wel l ( F i g . 4 a , b ) .

We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d a t a s u p p o r t t h e mode l o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y a n d i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 5 . Stage 0 r e f l e c t s r a p i d c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s and c o m p r e s s i o n a l t e c t o n i c s , r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e f o r m a t i o n of d o m i n a n t l y c a l c a l k a l i n e s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s a n d cones. A s s u b d u c t i o n s l o w e d ( s t a g e 1 ) a r e l a x a t i o n of c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s a t t h e t r e n c h c a u s e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e u t r a l t o m i l d l y e x t e n s i o n a l s t r e s s e s i n l a n d . Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , smal l magma chambers were e m p l a c e d a t s h a l l o w l e v e l s i n t h e c r u s t , h e n c e small c a l d e r a s were d e v e l o p e d . S tage 2 r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o n t i n u a l s l o w i n g o f s u b d u c t i o n u n t i l impac t of t h e EPR a t t h e t r e n c h . T h i s wou ld c o r r e l a t e w i t h f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f e x t e n s i o n a l regimes ( i n c r e a s e d c r u s t a l t h i n n i n g ) and t h e s h a l l o w e m p l a c e m e n t of l a r g e r magma c h a m b e r s , p e r h a p s o f

23-9

Page 10: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

Figure 3 . C o v a r i a t i o n o f (AGE)n and diameter f o r a l l c a l d e r a s i n t h e SC c a l d e r a c e n t e r s .

1.3

1.1

0.9

O o ] 0.7

0.5 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 0 10 20

O MOG-OAT 0 SAN JUAN

30 40 50 60 70 DIAMETER

x SMO + TRANS-PECOS

23-10

Page 11: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

Figure 4 . ( A G E ) n v s . diameter f o r a ) t h e San Juan Calderas and b ) the Mogol lon-Dat i l c a l d e r a s .

1.5

1.3

b.

0.7

STAGE 1 0

STAGE 2 0 0 8 ~~ 800, 0

v v STAGE 3

0

0 SAN JUAN

1.5

1.3

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.5

(AGE) N

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 DIAMETER

o MOG-DAT

23-1 1

Page 12: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

Figure 5 . V a r i a t i o n s i n v o l c a n i c development i n response t o v a r i a b l e s t r e s s regimes i n the primary a r c . Explanat ion i n t e x t .

I mtma STRATOVOLCANO

I

EPR - - 94 I

c P- W A X t W M CAL-OEM DEVELOPMENT

LATE-STAGE CALDERA

23-12

Page 13: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

b a t h o l i t h i c p r o p o r t i o n s . Af te r i m p a c t o f t h e EPR a t t h e t r e n c h , s u b d u c t i o n a l o n g t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e c o n t i n e n t a l m a r g i n ceased ( s t a g e 3 ) . One m i g h t e x p e c t t h a t t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m l a t e s t a g e 2 t o s t a g e 3 would be marked by d e v e l o p m e n t O F smaller ca lderas . T h e r e are v e r y few d a t a p o i n t s f a l l i n g on o r be low t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n of s t a g e 2 and 3. T h o s e t h a t do f a l l i n t h i s r a n g e a r e , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , l e s s t h a n 2 5 km in d iame te r . Some o f t h e s e s t a g e 3 c a l d e r a s may b e young enough t o b e r e l a t e d t o l a t e r e x t e n s i o n a l t e c t o n i c s (e.g. Lake C i t y C a l d e r a , Ref. 1 0 ) . However , o t h e r s f a l l i n g in t h i s g r o u p a r e c u t by l a t e r f a u l t s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e y d e v e l o p e d p r i o r t o B a s i n and Range o r Rio G r a n d e R i f t p r o c e s s e s .

Two, m e c h a n i s m s , p o s s i b l y i n t e r r e l a t e d , may b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e c r e a s e in l a t e - s t age c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t . F i r s t , a s s u b d u c t i o n i n i t i a l l y s l o w e d , t h e n c e a s e d , t h e r o l e of t h e s u b d u c t e d s l a b i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f magma w o u l d h a v e b e e n s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d ( r e f e r t o Fig. 5 ) . A decrease in magma g e n e r a t i o n c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f smal le r magma c h a m b e r s a n d a l e s s e n i n g o f v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e e x t e n s i o n a l s tress a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s l o w i n g of s u b d u c t i o n wou ld n o t b e m a i n t a i n e d o n c e s u b d u c t i o n h a d s t o p p e d . In t h i s s c e n a r i o , e v e n i f l a r g e magma b o d i e s were p r e s e n t a t d e p t h , t h e y wou ld n o t h a v e b e e n a b l e t o e a s i l y a s c e n d if e x t e n s i o n a l s tresses were n o t g r e a t .

S e v e r a l a u t h o r s h a v e n o t e d t h a t t h e r e is a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c a l d e r a s and s h a l l o w l y emplaced b a t h o l i t h s i n t h e SC 1e.g. 8,101. T h e s e b a t h o l i t h s a r e b e l i e v e d t o r e p r e s e n t l a rge - sca l e chambers w h i c h s u p p l i e d magma t o t h e c a l d e r a s . I m p o r t a n t l y , l a t e - s t a g e c a l d e r a s a r e d o m i n a n t l y f o u n d w i t h i n c l u s t e r s o f o l d e r c a l d e r a s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y o u n g e r c a l d e r a s a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e b a t h o l i t h s and may h a v e e x p l o i t e d p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d magmatic c o n d u i t s . T h e a b r u p t c e s s a t i o n of v o l c a n i s m and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n b a t h o l i t h s a n d ca lde ras argue for the stress regime e x e r t i n g t h e major c o n t r o l on c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t . The p r e s e n c e of t h e b a t h o l i t h s i n d i c a t e s magmas m u s t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c a l d e r a f i e l d , b u t were most s u c c e s s f u l l y t a p p e d d u r i n g s t a g e s of e x t e n s i o n a l stress.

A s a f i n a l p o i n t , t h e p r e s e n c e of b o t h c o m p r e s s i o n a l a n d e x t e n s i o n a l t e c t o n i c s and magmatism in t h e SC h a s b e e n a p o i n t o f c o n t r o v e r s y f o r some time. I t h a s b e e n a r g u e d t h a t t h e SC r e p r e s e n t s e i t h e r a p r i m a r y a r c [e.g. 33, b a c k a r c [e.g. 1 1 o r i n t r a - a r c e x t e n s i o n [e.g. 41. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n is b a s i c a l l y o n e of s e m a n t i c s .

23-13

Page 14: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

As d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e t r e n c h r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t , i t i s t o c o n s i d e r a n a r e a i n i t i a l l y a n a r c a n d t h e n a b a c k a r c b a s e d s o l e l y o n t h e c h a n g e i n v o l c a n i c s t y l e r e s u l t i n g f r o m d i f f e r e n c e s i n s tress regime. F u r t h e r , i f t h e c a l d e r a s r e p r e s e n t a b a c k - a r c assemblage , t h e r e i s no c o m p l i m e n t a r y " p r i m a r y a r c a p o s i t i o n e d t r e n c h w a r d . One p r o b l e m i n a c c e p t i n g t h e SC v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s a s p r i m a r y a r c c o m p o n e n t s h a s b e e n t h e g r e a t d i s t a n c e ( u p t o 1 0 0 0 km) t h a t b o t h t h e c a l c a l k a l i n e v o l c a n o e s and c a l d e r a s a r e f o u n d f r o m t h e t r e n c h . However , much of t h i s d i s t a n c e may h a v e b e e n a c q u i r e d d u r i n g o r p o s t e m p l a c e m e n t o f t h e SC v o l c a n i c s t h r o u g h p r o c e s s e s o f acc re t ed t e r r a n e s and p r e - and p o s t - B a s i n a n d Range e x t e n s i o n [2,4,30,31]. I f t h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t of t h e s e p r o c e s s e s a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r , t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e SC would be much c l o s e r t o t h e t r e n c h . T h e t e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i a l a s s o c i a t i o n o f c a l c a l k a l i n e v o l c a n i s m t o t h e c a l d e r a s i s more c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e e n t i r e v o l c a n i c s u i t e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p r i m a r y a rc . The term i n t r a - a r c s p r e a d i n g seems mos t a p p r o p r i a t e as i t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e p r i m a r y s i t e o f a r c v o l c a n i s m r e m a i n e d f i x e d w h i l e t h e c h a n g e i n v o l c a n i c s t y l e r e s u l t e d primarily from a change in t e c t o n i c s t r e s s e s ( c o m p r e s s i o n a l t o e x t e n s i o n a l ) .

The o n l y cen ter t h a t d o e s n o t f i t t h e g e n e r a l scheme o u t l i n e d a b o v e i s t h e T P p r o v i n c e . It i s a n o m a l o u s i n t h a t i t l a c k s a wel l d e f i n e d c a l c a l k a l i n e a s s e m b l a g e and h a s n o a s s o c i a t e d b a t h o l i t h [SI. Also , t h e a v e r a g e age of t h e T P c a l d e r a s i s o l d e r t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r c e n t e r s . Based o n b o t h c h e m i c a l a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l t r e n d s , i t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e TP i s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e SMO f i e l d 1e.g. 32-34] and may r e p r e s e n t a back a r c assemblage. As stress o r i e n t a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e b u l k o f t h e TP c a l d e r a s were e m p l a c e d u n d e r c o m p r e s s i v e stresses a n d i t a l s o h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e T P a r e p a r t o f t h e p r i m a r y c o n t i n e n t a l a r c 133. Under c o n d i t i o n s o f l a r g e c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s a n d a l o w B e n i o f f d i p a n g l e , c o m p r e s s i o n w i l l o c c u r i n t h e back-arc 1351. S i n c e t h e SMO a r e t r e n c h w a r d f rom t h e T P a n d chemica l g r a d a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e two p r o v i n c e s e x i s t , we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e TP c a l d e r a s were f o r m e d i n t h e back-arc e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h a t t h e SMO-TP r e p r e s e n t o n e l a r g e v o l c a n i c p r o v i n c e .

23-14

Page 15: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

C o n c l u s i o n s

T h e v o l c a n o - t e c t o n i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e SC r e f l e c t s t h e c h a n g e i n c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s b e t w e e n t h e F a r a l l o n and N o r t h A m e r i c a n P l a t e s . R a p i d c o n v e r g e n c e r a t e s and c o m p r e s s i o n a l stresses f a v o r e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c a l c a l k a l i n e magmatic a r c . A S s u b d u c t i o n s l o w e d i n r e s p o n s e t o s u b d u c t i o n o f p r o g r e s s i v e l y h o t t e r a n d y o u n g e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e F a r a l l o n P l a t e , a n e x t e n s i o n a l stress regime was e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e a r c a r e a a n d c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t was i n i t i a t e d .

T h e v a r i a t i o n i n ca lde ra s i z e and a c t i v i t y i s r e l a t e d t o t h e amount of e x t e n s i o n t h a t was e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e a r c . The t i m i n g o f t h e E P R / t r e n c h c o l l i s i o n a p p a r e n t l y m a r k e d t h e maximum c o n v e r g e n c e - r e l a t e d e x t e n s i o n f e l t o n t h e c o n t i n e n t a n d is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e most n u m e r o u s and v o l u m i n o u s p e r i o d of c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t .

T h e t e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e c a l c a l k a l i n e v o l c a n o e s a n d c a l d e r a s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s i t e o f magmatism r e m a i n e d f i x e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e c h a n g i n g v o l c a n i c s t y l e s d o n o t r e p r e s e n t a r c v s . back-arc assemblages. Rather , t h e y r e f l e c t v o l c a n i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n a n a r c e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t v a r i e d i n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s i n r e g i o n a l s tresses.

23-15

Page 16: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d

1 . E l s t o n , W.E.; and B o r n h o r s t , T . J . : The R i o G r a n d e R i f t i n C o n t e x t o f R e g i o n a l P o s t - 4 0 m.y. V o l c a n i c a n d T e c t o n i c E v e n t s . Rio G r a n d e R i f t : T e c t o n i c s a n d Magmatism, R e i c k e r , R .E . , e d . , A m . Geophys . U n i o n , W a s h i n g t o n D . C . , 1 9 7 9 , pp. 416-438 .

2 . E l s t o n , W.E.: S u b d u c t i o n o f Young O c e a n i c L i t h o s p h e r e a n d E x t e n s i o n a l Orogeny i n S o u t h w e s t e r n N o r t h A m e r i c a d u r i n g M i d - T e r t i a r y T i m e . T e c t o n i c s , v o l . 3 , 1984 . pp. 229-250 .

3 . P r i c e , J . G . ; and H e n r y , C . D . : S t r e s s O r i e n t a t i o n s d u r i n g O l i g o c e n e v o l c a n i s m i n T r a n s - P e c o s T e r a s : T iming t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m Laramide c o m p r e s s i o n t o B a s i n a n d Range t e n s i o n . G e o l o g y , v o l . 1 2 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 238-241 .

4 . Z o b a c k , M.L.; A n d e r s o n R.E . ; a n d Thompson, G . A . : C a i n o z o i c e v o l u t i o n o f t h e s t a t e of s t ress and s t y l e o f t e c t o n i s m of t h e B a s i n a n d Range p r o v i n c e o f t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s , Phil. T r a n s . R . SOC. L o n d . , v o l . A 3 0 0 , 1 9 8 1 , pp. 4 0 7 - 4 3 4 .

5 . Swanson , E .R . ; K e i z e r , R . P . ; L y o n s , J . I . ; a n d C l a b a u g h , S . E . : T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i s m a n d c a l d e r a d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e D u r a n g o C i t y a r ea , S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l , Mex ico . Geol. SOC. A m . B u l l . , v o l . 8 9 , 1 9 7 8 , pp. 1000-1012.

6 . Cameron, K . L . ; Cameron , M.; B a g b y , W . C . ; M o l l , E . J . ; and R.E. Drake : P e t r o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of m i d - T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i c s u i t e s , C h i h u a h u a , Mexico. G e o l o g y , v o l . 8 , 1 9 8 0 , pp. 87-91 .

7 . E l s t o n , W.E.: M i d - T e r t i a r y age Ash Flow T u f f C a u l d r o n s , S o u t h w e s t e r n N e w Mexico . J. o f Geophys. Res., v o l . 8 9 1 9 8 4 , pp. 8 7 3 3 - 8 7 5 0 .

I 8 . H e n r y , C . D . ; , a n d P r i c e , J . G . : V a r i a t i o n s in C a l d e r a D e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e T e r t i a r y V o l c a n i c F i e l d o f T r a n s - P e c o s Texas. J . Geophys . Res., v o l . 8 9 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 8 7 6 5 9 8 7 8 6 .

9 . C e p e d a , J.: G e o l o g y and G e o c h e m i s t r y o f t h e I g n e o u s R o c k s o f t h e C h i n a t i M o u n t a i n s , P r e s i d i o C o u n t y , Texas: PhD. D i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v . T e x a s a t A u s t i n , 1 9 7 7 .

c- 2 23-16

Page 17: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

10 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

13 .

1 4 .

15 .

1 6 .

17 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

Lipman , P.W.: The R o o t s o f Ash Flow C a l d e r a s i n W e s t e r n N o r t h America: Windows I n t o t h e Tops of G r a n i t i c B a t h o l i t h s . J . Geophys . R e s . , v o l . 8 9 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 8801- 8 8 4 1 .

S t e v e n , T .A . ; Rowley, P .D . ; and Cunningham, C . G . : Ca lde ras o f t h e M a r y s v a l e V o l c a n i c F i e l d , west C e n t r a l U t a h , J . Geophys . Res . , vo l . 8 9 , 8 7 5 1 - 8 7 6 4 , 1 9 8 4 .

S w a n s o n , E . R . and McDowell , F .W.:Calderas o f t h e S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l V o l c a n i c f i e l d , w e s t e r n Mexico . J. Geophys . Res., v o l . 8 9 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 8 7 8 7 - 8 7 9 9 .

Varga, R . J . ; and S m i t h , B.M.: E v o l u t i o n o f t h e E a r l y O l i g o c e n e Bonanza Caldera , N o r t h e a s t S a n J u a n V o l c a n i c F i e l d , C o l o r a d o . J . Geophys . Res., v o l . 8 9 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 8 6 7 9 - 8 6 9 4 .

L i n d s e y , D . A . : T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i c r o c k s and u r a n i u m i n t h e Thomas Range a n d n o r t h e r n Drum M o u n t a i n s , J u a b C o u n t y , U tah . U.S. Geol. S u r v . P r o f . Pap. 1 2 2 1 , 1 9 8 2 .

Lipman , P.W.; P r o s t k a , H . J . : a n d C h r i s t i a n s e n , R.L. : C e n o z o i c v o l c a n i s m and p l a t e - t e c t o n i c e v o l u t i o n of t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s . I. E a r l y and m i d d l e C e n o z o i c . P h i l o s . T r a n s . Roy. SOC. London, v o l . A 2 7 1 , 1 9 7 2 , pp. 2 1 7 - 2 4 8 .

C h a p i n , C . E . : E v o l u t i o n o f t h e R i o G r a n d e R i f t - A Summary. R io G r a n d e R i f t : T e c t o n i c s a n d Magmatism, R e i c k e r , R . E . , e d . , Amer. Geophys . U n i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 9 1 9 7 9 , P P * 1-5.

L a u g h l l n , A . W . ; A l d r i c h , M . J . ; a n d Vaniman, D . : T e c t o n i c i m p l i c a t i o n s o f m i d o T e r t i a r y d i k e s i n w e s t - c e n t r a l N e w Mexico . G e o l o g y , v o l . 1 1 , 1 9 8 3 , pp. 45-48 .

E a t o n , G.P.: The M i o c e n e Great B a s i n o f W e s t e r n N o r t h America a s a n e x t e n d i n g B a c k - a r c r e g i o n . Geodynamics of Back a r c R e g i o n s , C a r l s o n R . L . and K o b a y a s h i , K., e d s . , T e c t o n o p h y s . , v o l . 1 0 2 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 275-296 .

Noble , D.C . : Some o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e C e n o z o i c Vo lcano- T e c t o n i c e v o l u t i o n of t h e Great B a s i n , W e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s . E a r t h P l a n e t . S c i . L e t t . , v o l . 1 7 , 1 9 7 2 , pp. 142-1 5 0 ,

23-17

Page 18: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

20. Lipman, P.W.: C e n o z o i c V o l c a n i s m i n t h e Western U n i t e d S t a t e s : I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r C o n t i n e n t a l T e c t o n i c s , C o n t i n e n t a l T e c t o n i c s , B u r c h f i e l , B . C . O l i v e r , J . and S i l v e r , L .T. C O - c h a i r s , N a t l . Acad. S c i . , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , 1980, pp. 161-174.

21. S m i t h , R . L . : Ash Flow Magmatism. Ash F l o w T u f f s , C h a p i n , C .E . a n d E l s t o n , W.E., e d s , Geol. SOC. A m . S p e c . P a p e r 180, 1979, pp. 5-27.

22. Cas, R.A.F.; a n d W r i g h t , J . V . : V o l c a n i c S u c c e s s i o n s . A l l e n a n d Unwin, London, 1987.

23. Atwater, T . : I m p l i c a t i o n s o f p l a t e t e c t o n i c s f o r t h e C e n o z o i c e v o l u t i o n o f w e s t e r n N o r t h America. G e o l . SOC. Am. B u l l . , v o l . 81, 1970, p p . 351303536.

24. C a r l s o n , R . L . : C e n o z o i c c o n v e r g e n c e a l o n g t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t : ' a q u a l i t a t i v e t e s t of t h e h o t - s p o t a p p r o x i - m a t i o n . G e o l o g y , v o l . 1 0 , 1982, pp. 191-196.

25. J u r d y , D . M . : The S u b d u c t i o n o f t h e F a r a l l o n P l a t e b e n e a t h N o r t h A m e r i c a a s d e r i v e d f r o m R e l a t i v e P l a t e M o t i o n s . T e c t o n i c s , v o l . 3, 1984, pp. 107-113.

26. Coney, P . J . ; a n d R e y n o l d s , S . J , : C o r d i l l e r a n B e n i o f f z o n e s . N a t u r e , v o l . 270, 1977, pp.403-406.

27. D i c k i n s o n , W . R . : P l a t e T e c t o n i c E v o l u t i o n o f t h e S o u t h e r n C o r d i l l e r a . R e l a t i o n s o f f T e c t o n i c s t o Ore D e p o s i t s i n t h e S o u t h e r n C o r d i l l e r , D i c k i n s o n , W . R . a n d P a y n e , W . D . , e d s . , A r i z . G e o l . SOC. D i g e s t , v o l . X I V , 1981, pp. 113-136.

28. C a r l s o n , R . L . ; a n d Mel l a , P . J . : S u b d u c t i o n h i n g e M i g r a t i o n . T e c t o n o p h y s . , v o l . 102, 1984, pp. 399-411.

29. H i l d r e t h , W.: G r a d i e n t s i n s i l i c i c magma c h a m b e r s : I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r l i t h o s p h e r i c magmatism. J. Geophys . Res., v o l . 86, 1982, pp. 10153-10192,

30. Coney, P . J . : C i r c u m - P a c i f i c T e c t o g e n e s i s i n t h e N o r t h Amer ican C o r d i l l e r a . C i r c u m - P a c i f i c O r o g e n i c B e l t s a n d E v o l u t i o n o f t h e P a c i f i c Ocean B a s i n , Monger,J.W. a n d F r a n c h e t e a u , J . , e d s . , Am. Geophys. Un ion , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , 1987, pp. 59-69

23-18

Page 19: MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT AMERICA · MID-TERTIARY VOLCANO-TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORDILLERA OF NORTH AMERICA Final Report r: i. -r' NASA/ASEE Summer

3 1 . Coney, P . J . ; and Harms, T .A. : C o r d i l l e r a n m e t a m o r p h i c c o r e c o m p l e x e s : C e n o z o i c e x t e n s i o n a l r e l i c s o f M e s o z o i c c o m p r e s s i o n . G e o l o g y , v o l . 1 2 , 1 9 8 4 , pp. 550- 5 5 4 .

3 2 . Cameron, K . L ; and Cameron, M.: G e o c h e m i s t r y o f q u a r t z - n o r m a t i v e i g n e o u s r o c k s f rom t h e C h i n a t i M o u n t a i n s a n d T e r l i n g u a a r e a s , west Texas: A c o m p a r i s o n w i t h C e n o z o i c v o l c a n i c r o c k s f r o m C h i h u a h u a and Baja C a l i f o r n i a S u r , Mexico . I g n e o u s G e o l o g y o f T r a n s - Pecos Texas: F i e l d T r i p G u i d e b o o k a n d R e s e a r c h A r t i c l e s , P r i c e ; J . G . , Henry , C . D . , P a r k e r , D.F. and B a r k e r , D.S., e d s . , T e x a s B u r e a u o f Economic G e o l o g y , A u s t i n , T e x a s , 1 9 8 6 , pp. 143-163 .

33 . McDowell, F.W.; a n d C l a b a u g h , S . E . : I g n i m b r i t e s o f t h e S i e r r a Madre O c c i d e n t a l and t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o t h e t e c t o n i c h i s t o r y o f w e s t e r n Mex ico . Ash Flow T u f f s , C h a p i n , C.E. and E l s t o n , W.E., e d s . , Geol. SOC. A m . S p e c . P a p e r 1 8 0 , 1 9 7 9 , p. 113-124.

3 4 . N e l s o n , D . O . ; Nelson , K.L.; Reeves, K.D.; a n d M a t t i s o n , G . D . : G e o c h e m i s t r y o f T e r t i a r y a l k a l i n e r o c k s o f t h e e a s t e r n Trans-Pecos Magmat ic P r o v i n c e , Texas. C o n t r i b . M i n e r a l . P e t r o l . , i n p r e s s .

3 5 . S h i m o z u r u , D . ; and Kubo, N : V o l c a n o S p a c i n g and S u b d u c t i o n . Arc V o l c a n i s m : P h y s i c s a n d T e c t o n i c s , S h i m o z u r u , D . and Yokoyama, I . , e d s . T e r r a S c i e n t i f i c P u b l i s h i n g Company, Tokoyo, 1 9 8 3 , pp. 141-151 .

23-19