Microwave Related Research and Applications -...
Transcript of Microwave Related Research and Applications -...
H. Xin
Microwave Related Research and Applications
Hao Xin (辛皓) June 27th, 2012
Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. and Physics Dept.
University of Arizona
H. Xin 2
Outline
General Overview Introduction of Microwave History and Research
Some Examples of Recent Development
Summary
H. Xin
H. Xin
H. Xin
5
Microwave Applications (300 MHz – 300 GHz)
Communications
Fixed wireless network Satellite network
Wireless LAN Cellular network
Tunable adaptor
H. Xin
Remote Sensing
5000-element phased array for Patriot Missile
Space based Radar
Detect and track moving target globally
Auto Radar
H. Xin
New Applications
Imaging
See-thru clothes/wall medical
Microwave / millimeter wave imaging –Through fog, smoke, and sand –Concealed weapon detection –Chemical / biological agent detection
Medical applications –Detection –Treatment
Wireless power transmission –Space applications –Alternative solar power ?
3-D T-Ray Image of a Tooth
H. Xin 8
Early History – Ancient Times
Thales of Miletus
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
600 BC, amber rubbing cloth
Aristotle
400 BC, force could not be communicated other than by some tangible means as pressure or impact
Lucretius of Magnesia Compass
200 BC – 100 AD
H. Xin 9
History – 16 to Early 19 Century
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
Understanding of electricity Understanding of magnetism First fundamental law – electric field Propagation at finite velocity
H. Xin 10
19th Century
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 11
Late 19th Century
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
Contribution to wireless telegraphy Reduced to 5mm; semicond junction for detection; ignited gun powder/rang a bell
H. Xin 12
Early 20th Century
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
First—radio transmissions of voice and music
H. Xin 13
Pre-WWII
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 14
WWII - Radar
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 15
MIT Radiation Laboratory
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 16
Transistor
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 17
1952: Breakthrough in Radio Astronomy
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
First detection of emissions from neutral galactic hydrogen (the famous 21 cm line due to hyperfine splitting)
H. Xin 18
More Notes on Astronomy
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
In 1943, the Hungarian engineer Zoltán Bay sent ultra-short radio waves to the moon, which, reflected from there, worked as a radar, and could be used to measure distance, as well as to study the moon. Perhaps the first use of the word microwave in an astronomical context occurred in 1946 in an article "Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon" by Robert Dicke and Robert Beringer. This same article also made a showing in the New York Times issued in 1951.
H. Xin 19
Integrated Circuits
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC)
H. Xin
New “Materials” in Microwave Applications
21
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
Semiconductor technologies – GaAs, InP, GaN HEMTs
High-Tc superconductors
Meta-material – Electromagnetic bandgap structures
– Negative index of refraction (, ) materials
– New microwave components / design methodologies
Nanotechnology – Material preparation & fabrication process enable much
smaller devices than previously possible
– New microwave applications ???
Advanced materials have created new possibilities
H. Xin 22
A Few of the Latest Development
Some materials from IEEE IMS 60’s anniversary celebration
H. Xin 23
Group Information
• MIT (1995-2000): Microwave Properties and Applications of High-Tc Superconducting Thin Films
• Rockwell Science Center (2000-2003):
Antenna / MMIC design; Phased Arrays; Reconfigurable Circuits / Antennas; Electromagnetic Crystal Components; Human Motion Power Harvesting
• Raytheon (2003-2005): Phased Arrays; Power Amplifiers; DEW Systems; Nano—Devices / Materials
• University of Arizona (2005-present): 4 Post-Docs, 3-PhD, 2-MS; 8 PhD, 4-MS, undergrads
Power Amplifier MMICPower Amplifier MMIC
Novel Electronic-Scanned ArrayNovel Electronic-Scanned Array
High Frequency Carbon Nanotube ResearchHigh Frequency Carbon Nanotube Research
A Conformal GPS ArrayA Conformal GPS Array
THz EMXT Horn Antenna
Luneburg Lens
H. Xin 24
Our research focus on microwave / mmW / THz antennas, circuits and applications
Capabilities including: Complete Design / Simulation / Fabrication / Characterization
http://ece.arizona.edu/~mwca/ Research Areas
• Meta-material for Microwave Applications
• Novel THz Components
• Nano Devices and Antennas
• Power Harvesting Applications
• Biological Inspired Direction Finding
• Microwave Thermal Acoustic Imaging
• Microwave / THz & Micro-fluid (Lab-on-a-
Chip)
• 3-D Integrated mmW Circuits and Antennas /
MMIC
• Multi-Functional Microwave Components
ARO US Air Force
DoE
ARO US Air Force
DoE
AROARO US Air ForceUS Air Force
DoEDoE
Sponsors
H. Xin
What is Meta-Materials
Artificial composite materials that have special properties (electromagnetic here) that may or may
not exist for natural materials
Electromagnetic / Photonic Crystal
Band Gap Structure
Double Negative Materials
Left-Handed Materials
Negative Refractive Index*
Often due to inhomogenities embedded in host media Periodic media or effective media description Not limited to EM properties
* R. A. Shelby et al., Science, Vol 292, p. 77, 2001; R. W. Ziolkowski and N. Engheta, IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 51, p. 2546, 2003
H. Xin
Brief History
• Concept existed long time ago – resurrected recently * - In 1898, J. C. Bose: rotation of polarization plane by man made twisted structures - In 1914, K. F. Lindman: small wire helix - In 50 – 60’s, artificial dielectrics - Many periodic structures have been studied • Left-handed media / Negative index of refraction - In 1968, Veselago considered < 0, µ < 0 media - Poynting vector opposite of phase velocity, n < 0 - In 2000, Smith et al demonstrated first example • Electromagnetic crystal / band gap structures - In 1887, multi-layer film studied by Lord. Rayleigh - In 1987, Yablonovich & Johns independently suggested 2-D & 3-D band gaps
R. W. Ziolkowski and N. Engheta, IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, Vol 51, p. 2546, 2003
H. Xin
Permittivity and Permeability Space
H. Xin
Many Applications with Designed , µ
2Electrically Small Antennas 1Perfect Lens
n = -1
1. J. B. Pendry, PRL, Vol. 85, p. 3966, 2000; 2. R. W. Ziolkowski and N. Engheta, IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, Vol 51, p. 2546, 2003 3. J. B. Pendry et al, Science, Vol. 312, p. 1780, 2006; 4. A. Alu and N. Engheta, Optics Express, Vol. 15, p. 3318, 2007
3,4Cloaking
H. Xin 29
Metamaterial Research – High Gain Antenna
Zero Index Metamaterial
Snell’s Law: n1 sinθ1 = sinθ1= n2 sinθ2,
if n2 = 0, θ1 = 0
Source Near zero
index media
High gain monopole antenna demonstrated – a new
design methodology developed
Antenna
feed
-30
-20
-10
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
-30
-20
-10
0
Metamaterial Based Antennas
Antenna
feed
Antenna
feed
-30
-20
-10
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
-30
-20
-10
0
Metamaterial Based Antennas
R. Zhou, H. Zhang, and H. Xin, ―Metallic wire array as low-effective index of refraction medium for directive antenna application,‖ vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 79-87, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Jan. 2010.
H. Xin 30
Metamaterial Research – Active Metamaterials
Metamaterial Issues: 1. High Loss 2. Narrow Bandwidth/High dispersion
• To compensate loss or even to provide gain
• Possibility to trade gain for bandwidth
• New physical phenomena and potential applications
First Demonstration of negative index of refraction with gain
-300
-150
0
150
300
2 3 4 5 6
- 1-cell - 2-cell - 3-cell - 1-cell - 2-cell - 3-cell
Frequency (GHz)
Pro
pa
ga
tio
n C
on
sta
nt
(1/m
)
LL CR
LR CL -R
G LL CR
LR CL -R
G
Active Metamaterials
L. Si, T. Jiang, K. Chang, T. Chen, X. Lv, L. Ran, and H. Xin, ―Active Microwave Metamaterials Incorporating Ideal Gain Devices,‖ Materials, 2011 T. Jiang, K. Chang, L. Si, L. Ran, and H. Xin, ―Active Microwave Negative-Index Metamaterial Transmission Line with Gain,‖ Phys. Rev. Lett., Nov. 2011.
H. Xin
Microwave for Energy Applications
• Wireless power transmission
– Solar power satellites
– Space power generation / distribution
– Aircraft / airborne station powering
– Energy scavenging from environment
– “Immortal” wireless sensors
• Fusion: Intense source of coherent, mm-wave (> 1MW cw)
radiation to heat a fusion plasma and control its instabilities
1. W. C. Brown, “The history of power transmission by radio waves,” IEEE Trans. MTT, Vol. 32, pp. 1230, 1984
2. J. A. Hagerty et al, “Recycling ambient microwave energy with broad-band rectenna arrays,” IEEE Trans. MTT, Vol. 52,
pp. 1014, 2004
3. S. Alberti, “Magnetic confinement fusion: Plasma heating with millimetre waves,” Nature Physics, Vol. 3, pp. 376, 2007 31
H. Xin
• Heinrich Hertz – Parabolic dishes for both transmitting and receiving
(focused beam): more closer to modern practices
• Nicola Tesla
– 1899, Colorado Springs;
– Tesla coil for power transmission; no focusing
– 300 KW input power; 150 KHz; 108 V RF voltage
• Westinghouse Experiment
– 1930’s,
– 100 MHz dipoles; 25 ft apart; 100’s Watts
Point-to-point narrow beam necessary: large antenna
at higher frequency; Lack of microwave sources
Early History - Wireless Power Transmission
1. W. C. Brown, “The history of power transmission by radio waves,” IEEE Trans. MTT, Vol. 32, pp. 1230, 1984 32
H. Xin 33
Modern History
H. Xin 34
Solar Power Satellite (SPS)
H. Xin 35
Geostationary SPS Example
H. Xin 36
Power Harvesting – Wireless Transmission
Rectenna on sensor nodes allow wireless charging
Issues: - Compactness - Efficiency (at low power: i.e., 1 mW) - Energy storage
Solutions: - Metamaterial inspired antenna (≤0.1) - Antenna doubles as matching circuit - Low turn-on voltage diode - Direct charging of super-capacitor
H. Xin 37
THz Background
Unallocated communication band
Higher bandwidth / data capacity / spatial resolution than microwave
Less scattering loss, non-ionizing radiation than optical / X-ray
H. Xin 38
THz Applications
Coverage in IR and optical
blind conditions
Concealed object screening
Biomedical imaging and
semiconductor quality control
Chemical and bio-agent sensing
and detection
* D. Arnone et. al., Physics World, 0953-8585, April 2000
* Optics.org, analysis article, Oct. 28, 2002
* B. Ferguson, XC. Zhang, Nature Mater., 1, 26 (2002)
* Peter H. Siegel, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 50, 910 (2002)
H. Xin 39
Motivations
We need THz components Source, detector, filter, waveguides, antenna, quasi-optics, materials…
We need integration of components
Solid-state devices, packaging, systematic fabrication…
We need universality and customizability Plug-and-play, easy customization…
EMXT passives fabricated via rapid prototyping
EMXT Based
THz Passives Apps!
Source Detector
H. Xin 40
Microwave Thermal Acoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy (TAIS)
• Microwave Contrast
– Benign vs. malignant tissues
• Ultrasound Resolution
– < 1mm vs. cm
• Promising application: Breast cancer detection, etc.
• Full EM + Acoustic model developed
• Experimental verification
H. Xin 41
Microwave Thermal Acoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy (TAIS)
Encouraging initial experimental results (spectroscopy, much
shorter pulse)
Full model for new spectroscopy information
Complete Antenna + Matching + Waveform + Power Design
H. Xin
Electromagnetic Crystal
• Periodic dielectric structures: often called
photonic crystal (PXT)
• Forbid EM wave propagation – band gap
– Periodicity ~ gap/2
• Many components realized: waveguides,
resonators, filters, multiplexers
2-D Dielectric Rods 1-D Dielectric Layers 3-D Structures
Analogous to semiconductor band gap
H. Xin
Triangular-lattice array of air cylinders in a dielectric background
Center core defect to form the wave tunnel
Defect modes within the band gap of the complete EMXT
90% energy concentration in the core low radiation and material losses
Energy Distribution
Cross-Section View
HE11 mode
Only modes above the
light line can propagate
Fre
qu
en
cy f
a/c
0
Hollow-Core EMXT Waveguide
H. Xin 44
3-D Rapid Prototyping
Objet (TM) polymer jetting prototyping
Layer-by-layer printing of structures
Printing resolution 42um (x) by 42um (y)
by 16um (z)
UV curable model material
Support material removable by water flushing
Possibility of mixing various printing materials
to achieve arbitrary spatial material properties
Rapid prototyping of arbitrary shapes
Alignment and assembly not necessary
Mass production achievable with very low cost
H. Xin 45
Prototype THz EMXT Structures
Pre-measured model material properties
Large enough refractive index contrast
THz-TDS transmission characterization
Excellent agreements with simulations
* Z. Wu et. al., Opt. Express 21, 16442, 2008
H. Xin 46
Simulation: Gaussian / Waveport
Identical coupling to free space at input
and output interfaces
Transmitted power exponentially decays
as waveguide length increases
(Neglect multiple-reflections)
Calculated loss matches well with
wave-port simulation
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Frequency (GHz)
Po
werr
lo
ss f
acto
r (d
B/m
m)
Waveport
Beam IncidenceGaussian Beam
Incidence
Transmitted Power
Evaluation Plane
Beam waist 3mm ( 90% coupling to HE11 mode)
100 105 110 115 120 125 1301.26
1.28
1.3
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.4
1.42
Waveguide Length (mm)
Lo
g (
Tra
nsm
itte
d P
ow
er)
Semi-log plot
Slope = Power Loss Factor
112GHz
H. Xin 47
THz Characterization: THz-TDS
THz Time Domain Spectrometer
THz Detector THz Transmitter
Collimating Optics
Dispersion Compensation Ultra-fast
Laser Control Unit
Photoconductive antenna THz-TDS
Ultra-fast gating / Coherent Measurement
Transmission / Reflection setup available
Material with magnetic behavior both setups needed
* Ziran Wu, Lu Wang, Yitian Peng, Abram Young, Supapan Seraphin, and Hao Xin, J. App. Phys., 50, pp. 094324 1-6, 2008
H. Xin 48
Experimental Testing Setup
Fabricated THz waveguide samples (Glossy modes)
Quasi-optics to focus the beam waist to 2.7mm
H. Xin
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Frequency (GHz)
Po
wer
loss (
dB
/mm
)
Measure
Beam Inc
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Frequency (GHz)
Po
wer
loss (
dB
/mm
)
Measure
Beam Inc
49
Power Loss Extraction
0.03 dB / mm Loss Factor Measured Measurement / Simulation Agree Well (~ 7 GHz shift)
50 75 100 125 15045
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Waveguide length (mm)
Tra
nsm
itte
d p
ow
er
(dB
)
Linear fitting at 107GHz
H. Xin 50
EMXT Horn Antenna
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
Frequency (GHz)
S11 (
dB
)
Circular waveguide TE11 feeding
Polymer loss: constant conductivity 0.459
4.2mm flared to 8mm aperture radii (12.4 degree)
35mm optimized horn length along axis
H. Xin 51
Simulated Antenna Radiation Patterns
Directional beam at two working frequencies
Comparison with copper horn
Far-Field Radiation Pattern of Phi= 0º Cut (x-z plane)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Angle (Degree)
Dir
ecti
vit
y (
dB
)
Copper horn
EMXT horn
114 GHz
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Angle (Degree)
Dir
ec
tiv
ity
(d
B)
Copper horn
EMXT horn
164 GHz
H. Xin 52
Far-Field Antenna Measurement
H. Xin 53
Measured Radiation Patterns
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
(deg)
Pow
er
(dB
)
103 GHz
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(deg)
Pow
er
(dB
)
125 GHz
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(deg)
Pow
er
(dB
)
150 GHz
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(deg)
Pow
er
(dB
)170 GHz
Good Radiation Patterns Demonstrated
H. Xin 54
Measurement / Simulation Comparison
Good Agreement Between Measurement and Simulation
First Band Third Band
H. Xin 55
Conclusion
• Very Exciting Research Fields – New Materials – Nano-scale; EMXT; Metamaterials
– New Spectrum
– Better Components – Antennas, waveguides, Better systems
• Extensive Applications in Microwave to THz
Communication / Sensing
Bio-medical / High-speed Electronics
Power / Energy
Astronomy
MORE ???
Microwave to THz Spectrum
H. Xin 56
Can we learn from human ears ?
Biological Inspired RF Direction Finding
• Human ears are great at DF
– Great accuracy using two ears
– Even with just a single ear
– ―Cocktail Party‖ effect
– Environment learning, etc.
Head-Like Scatter with 2-monopole antennas
8 9 10 11 120
1
2
3
4
5
Avera
ge E
rror
(degre
e)
Frequency (GHz)
Without Scatter
With Symmetric Scatter
With Unsymmetrical Scatter
0 100 200 300 400-10
0
10
20
30
40
Spectr
al M
agnitude (
dB
)
Incident Angle (deg)
MD=0dB, PD=2deg, AOA=90
x
y
UWB Antennas – Single Ear
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 1800
30
60
90
120
150
180
Incident Angle (degree)
Es
tim
ati
on
Err
or
(de
gre
e)