Mid- Atlantic Offshore Wind Power and Fisheries
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Transcript of Mid- Atlantic Offshore Wind Power and Fisheries
Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind Power and Fisheries
Prof. Jeremy FirestoneAlison Bates
University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean & Environment
August 13, 2013
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STATE OF THE WORLD OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY
Figures and Tables Source: EWEA
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Substructures Cumulative
www.theengineer.co.uk
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European Substructures 2012
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New Generation Turbines• Siemens 6MW, 154m
rotor
• Alstom, 6MW, 150m rotor
• Areva, 5MW, 135m rotor
• Repower, 5MW, 128m rotor
• Vestas, 7MW, 164m rotor (planned)
• Mitsuhishi, 7MW, 165m rotor (planned)
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Spacing• Moving toward 8x8 rotor diameters
• Moving toward 1.2 km to 1.3km between wind turbines
(0.65 - 0.7 nautical miles)
www.vestas.com
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Example offshore system layout from:Søren Juel Petersen, Rambøll Wind Energy (talk at UD, 2 Oct
06)
12Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark – Nov. 2006
OFFSHORE WIND IN THE UNITED STATES
PLANNING FOR CONFLICTS AND COMPATIBILITIES
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• 330,000 MW• Average current
use: 73,000 MW
Kempton, et al 2007
The largest shallow offshore resource in US is in the Mid-Atlantic
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Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind Projects
• New York (NYPA/LIPA/Con-ed)– up to 700 MW100 turbines, preliminary stage
• New Jersey– 1100 MW “Planned”– NJ BPU denies approval of Fishermen’s Energy Demonstration
Project• Delaware (Bluewater, 230 MW)
– Has federal lease, but long-term power purchase contracts abandoned.
• Maryland– Minimum 200MW planned per state legislation
• Virginia– Lease sale on September 4, 2013– Research leases
• North Carolina
Offshore Wind Planning Areas• Department of Energy
Goals– 10GW by 2020– 54GW by 2030
• Department of the Interior early planning for wind development
• Wind Energy Areas in the Mid-Atlantic
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Marine Spatial Planning• More extensively used in Europe to
assist in planning for offshore wind projects and other existing ocean uses
• National Ocean Policy signed in 2010
• Mid-Atlantic Regional Planning Body– State, Federal & Tribal
representatives– Stakeholder input
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MSP: How to simply? How to Quantify Tradeoffs?
• In an increasingly crowded ocean, where uses evolved organically without regard to other users, how do we put aside our parochial interests, and advance the wider public interest?
– Start be examining ways in which we might re-arrange the deck chairs
– Examine where there are potentially large gains from “trades,” particularly, where costs are minimal
• Easiest is to look at just two uses at a time
Samoteskul, et al 2013
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Mid-Atlantic Vessel Traffic Densityand potential Wind Energy Areas (Purple) if Ships
continue status quo transits
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Wind Energy Areas that could be developed if Ships transit further from shore
Redirected Traffic Route and New Wind Energy Areas
Cost-Benefit ConsiderationsCommercial Vessel
Costs
• Greater labor costs
• Greater fuel costs
• Earlier ship replacement
• Greater social costs – (e.g., carbon and SO2
emissions)
Offshore Wind PowerBenefits
• Lower materials and installation costs & lower debt payments– True, even with less power
generation per installed MW, leading to more turbines
• Decreased O&M costs
• Smaller transmission losses
• Lower social costs27
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Commercial Fishing
• How to account for commercial fishing as a valuable existing ocean use
• Look for ways for the two industries to be compatible
• Evaluate the effects of wind development on both fish species and on fishing as an industry
Image: Coonamessett Farm Foundation
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Artificial Reefs• Scour protection materials
are installed at the base of turbine foundations
• Potential for attraction or habitat creation for fish species by adding seafloor complexity
• Material selection can in part determine the species assemblages that will be formed – Synthetic Fronds– Gravel Protection– Boulders
www.dongenergy.org
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Electromagnetic Fields• Cables connect between wind
turbines and to shore
• Electric fields are shielded, magnetic are not
• Many fish and crustaceans are sensitive to magnetic fields; elasmobranchs use EM fields for hunting prey
• Several species have exhibited behavioral changes in response underwater cables– Altered swimming patterns– Congregation near cable– Avoidance to cross cable
www.futurelab.com
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Noise• Fish use sound for communication, orientation,
identification or predators and prey, and to find conspecifics
• Noise can be generated during wind farm construction, operation and decommission
– Vessels– Pile driving– Blades – Cutting and removal of foundation
• Impact depends on many factors– Behavior– Prior exposure– Hearing capability
• Stress, altered behavior, avoidance, changes in growth/reproduction, injury, mortality
• Noise mitigation measures can
reduce the impact on fish
Image: HYDROTECHNIK LÜBECK
The European Experience• Horns Rev (Denmark) – species richness and abundance
increased after installation, likely due to more prey availability (Dong Energy, 2006)
• OWEZ (Netherlands) – overall fish species richness and CPUE were unchanged, although some species showed an increase (e.g. sole, whiting) and others decreased (e.g. lesser weaver) (Lindeboom et al., 2011)
• Bligh Bank (Belgium) – significant decrease in benthic fish density one year after construction; neighboring Thorntonbank significant density differences in only part of project area (Coates & Vincx, 2010)
• Lillgrund (Sweden) – no major effects on diversity or abundance of benthic fish communities (Bergtstrom et al., 2013)
• From a conservation perspective, impact on populations more important than impact on individual fish; long-term, cumulative impacts on fish populations is an ongoing focal point of research (Hawkins, 2011)
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Wind/Fisheries Research at UD
• Identify gear/fishing classifications to look at the industry impacts
• Quantify the economic impact of conflict areas by assuming levels of ‘de-facto’ exclusion due to gear restrictions or safety
• Suggest areas for wind development that would be least conflicting both spatially and economically as the MSP process moves forward 33
[email protected]@udel.edu www.carbonfree.udel.eduwww.ocean.udel.edu/windpower
Thank you