Microwave Synthesis
description
Transcript of Microwave Synthesis
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Dr. Mauro Iannelli
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Milestone
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• Established in 1989• Organized in six operating units
– Company headquarter based in Bergamo, Italy– Manufacture and R&D facility based in Leutkirch,
Germany– Milestone Inc, Connecticut USA– Milestone General K.K. in Japan– Milestone Korea– Milestone China
• A network of ca. 50 exclusive and non-exclusive distributors worldwide
Milestone
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Over 30 European and US patents
Milestone Foundation
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
Introduction and General Overview
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Microwaves
Infrared Radio wavesMicrowaves
300 MHz30 GHz2450 MHz
c
HH
Electric field: Magnetic field: Wavelength (12,2 cm for 2450 MHz)H
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Energetics
M. Nüchter, B. Ondruschka, W. Bonrath and A. Gumb, G r e e n C h e m . , 2 0 0 4 , 6 , 1 2 8
Microwaves promote kinetic acceleration
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Advantages of Microwaves
• Reduced reaction time(superheating, closed vessels)
• Reduced side reactions
• Increased yields
• Improved control on reaction
• Improved reproducibility
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Temperature profilesMicrowaves
Tem
pera
ture
Time
Conv. Heating Reflux
Conv. Heating Autoclave
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Temperature profiles
Tem
pera
ture
Time
Microwaves
Conv. Heating Reflux
Conv. Heating Autoclave
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Microwave Instruments
Images adapted from: C.O. Kappe, A. Stadler: Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley, 2005
Multimode Instruments
wave guide Mono-Mode Instruments
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• Same Field homogeneity
• Same Chemical performances
• Different Reaction scale
• Different Application versatility
Mono-Mode Vs. Multimode
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Mono-Mode Vs. Multimode
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Mono-Mode
SEM Image
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Multimode
SEM Image
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Mono-Mode Vs. Multimode.
…nearly identical results could be achieved using single-mode andmultimode instruments if an appropriate control of the temperature ismaintained...
…the combination of mono-mode and multimode instrumentation wasdemonstrated to be a valuable tool for the chemist to quickly optimizereactions and subsequent scale up in parallel
J. Alcazar, G. Diels,B. Schoentjesc, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development,
QSAR Comb. Sci. 2004, 23
Reproducibility across Microwave Instruments:First Example of Genuine Parallel Scale up ofCompounds under Microwave Irradiation
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First Hybrid PlatformMultiSYNTH
Mono and Multi Mode System
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Mono-Mode Configuration
• Low Minimum Processable Volume (250 l)• High Energy Density• No Standing Waves• Easy Reaction Optimization
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2 3
1234
Fiber opticInfraredVibrating and Shaking-StirrerAir cooling
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Multimode Configuration
1234
Fiber opticInfraredShaking-StirrerAir coolingCarousel Rotation5
5
1
2
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• Easy Scale-Up (parallel fashion)• Parallel Optimization• Open Vessel Reactions (up to 1 L)
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Microwave Labstation for Synthesis
MicroSYNTH
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State-of-the-Art Microwave Technology
Inherent Safety
High FieldHomogeneity
Easy-to-UseControl Terminal
Full Documentation
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Technical Specifications
T640 Terminal withEasyCONTROL software
Control
Open vessel (reflux)Single closed vesselMultiple closed vesselsHigh temperature vessels
Operation
Compressed airCooling
Built-in magnetic stirrerStirring
1600 W (installed, 2magnetrons)Microwave Power
Multi-mode (pyramid shapedmode diffuser)Microwave Technology
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T640 Terminal
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T640 Terminal
• Industrial grade touch-screen controller• 6,5” screen with 65.000 colors• VGA resolution 640 x 480 for sharp process
graphics• 1 USB port for printer, 2 PS2 ports for mouse
and keyboard, 3 RS 232 ports for externaldevices
• Methods and runs saved on a removableWindows™-formatted flash-card
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EasyCONTROL software
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26Open System
ClosedSystem
Scale-Up
ParallelScreening and
Scale-Up
Closed System
Application Versatility
Fusion, Sintering
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QV-50 Setup
S. Harusawa et al., Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55 (8), 2007, 1245
Optic FiberThermometer
Pressure Sensor
Quartz VesselPEEK Shield
45 ml40 bar250°C
Cooling Port
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247
262
250 (27 bar)
213
250 (38 bar)
248
244
204
230
201
bp (40 bar)
4680MEK
2082Acetonitrile
3378Ethanol
4277Ethyl Acetate
4765THF
3869Hexane
3465Methanol
36100Water
4656Acetone
4240DCM
Tbp (1 bar)Solvent
QV-50 Setup
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Organic Chemistry
Oxidation (Mild Conditions)
NHNN
HNN
NCl
OH
NHNN
HNN
NCl
O
OHMnO2 / H2O
180 °C
reflux
Conditions
64 %50 minMW
10 %100 hConventional
YieldTimeSystem
V. Santagada et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 44, 2003, 1149
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Q20 Rotor
991003d
81993c
94993b
931003a
Yield(%)
Conversion(%)
Amine 1Compound
J. Alcázar, G. Diels, B. Schoentjes, QSAR & Combinatorial Science, 23, 2004
600 ml 40 bar 250°C
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High Pressure Rotor
X. J. Bi, L. T. Higham, J. L. Scott, C. R. Strauss, Australian Journal of Chemistry, 59, 2006, 883
High Temperature Water Hydrolytic Cleavage
100 ml TFM vessel100 bar250°C
10 X 100 mlTFM vessel
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Inorganic Chemistry
Adapted from: C.-K. Kim, J.-H. Lee, et al., Materials Research Bullettin 36,. 2001, 2241-2250
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co-ferrites powders
CoCl2·6H2O FeCl3·6H2O
MW Irradiation
NH3(aq)+ CoFe2O4
2(CuK, Degree)
b)
a)
Conv. Heating
a)120 °C, b)180 °C
b)
a)
2(CuK, Degree)
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Synthesis using fractionalproduct distillation
Open System Setup
T. Razzaq, C. O. Kappe, Tetrahedron Letters, 48, 2007, 2513
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Medicinal Chemistry
J. Schmitz, E. Heller, and U. Holzgrabe, Monatshefte fűr Chemie 138, 2007, 171
Allosteric Modulators of Muscarinic Receptors
Cl
Cl
ON
N+
N+
NO
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ON
N
Br Br
(E,E)-1-10-(1,3-Propanediyl)bis[4-[[(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy)imino] methyl]pyridinium] dibromideDUO3
CH3CN85 °C
MW: 800 W, 3 h, 54 %Δ: 144 h, 53 %
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High Temperature Applications
MultiFAST
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MultiFAST Rotor
• Ceramic muffle with 4-place rotating carousel• Silicon carbide crucibles holders• Standard metal crucibles (Pt or Ni)• IR contact-less temperature control in all crucibles
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Fast Heating Rate
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Sintering of TiO2 Nanoparticles
Normal sintering MW sintering
Solar Energy Materials & Solar cells 91 (2007) 6-61
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Microwaves + UV Light
V. Cirkva, M. Hajek, J. Photochem.Photobiol. A – Chem. 1999, 123, 21–23.
Addition of THF to Perfluorohexylethylene
Yield
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Microwaves + UV Light
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Microwaves + UV Light
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Scaling-Up Microwave Synthesis
Parallel Approach
Reactions in multiple vessels
Batch Approach
Large Batch ?
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Scaling-Up Microwave Synthesis
Continuous Flow Approach
Improved control of reaction conditions
More efficient mass and heat transfer
Exothermic reaction can be minimized,creating safer and more selective processes
Easy management of poorly stable intermediates
Higher flexibility
Higher safety for reactions under pressure
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Output (g/h) =Flow rate (ml/min) x Conc (mol/ml) x MW (g/mol) xYield (%) x 0,0006
From Batch to Flow
Batch: Reaction Time, Scale (Yield%)Flow: Residence Time, Output (Productivity)
Residence time (RT)RT = Reactor volume (ml) / Total Flow Rate (ml/min)
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Back Pressure Valve
Cooling Chamber
ChillerPump
MechanicalStirrer
Tubular MWReactor
FlowSYNTHContinuous-Flow Microwave Reactor
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Technical Specifications
Up to 6 L/hProductivity
2-15 minResidence time
12-100 ml/minFlow rate
Mechanical stirrer withmagnetic driven motorMixing
Stainless steel cooling jacketwith rotating PTFE coilCooling
30 bar (435 psig) with presetback pressure valveMaximum pressure
200°CMaximum temperature
250 ml (180 ml with paddlestirrer)Reactor Volume
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• TFM liner 250 ml volume (Chemical Resistant)
• Fibre Glass reinforced PEEK safety shield(Pressure Resistant)
• TFM bottom sealing with double O-ring
Components of the Reactor
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Mixing Paddle
• Stainless Steel shaft
• PTFE cooling coil
• 3 Weflon® paddle stirrers
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High-Pressure Pump
• Stainless steel headwith check valves
• PTFE membrane• Programmable speed
control• Adjustable piston run
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EasyWAVE Software
• Automatic real-time monitoring and feedback control of temperature,pressure, time, power, stirring and pump speed
• Multiple access levels with passwords
• Methods and process reports can be stored and exported
• Full documentation for quality assurance
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Application Example
Methylation Using DMC
W.-C. Shieh, S. Dell, O. Repic (Novartis Pharma), Organic Letters, 2001
NN
O
O
O O
O
NO
OO
O
NO
O
cat
H
ContinuousFlow
Batch
Conditions
97 %12 minMW
90 %16 hConventional
YieldTimeSystem
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Process Chemistry
Suzuki reaction
M. D. Bowman, J. L. Holcomb, C. M. Kormos, N. E. Leadbeater, V. A. Williams, Organic Process Research &Development, 12, 41-57, 2008
140°C
Temperature
40 ml/min
Flow rate
83 %5 min1:1.3
YieldResidence
TimeRatio
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Limitations
1. High viscosity2. Heterogeneous reaction mixtures3. Catalysts4. Precipitations during the reactions
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Large Batch Scale-Up
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1 vessel Up to 3.5 L
6 vessels
Up to 77 vessels
Up to 200 bar
UltraCLAVE
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Alkoxycarbonylation
MW, Pd(OAc)2
DBU, EtOH
I O
O
+ CO
1 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 10 bar CO (excess CO used):
2 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 1 bar CO (1.1 eq):
8 vessels of 32 mmol, total quantity 256 mmol, 0.1 mol% Pd, 17 bar CO (1.4 eq):
100 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 17.2 bar CO (1.1 eq):
1 mol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 34 bar CO (excess CO used):
1 mol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 27 bar CO (1.1 eq):
91% isolated yield [Reference 5]
84% isolated yield [Reference 6]
81% isolated yield [Reference 8]
86 % isolated yield [Reference 10]
79% isolated yield
80% isolated yield
heat to 125 °C and hold for 30 min
MW, Pd(OAc)2
DBU, EtOH
I O
O
+ CO
1 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 10 bar CO (excess CO used):
2 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 1 bar CO (1.1 eq):
8 vessels of 32 mmol, total quantity 256 mmol, 0.1 mol% Pd, 17 bar CO (1.4 eq):
100 mmol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 17.2 bar CO (1.1 eq):
1 mol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 34 bar CO (excess CO used):
1 mol scale, 0.1 mol% Pd, 27 bar CO (1.1 eq):
91% isolated yield [Reference 5]
84% isolated yield [Reference 6]
81% isolated yield [Reference 8]
86 % isolated yield [Reference 10]
79% isolated yield
80% isolated yield
heat to 125 °C and hold for 30 min
M. Iannelli, F. Bergamelli, C. M. Kormos, S. Paravisi, N. E. Leadbeater, Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 2009, In Press.
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Alkoxycarbonylation
MW, Pd(OAc)2
DBU, EtOH
I O
O
+ CO
R R
I COMe
I I
I
OMe
I
OMe
I
99 % 99 % 99 %
97 % 94 % 91 %
M. Iannelli, F. Bergamelli, C. M. Kormos, S. Paravisi, N. E. Leadbeater, Org. Proc. Res. Dev., 2009, In Press.
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“In 10-15 years, we will see a microwavereactor in every academic and industriallaboratory.They will be the Bunsen burners of the 21stcentury.”
A.K. Bose and coll., Chemtech, 1997, 27, 18.
Conclusions
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Milestone’s Commitment
l LHelping Chemists
Research Process
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Thanks for your attention!
www.milestonesrl.com
ChinaChinaLabtechLabtech
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