Microwave and RF Engineering€¦ · rf and microwave wireless systems, kai chang rf and microwave...

Microwave and RF Engineering

Roberto Sorrentino

University of Perugia, Italy

Giovanni Bianchi

Verigy Ltd, Boblingen, Germany

Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical EngineeringKAI CHANG, Editor

Texas A&M University

FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Third Edition, Govind P. Agrawal

ASYMMETRIC PASSIVE COMPONENTS IN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS,

Hee-Ran Ahn

COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS, Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, and

Eugenio Iannone

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS: FLOQUET ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, BFNs, AND ACTIVE

ARRAY SYSTEMS, Arun K. Bhattacharyya

HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES AND

APPLICATIONS, Asoke K. Bhattacharyya

RADIO PROPAGATION AND ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

LINKS: TERRESTRIAL, ATMOSPHERIC, AND IONOSPHERIC, Nathan Blaunstein and Christos

G. Christodoulou

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVES, Richard C.

Booton, Jr.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING, Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, and Giampiero Lovat

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND ANTENNAS, Kai Chang

MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS, Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS, Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT AND COMPONENT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS,

Kai Chang, Inder Bahl, and Vijay Nair

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND RELATED STRUCTURES, Second Edition, Kai Chang and

Lung-Hwa Hsieh

MULTIRESOLUTION TIME DOMAIN SCHEME FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING,

Yinchao Chen, Qunsheng Cao, and Raj Mittra

HIGH EFFICIENCY RF AND MICROWAVE SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIERS,

Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini and Ernesto Limiti

DIODE LASERS AND PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, Larry Coldren and Scott Corzine

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN, W. Alan Davis and Krishna Agarwal

MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION-LINE STRUCTURES: MODAL ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES, J. A. Brand~ao Faria

PHASED ARRAY-BASED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, Nick Fourikis

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES, Jon C. Freeman

OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES, Mitsuo Fukuda

MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS, Fred Gardiol

HIGH-SPEED VLSI INTERCONNECTIONS, Second Edition, Ashok K. Goel

FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS, Jaideva C.

Goswami and Andrew K. Chan

HIGH-FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN, Ravender Goyal (ed.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES, K. C. Gupta and

Peter S. Hall

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS, R. C. Hansen

STRIPLINE CIRCULATORS, Joseph Helszajn

THE STRIPLINE CIRCULATOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE, Joseph Helszajn

LOCALIZED WAVES, Hugo E. Hern�andez-Figueroa, Michel Zamboni-Rached, and Erasmo Recami (eds.)

MICROSTRIP FILTERS FOR RF/MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS, Jia-Sheng Hong and

M. J. Lancaster

MICROWAVE APPROACH TO HIGHLY IRREGULAR FIBER OPTICS, Huang Hung-Chia

NONLINEAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Eugenio Iannone, Francesco Matera,

Antonio Mecozzi, and Marina Settembre

FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING, Tatsuo Itoh, Giuseppe Pelosi,

and Peter P. Silvester (eds.)

INFRARED TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROOPTICS, PHOTONIC DEVICES,

AND SENSORS, A. R. Jha

SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO MICROWAVE, ELECTRO-OPTICS,

ELECTRICAL MACHINES, AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS, A. R. Jha

OPTICAL COMPUTING: AN INTRODUCTION, M. A. Karim and A. S. S. Awwal

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING, Paul R.

Karmel, Gabriel D. Colef, and Raymond L. Camisa

MILLIMETER WAVE OPTICAL DIELECTRIC INTEGRATED GUIDES AND CIRCUITS, Shiban

K. Koul

ADVANCED INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION MICROSYSTEMS, Joy Laskar, Sudipto

Chakraborty, Manos Tentzeris, Franklin Bien, and Anh-Vu Pham

MICROWAVE DEVICES, CIRCUITS AND THEIR INTERACTION, Charles A. Lee and G. Conrad

Dalman

ADVANCES IN MICROSTRIP AND PRINTED ANTENNAS, Kai-Fong Lee and Wei Chen (eds.)

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY, Le-Wei Li, Xiao-Kang

Kang, and Mook-Seng Leong

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Mi Lu

OPTICAL FILTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A SIGNAL PROCESSING APPROACH, Christi K.

Madsen and Jian H. Zhao

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INFRARED TECHNOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE

TESTING, Xavier P. V. Maldague

METAMATERIALS WITH NEGATIVE PARAMETERS: THEORY, DESIGN, AND MICROWAVE

APPLICATIONS, Ricardo Marqu�es, Ferran Martın, and Mario Sorolla

OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING, A. R. Mickelson, N. R. Basavanhally, and Y. C. Lee (eds.)

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION, Shunji Mori, Hirobumi Nishida, and Hiromitsu Yamada

ANTENNAS FOR RADAR AND COMMUNICATIONS: A POLARIMETRIC APPROACH,

Harold Mott

INTEGRATED ACTIVE ANTENNAS AND SPATIAL POWER COMBINING, Julio A. Navarro and

Kai Chang

ANALYSIS METHODS FOR RF, MICROWAVE, AND MILLIMETER-WAVE PLANAR

TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES, Cam Nguyen

FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS, Motoichi Ohtsu (ed.)

WAVELETS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DEVICE MODELING, George W. Pan

OPTICAL SWITCHING, Georgios Papadimitriou, Chrisoula Papazoglou, and Andreas S.

Pomportsis

SOLAR CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Larry D. Partain (ed.)

A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.

ANALYSIS OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES, Clayton R. Paul

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Second Edition, Clayton R. Paul

ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR VISION SCIENCE: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES, DESIGN AND

APPLICATIONS, Jason Porter, Hope Queener, Julianna Lin, Karen Thorn, and Abdul Awwal (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTIMIZATION BY GENETIC ALGORITHMS, Yahya Rahmat-Samii and

Eric Michielssen (eds.)

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS, Leonard M.

Riaziat

NEW FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY, Arye Rosen and Harel Rosen (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN MULTI-MODE RANDOM MEDIA, Harrison E. Rowe

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM MEDIA,

Harrison E. Rowe

HISTORY OF WIRELESS, Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena

Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta

PHYSICS OF MULTIANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BROADBAND PROCESSING, Tapan K. Sarkar,

Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Eric L. Mokole

SMART ANTENNAS, Tapan K. Sarkar, Michael C. Wicks, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and

Robert J. Bonneau

NONLINEAR OPTICS, E. G. Sauter

APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Dipak L.

Sengupta and Valdis V. Liepa

COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE CIRCUITS, COMPONENTS, AND SYSTEMS, Rainee N. Simons

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES,

Onkar N. Singh and Akhlesh Lakhtakia (eds.)

MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING, Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS MICROWAVE CIRCUITS, Almudena Su�arez

ELECTRON BEAMS AND MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS, Shulim E. Tsimring

FUNDAMENTALS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVERS: A SOFTWARE

APPROACH, Second Edition, James Bao-yen Tsui

RF/MICROWAVE INTERACTION WITH BIOLOGICAL TISSUES, Andr�e Vander Vorst, Arye

Rosen, and Youji Kotsuka

InP-BASED MATERIALS AND DEVICES: PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY, Osamu Wada and

Hideki Hasegawa (eds.)

COMPACT AND BROADBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS, Kin-Lu Wong

DESIGN OF NONPLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES,

Kin-Lu Wong

PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, Kin-Lu Wong

FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE AND GRID ARRAY, T. K. Wu (ed.)

ACTIVE AND QUASI-OPTICAL ARRAYS FOR SOLID-STATE POWER COMBINING, Robert A.

York and Zoya B. Popovic’ (eds.)

OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTING AND NEURAL NETWORKS, Francis T. S. Yu

and Suganda Jutamulia

SiGe, GaAs, AND InP HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS, Jiann Yuan

ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS AND MICROWAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, Shu-Ang Zhou


Roberto Sorrentino

University of Perugia, Italy

Giovanni Bianchi

Verigy Ltd, Boblingen, Germany

This edition first published 2010

� 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Sorrentino, Roberto.

Microwave and RF engineering / R. Sorrentino, G. Bianchi.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-75862-5 (cloth)

1. Microwave devices. 2. Radio–Transmitters and transmission. I. Bianchi, Giovanni. II. Title.

TK7876.S666 2010

621.381’3–dc22

2009051049

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-0-470-75862-5 (Hbk)

Set in 9/11pt, Times Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

www.wiley.com

Contents

About the Authors xv

Preface xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Microwaves and radio frequencies 1

1.2 Frequency bands 4

1.3 Applications 6

Bibliography 8

2 Basic electromagnetic theory 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Maxwell’s equations 9

2.3 Time-harmonic EM fields; polarization of a vector 12

2.4 Maxwell’s equations in the harmonic regime 14

2.5 Boundary conditions 15

2.6 Energy and power of the EM field; Poynting’s theorem 17

2.7 Some fundamental theorems 19

2.7.1 Uniqueness theorem 19

2.7.2 Lorentz’s reciprocity theorem 19

2.7.3 Love’s equivalence theorem 20

2.8 Plane waves 21

2.9 Solution of the wave equation in rectangular coordinates 22

2.9.1 Plane waves: an alternative derivation 24

2.9.2 TEM waves 25

2.9.3 TE and TM waves 26

2.10 Reflection and transmission of plane waves; Snel’s laws 27

2.10.1 Snel’s laws; total reflection 28

2.10.2 Reflection and transmission (Fresnel’s) coefficients 31

2.10.3 Reflection from a conducting plane 34

2.11 Electrodynamic potentials 36

Bibliography 38

3 Guided EM propagation 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Cylindrical structures; solution of Maxwell’s equations as

TE, TM and TEM modes 41

3.3 Modes of propagation as transmission lines 48

3.4 Transmission lines as 1-D circuits 52

3.5 Phase velocity, group velocity and energy velocity 55

3.6 Properties of the transverse modal vectors et, ht; field expansion

in a waveguide 57

3.7 Loss, attenuation and power handling in real waveguides 59

3.8 The rectangular waveguide 61

3.9 The ridge waveguide 67

3.10 The circular waveguide 68

3.11 The coaxial cable 72

3.12 The parallel-plate waveguide 74

3.13 The stripline 76

3.14 The microstrip line 78

3.14.1 The planar waveguide model 82

3.15 The coplanar waveguide 82

3.16 Coupled lines 84

3.16.1 Basic principles for EM analysis 85

3.16.2 Equivalent circuit modelling 86

Bibliography 88

4 Microwave circuits 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Microwave circuit formulation 91

4.3 Terminated transmission lines 94

4.4 The Smith chart 97

4.5 Power flow 105

4.6 Matrix representations 109

4.6.1 The impedance matrix 109

4.6.2 The admittance matrix 110

4.6.3 The ABCD or chain matrix 111

4.6.4 The scattering matrix 112

4.7 Circuit model of a transmission line section 119

4.8 Shifting the reference planes 123

4.9 Loaded two-port network 124

4.10 Matrix description of coupled lines 125

4.11 Matching of coupled lines 126

4.12 Two-port networks using coupled-line sections 127

Bibliography 129

5 Resonators and cavities 131

5.1 Introduction 131

5.2 The resonant condition 131

5.3 Quality factor or Q 134

5.4 Transmission line resonators 136

5.5 Planar resonators 139

5.6 Cavity resonators 142

5.7 Computation of the Q factor of a cavity resonator 144

5.8 Dielectric resonators 146

5.9 Expansion of EM fields 147

5.9.1 Helmholtz’s theorem 148

5.9.2 Electric and magnetic eigenvectors 148

5.9.3 General solution of Maxwell’s equations in a cavity 153

5.9.4 Resonances in ideal closed cavities 154

5.9.5 The cavity with one or two outputs 155

5.9.6 Excitation of cavity resonators 157

Bibliography 161

viii CONTENTS

6 Impedance matching 163


6.2 Fano’s bound 163

6.3 Quarter-wavelength transformer 165

6.4 Multi-section quarter-wavelength transformers 167

6.4.1 The binomial transformer 171

6.4.2 Chebyshev polynomials; the Chebyshev transformer 172

6.5 Line and stub transformers; stub tuners 178

6.6 Lumped L networks 180

Bibliography 185

Simulation files 185

7 Passive microwave components 187


7.2 Matched loads 187

7.3 Movable short circuit 188

7.4 Attenuators 190

7.5 Fixed phase shifters 193

7.5.1 Loaded-line phase shifters 193

7.5.2 Reflection-type phase shifters 194

7.6 Junctions and interconnections 195

7.6.1 Guide-to-coaxial cable transition 198

7.6.2 Coaxial-to-microstrip transition 203

7.7 Dividers and combiners 204

7.7.1 The Wilkinson divider 205

7.7.2 Hybrid junctions 209

7.7.3 Directional couplers 211

7.8 Lumped element realizations 221

7.9 Multi-beam forming networks 223

7.9.1 The Butler matrix 224

7.9.2 The Blass matrix 225

7.9.3 The Rotman lens 227

7.10 Non-reciprocal components 230

7.10.1 Isolator 232

7.10.2 Circulator 232

Bibliography 234


8 Microwave filters 237


8.2 Definitions 237

8.3 Lowdpass prototype 239

8.3.1 Butterworth filters 240

8.3.2 Chebyshev filters 240

8.3.3 Cauer filters 244

8.3.4 Synthesis of the lowdpass prototype 245

8.4 Semi-lumped lowdpass filters 250

8.5 Frequency transformations 254

8.5.1 Lowdpass to highpass transformation 255

8.5.2 Lowdpass to bandpass transformation 257

CONTENTS ix

8.5.3 Lowdpass to bandstop transformation 260

8.5.4 Richards transformation 261

8.6 Kuroda identities 264

8.7 Immittance inverters 267

8.7.1 Filters with line-coupled short-circuit stubs 273

8.7.2 Parallel-coupled filters 277

8.7.3 Comb-line filters 281

Bibliography 286


9 Basic concepts for microwave component design 289


9.2 Cascaded linear two-port networks 289

9.3 Signal flow graphs 302

9.4 Noise in two-port networks 303

9.4.1 Noise sources 303

9.4.2 Representation of noisy two-port networks 305

9.4.3 Noise figure and noise factor 306

9.4.4 Noise factor of cascaded networks 313

9.4.5 Noise bandwidth 314

9.5 Nonlinear two-port networks 316

9.5.1 Harmonic and intermodulation products 317

9.5.2 Harmonic distortion 317

9.5.3 Intermodulation distortion 319

9.5.4 Gain compression 321

9.5.5 Intercept points 326

9.5.6 Saturation and intercept point of cascaded two-port networks 328

9.6 Semiconductors devices 334

9.6.1 Basic semiconductor physics 334

9.6.2 Junction diode 336

9.6.3 Bipolar transistor 338

9.6.4 Junction field effect transistor 339

9.6.5 Metal oxide field effect transistor 340

9.7 Electrical models of high-frequency semiconductor devices 342

9.7.1 Linear models 342

9.7.2 Nonlinear semiconductor models 348

Bibliography 360

Related Files 360

10 Microwave control components 363


10.2 Switches 363

10.2.1 PIN diode switches 368

10.2.2 FET switches 375

10.2.3 MEMS switches 379

10.2.4 Alternative multi-port switch structures 385

10.3 Variable attenuators 389

10.4 Phase shifters 400

x CONTENTS

10.4.1 True-delay and slow-wave phase shifters 402

10.4.2 Reflection phase shifters 404

10.4.3 Stepped phase shifters 407

10.4.4 Binary phase shifters 408

10.4.5 Final considerations on phase shifters 412

Bibliography 412

Related files 413

11 Amplifiers 415


11.2 Small-signal amplifiers 415

11.2.1 Gain definitions 416

11.2.2 Stability 420

11.2.3 Matching networks 424

11.2.4 Maximum gain impedance matching 425

11.3 Low-noise amplifiers 429

11.4 Design of trial amplifier 432

11.5 Power amplifiers 440

11.5.1 Output power optimization with negligible transistor parasitics 440

11.5.2 Output power optimization in presence of transistor parasitics 444

11.5.3 Load pull 451

11.5.4 Balanced amplifiers 454

11.5.5 PA classes 459

11.5.6 Amplifier linearization 473

11.5.7 Additional PA issues 481

11.6 Other amplifier configurations 482

11.6.1 Feedback amplifiers 483

11.6.2 Distributed amplifiers 485

11.6.3 Differential pairs 489

11.6.4 Active loads 494

11.6.5 Cascode configuration 495

11.7 Some examples of microwave amplifiers 497

11.7.1 Two-stage millimetre-wave amplifier 497

11.7.2 Low-noise amplifier 499

Bibliography 501

Related files 501

12 Oscillators 503


12.2 General principles 503

12.3 Negative resistance oscillators 508

12.4 Positive feedback oscillators 512

12.5 Standard oscillator configuration 518

12.5.1 Inductively coupled oscillator 521

12.5.2 Inductive gate feedback oscillator 523

12.5.3 Hartley oscillator 525

12.5.4 Colpitts oscillator 526

CONTENTS xi

12.5.5 Clapp oscillator 527

12.5.6 Differential oscillator 528

12.6 Design of a trial oscillator 530

12.7 Oscillator specifications 534

12.8 Special oscillators 543

12.8.1 Lumped element and transmission line oscillators 543

12.8.2 Cavity oscillators and dielectric resonator oscillators 547

12.8.3 Voltage-controlled oscillators 549

12.8.4 Push–push oscillators 553

12.8.5 Amplitude-stabilized oscillators 555

12.9 Design of a push –push microwave VCO 557

Bibliography 559

Related files 559

13 Frequency converters 561


13.2 Detectors 561

13.2.1 Quadratic diode detector 563

13.2.2 Envelope detectors 570

13.2.3 FET detectors 573

13.3 Mixers 577

13.3.1 Product detector 579

13.3.2 Single-ended diode mixers 581

13.3.3 Singly balanced diode mixers 584

13.3.4 Doubly balanced diode mixers 590

13.3.5 Subharmonically pumped mixers 594

13.3.6 Image reject mixers 597

13.3.7 Suppression in presence of amplitude and phase imbalance 600

13.3.8 FET mixers 602

13.3.9 Mixers based on differential pairs 606

13.3.10 Mixer nonlinearities 617

13.4 Frequency multipliers 625

Bibliography 630

Related files 630

14 Microwave circuit technology 633


14.2 Hybrid and monolithic integrated circuits 633

14.2.1 High-frequency PCB 634

14.2.2 Hybrid MICs 635

14.2.3 MMICs 636

14.2.4 Advanced hybrid MICs 637

14.2.5 Parasitic elements associated to physical devices 637

14.3 Basic MMIC elements 639

14.3.1 Transmission lines 640

14.3.2 Via holes 640

14.3.3 Resistors 641

14.3.4 Inductors 643

xii CONTENTS

14.3.5 Capacitors 645

14.3.6 Semiconductor devices 646

14.4 Simulation models and layout libraries 649

14.4.1 Single element models 650

14.4.2 Scalable models 650

14.4.3 Nonlinear models 651

14.4.4 MMIC statistical models 651

14.4.5 Temperature-dependent models 652

14.5 MMIC production technique 652

14.5.1 Lithography 653

14.5.2 On-wafer testing 655

14.5.3 Cut and selection 655

14.6 RFIC 656

Bibliography 657

15 RF and microwave architectures 659


15.2 Review of modulation theory 659

15.2.1 Amplitude modulation 660

15.2.2 Angular modulation 663

15.3 Transmitters 665

15.3.1 Direct modulation transmitters 665

15.3.2 Polar modulator 675

15.3.3 Cartesian modulator 677

15.3.4 Transmitters with frequency translation 681

15.4 Receivers 682

15.4.1 RF tuned receivers 682

15.4.2 Superetherodyne receivers 692

15.4.3 Zero-IF and low-IF receivers 696

15.4.4 Walking IF receivers 699

15.4.5 One practical IC-based receiver 701

15.4.6 Digital receivers 703

15.5 Further concepts on RF transmitters and receivers 710

15.5.1 Transceivers 710

15.5.2 CAD analysis of a radar transmitting subassembly 719

15.5.3 Receiver performance analysis 725

15.6 Special radio functional blocks 731

15.6.1 Quadrature signal generation 731

15.6.2 PLL 735

15.6.3 ALC and AGC 744

15.6.4 SDLVA 749

Bibliography 753

Related files 754

16 Numerical methods and CAD 757


16.2 EM analysis 760

16.2.1 The method of moments 761

CONTENTS xiii

16.2.2 The finite difference method 763

16.2.3 The FDTD method 766

16.2.4 The finite element method 770

16.2.5 The mode matching method 771

16.3 Circuit analysis 780

16.3.1 Linear analysis: the signal flow graph and the admittance

matrix methods 780

16.3.2 Time domain nonlinear analysis 785

16.3.3 Frequency domain nonlinear analysis 786

16.4 Optimization 788

16.4.1 Definitions and basic concepts 789

16.4.2 Objective function 790

16.4.3 Constraints 791

16.4.4 Optimization methods 791

Bibliography 792

17 Measurement instrumentation and techniques 795


17.2 Power meters 795

17.3 Frequency meters 798

17.3.1 RF digital frequency meter 798

17.3.2 Microwave digital frequency meter 799

17.3.3 Frequency conversion frequency meters 800

17.3.4 Frequency conversion frequency meter without preselector 802

17.4 Spectrum analyzers 803

17.4.1 Panoramic receiver 803

17.4.2 Superheterodyne spectrum analyzer 806

17.5 Wide-band sampling oscilloscopes 809

17.6 Network analyzers 816

17.6.1 Scalar analyzers 817

17.6.2 Vector analyzers 821

17.6.3 Noise figure meters 833

17.7 Special test instruments 837

17.7.1 IFM 837

17.7.2 Complex test benches 843

17.7.3 Test instruments for non-electrical quantities 846

Bibliography 849

Related files 849

Appendix A Useful relations from vector analysis and trigonometric

function identities 851

Appendix B Fourier transform 861

Appendix C Orthogonality of the eigenvectors in ideal waveguides 865

Appendix D Standard rectangular waveguides and coaxial cables 869

Appendix E Symbols for electric diagrams 873

Appendix F List of acronyms 877

Index 883

xiv CONTENTS

About the Authors

Roberto Sorrentino received the Laurea degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Rome

‘‘La Sapienza’’, Rome, Italy, in 1971,where hewas anAssociate Professor until 1986. From1986 to 1990

he was a Professor at the University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’. Since 1990 he has been a Professor at the

University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. He has authored and co-authored over 100 technical papers in

international journals, 300 refereed conference papers and three books in the area of the analysis and

design of microwave passive circuits and antennas. He is an IEEE Fellow (1990), a recipient of the IEEE

ThirdMillenniumMedal (2000) and of the Distinguished Educator Award from IEEEMTT-S (2004). He

was the President of the European Microwave Association from 1998 to 2009.

Giovanni Bianchi received the Laurea degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Rome

‘‘La Sapienza’’, Rome, Italy, in 1987. In 1988, he joined the microwave department of Elettronica S.p.A.

where hewas involved inmicrowave components (includingGaAsMMICs) and subassembly design. He

joinedMotorola PCS in 2000, where heworked onGSMandWCDMAmobile phone design, and in 2004

joinedSDSS.r.Lwhere hewas responsible formicrowave designs. Since January 2008 he hasworked as a

R&D Engineer in the hardware/RF division at Verigy, and is an expert of high frequency theory and

techniques. In his 23 years of design experience he has covered both passive and active microwave

components, including filters, amplifiers, oscillators, and synthesizers. He is the author of four books

(including the present one) as well as 12 papers.

Preface

This book deals with a rather complex discipline that involvesmany different techniques and approaches:

the result is a difficult and alluring subject at the same time. Most academic tradition focuses on the

electromagnetic-related aspects ofmicrowaves, i.e. on the science of the solution ofMaxwell’s equations,

which is quite difficult to divulgate because of the remarkable difficulties it involves. The electromagnetic

theory is the basis of the high-frequency techniques, from radio frequency (RF) up to millimetre waves;

therefore itmust bewell understood, inorder tocomprehendanddominate avariety ofphenomenautilized

in many applications, mainly – but not exclusively – in telecommunications.

Microwaves, however, do not reduce to the electromagnetic theory. The microwave engineer, i.e. the

designer operating with frequencies that are so high as to need a specific methodological approach, must

have a basic knowledge of the electromagnetic theory, but must also be familiar with network theory,

signal theory, linear and nonlinear circuits, and electronic technology – particularly microwave

integrated circuits, CAD techniques and test instruments. Such considerations have motivated us to

write this book. It differs from traditional microwave books because it includes several topics, such as

semiconductor device modelling or test instruments, that are commonly considered at the boundary with

other electronic disciplines, but are equally important for practising microwave engineers.

This book is intended for both students and professionals. Therefore the topics are presented –

wherever possible – at different levels of depth. The reader will find some topics, discussed in specific

sections printed in line boxes, that can be ignored without lack of continuity of the discussion. In this

way, we tried to circumvent the difficulties related to the conventional approach to microwaves, without

losing a detailed and rigorous exposition. We are aware that many important topics have not been

included in the book, particularly propagation in dielectric waveguides and optical fibres. The study of

propagation in microstrips and printed circuits has been limited to a brief qualitative description. The

same treatment applies to the analysis of many components and devices, as well as many other specific

topics. The size limitation for the book to be manageable has imposed some exclusion. We hope

nevertheless to have provided a useful tool for a first approach and for subsequent in-depth study aswell.

Based on own different experience, we had to realize a book combining formal academic rigour with

a practical approach useful for the designer. The conventional research-oriented list of subjects has thus

been extended to cover a number of application-oriented aspects. Examples from actual engineering

practice are included in all chapters.

After the introduction to the field of microwaves and radio frequencies, the basic electromagnetic

theory is concisely recalled in Chapter 2, with more emphasis on the propagation of plane waves. The

reader is assumed already to have a background in the electromagnetic theory, so that this chapter

serves as a reference and as a reminder. Chapter 3 is then devoted to the study of guided

electromagnetic propagation along unlimited transmission lines. In contrast with most textbooks,

the telegrapher’s equations are introduced here as a special case of the mode propagation in

cylindrical waveguides. The conventional derivation from a lumped circuit model is presented in

a subsequent section. Some of the most common guiding structures are discussed, including coupled

transmission lines.

The concept of a microwave circuit, a powerful model for the characterization of microwave

structures, is introduced in Chapter 4. The chapter concerns the modelling of microwave structures and

transmission lines offinite length, including the Smith chart,N-port circuits and terminated coupled lines.

Chapters 5 to 8 are devoted to the study of various classes of passive microwave components. Chapter 5

deals with microwave cavities and resonators. The theory of resonant mode expansion is also introduced

as a significant theoretical approach to the solution ofMaxwell’s equations in a volume. Thematching of

microwave circuits is treated in Chapter 6, a significant part being devoted to quarter-wave transformers.

A number of microwave passive components are then presented in Chapter 7. The term passive is

interpreted here as linear. Switches and tuning elements are not included in such components, but are

discussed instead in Chapter 10. Chapter 7 is devoted to interconnections, the various types of directional

couplers, dividers and combiners, in various technologies, including a brief description of microwave

multi-beam forming networks.Non-reciprocal components are described briefly in the last sections of the

chapter. Because of their importance in the design activity of the practising microwave engineer,

microwave filters are treated in some detail in Chapter 8.

The basic concepts needed for the study of control and active components in the subsequent chapters

are introduced in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 is devoted to microwave control components: these are passive

components using control devices, such as diodes and transistors, to operate on the microwave signal

without increasing its associated energy.Microwave amplifiers based on solid state devices are dealt with

in Chapter 11. Due to space limitations, the discussion is necessarily limited to the main concepts and to

the most common configurations, specifically to the one-transistor amplifier with one input and one

output matching network, including small-signal, low-noise and power amplifiers. The generation of

microwaves is discussed in Chapter 12, which is devoted to oscillators, presenting the most common

configurations and illustrating some analytical techniques.

Frequency conversion, discussed in Chapter 13, is a fundamental technique in the nonlinear

processing of microwave and RF signals, from detection to mixing to frequency multiplying.

The technologies for the fabrication of microwave circuits are the subject of Chapter 14. Here

attention, for obvious reasons, is confined to integrated circuits (ICs), spanning microwave integrated

circuits (MICs) and themost sophisticatedmonolithicmicrowave integrated circuits (MMICs), including

an overview of silicon radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs).

The system perspective is taken into consideration in Chapter 15 on RF andmicrowave architectures

for transmitters and receivers, including a summary of basicmodulation theory.Chapter 16 introduces the

reader to the foundations of numerical methods and CAD techniques for microwave circuit design.

Although much more space could gave been devoted to this important subject, we feel that we have

provided enough fundamental information for the reader prior to consulting specialized books on the

subject. Measurement and instrumentation are the subjects of the concluding chapter. We felt, indeed,

that themicrowave engineer should be conscious of the basic aspects related to such essential stepswhich

are the final verification of the results of his or her work.

In order to illustrate and extend the material presented in text form in Chapters 5 to 17 (except 14),

98simulation files have been developed and collected in a separate CD-ROM. These simulation files will

allow the reader to ‘play with the numbers’ to see what happens to the circuit response when some

parameters are changed, and to generate different examples from those already presented in the book, and

so on. The CD also includes two setup programs to install the required application tools: namely, Ansoft

Designer SV and SIMetrix.

The simulation files are grouped in folders, one for each chapter. Each folder is further divided into

subfolders, one per file type, i.e. Ansoft Designer SV, Mathcad and SIMetrix, which are the commercial

programs we have employed. Although they have much wider capabilities, these programs have been

adopted here for the following use:

. Ansoft Designer SV A functional subset of Ansoft Designer, the commercially distributed design-

management environment and circuit simulator for RF andmicrowave hardware development.We

used this program for linear S-parameter and noise analyses.

. Mathcad A computer mathematical manipulation program to implement and simultaneously

document mathematical calculations. The Mathcad visual format and user interface integrate the

familiar standard mathematical notation with text and graphs in a single worksheet. Our use of

Mathcad is in the analysis and synthesis of microwave/RF structures.

xviii PREFACE

. SIMetrix This comprises a SPICE simulator with a schematic editor, and a waveform viewer in a

unified environment. We have used it here to provide the reader with examples of nonlinear circuit

and subsystem analysis.

For detailed descriptions and/or to download updated versions, the interested reader can visit the

respective websites: http://www.ansoft.com/, http://www.ptc.com and http://www.simetrix.co.uk/.

Wegratefully acknowledge the help received fromElisa Fratticcioli andCristiano Tomassoni for text

and figure editing and revision. Luca Pelliccia is gratefully acknowledged for carefully and patiently

revising the whole text and removing many typos and mistakes. Michele Ancis, Simone Bastioli, Loris

Caporali, Federico Casini, Paola Farinelli, Elisa Sbarra and Roberto Vincenti Gatti have kindly

contributed to some parts of the book. Their contribution is acknowledged in the specific sections.

We are aware that, in spite of many revisions, the book may need some improvement and that some

mistakesmay unavoidably still be present.Wewelcome input from anyonewho has read thismaterial and

wishes to point out mistakes, make suggestions or ask questions to clarify any issue. Suggestions can be

sent to us at out respective email addresses.

Roberto Sorrentino ([email protected])

Giovanni Bianchi ([email protected])September 2009

PREFACE xix

1

Introduction

1.1 Microwaves and radio frequencies

Technical terms sometimes have odd histories. The termmicrowaves, after being confined for decades to

a restricted circle of specialists in radar, telecommunications and electromagnetism, has become,with the

introduction of microwave ovens about 30 years ago, a popular term associated with cooking. This might

be the reason why its use among specialists has declined somewhat, being often replaced by the ampler

and more generic term radio frequencies (RFs) and, above 30 GHz,millimetre waves. At about the same

time the term radio is being replaced by the termwireless, an expression coined and adopted byMarconi

which has become fashionable in recent years.

Microwaves were first introduced in the technical literature in 1932 by Nello Carrara, to designate

those electromagnetic (EM) waves whose wavelength was smaller than 30 cm, i.e. the electromagnetic

spectrum above 1 GHz [1]. In those years, the use of such high frequencies wasmotivated by the research

on radar, for which many studies were launched and enormous resources spent worldwide.1

The simplest definition ofmicrowaves is the one based on a precise interval of frequencies. Figure 1.1

depicts the full electromagnetic spectrum from long waves up to ultraviolet. According to the majority

of textbooks, microwaves correspond to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, corresponding to

wavelengths between 1 millimetre and 1 metre. According to some sources, the lower limit is raised to

500MHz or 1GHz. The frequency range between 30 and 300GHz is also referred to asmillimetre waves,

since the wavelengths are between 1 and 10mm.

This terminological uncertainty reflects the fact that there is no specific physical phenomenon

identifying a precise frequency boundary. Also, RF does not correspond to a precise frequency range but

indicates all frequencies employed in the radio technique, usually below the microwave range.

Rather than a frequency range, microwaves actually identify a methodology, i.e. a specific approach

to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Such an approach is intermediate between the two other

methodologies derived fromMaxwell’s equations, namely circuit theory and optics. To bemore precise,

the discriminating element of the three methodologies is not really the frequency but rather the

wavelength, or, better, the ratio between the wavelength and the dimensions of the circuits or objects

where the EM field manifests itself.

Microwave and RF Engineering Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi

� 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

1 The development of radar absorbed more funds than the atomic bomb (see [2], p. 22).

In the case of low-frequency EMfields, for which thewavelength is much larger than the dimensions

of the circuits and the EM field propagation times from one point to another of the circuit are a small

fraction of the period, one applies the lumped circuit theory which represents a simplification of

Maxwell’s equations. In the opposite case, i.e. when the objects and the circuit elements are much larger

than thewavelength, one can apply the optical lawswhich are another type of simplification ofMaxwell’s

equations. Themicrowave regime corresponds to those cases when thewavelengths are of the same order

(roughly, from one-tenth to 10 times) as the circuit dimensions, so that neither one nor the other

approximation is permissible: Maxwell’s equations must be solved in their entirety.

Peculiar and often non-intuitive effects arisewhen thewavelength is comparablewith the dimensions

of the objects involved in theEMfield. This confers a special difficulty on this discipline: circuit elements,

such as the capacitors and inductors that are familiar in low-frequency ranges, not only assume totally

unconventional shapes but do not actually exist as distinct regions of space that store only electric or

magnetic energy. Because of their peculiarity, the intuitive perception of EMphenomenamay sometimes

bemisleading. Special attention and specific expertise are therefore often required in the study of devices,

circuits and systems operating at microwave frequencies. A typical phenomenon is wave diffraction

from obstacles. As already mentioned, such a phenomenon is strictly related to the ratio between the

wavelength l and the obstacle dimension d. The following example illustrates this point.

While an acoustic signal whose wavelength is of the order of tenths of centimetres can easily reach

a listener sitting behind a wall 2 or 3 metres high, the same is not possible for an optical signal, whose

wavelength is of the order of fractions of a micrometre. While two people sitting on opposite sides of the

wall can hear each other because the acoustic wave is diffracted by the edge of the wall, they cannot see

each other because the optical wave is not significantly diffracted. The diffraction ofwaves by an aperture

of width d created in a wall is illustrated in Figure 1.2 under different conditions when d� l or d� l.As can be seen, in the former case the wave is diffracted by the aperture edges so as to propagate beyond

the wall in all directions. On the contrary, in the latter case, the wave propagates through the aperture in

a straight fashion reaching only the points located in the direction of the incident wave.

Figure 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.

2 MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING

Other phenomena difficult to perceive on the basis of simple intuition are due to evanescent waves,

i.e. waves that are attenuated in a losslessmedium.2 Indeed, suchwaves can produce interactions between

distant objects and circuit elements producing energy exchanges between them. This is a phenomenon

that is totally unexpected on the basis of normal experience of mechanical phenomena. One of these

effects is the optical tunnel effect, which consists of the transmission of power through space regions

where the EM wave does not propagate but is evanescent.3 The interaction through evanescent fields

is also responsible for the altered responses of circuit elements when put in relatively close proximity,

so that the circuit models of the isolated elements can no longer be employed.

The distributed character of microwave circuits is responsible for other phenomena that do not occur

at low frequencies when all circuit elements can be considered as lumped. A microwave filter never

behaves as an ideal lumped element filter, which normally possesses one passband and one stopband,

but contains a virtually unlimited number of spurious passbands. A microwave amplifier is not merely a

diagramblockwith an associated gain (and possibly a noise figure) but has frequency-dependent gain and

mismatch, distorts the signal, adds noise, and, in the worst case, self-oscillates.

When, in the design of microwave circuits, we are confronted with the practical implementation of

the theory, surprisesmay occur ifwe blindly trust the design tools at our disposal. It must be borne inmind

that the simulators, though indispensable tools in the analysis and design of our circuits, are based on

Figure 1.2 EM wave diffraction by an aperture for (a) d� l and (b) d� l.

2 See for example the phenomenon of total reflection described in Section 2.10.1.3 This has recently been proposed as a possibleway to provide ameans to recharge the batteries of portable devices.

INTRODUCTION 3

models, and thus can predict the actual responses of our circuits as long as such models accurately

represent the corresponding structures or circuit elements. In the same way, the numerical values that

appear on the display of a measuring instrument are not the quantity under measurement, but just another

physical quantity related to it in a more or less accurate way.

In spite of such difficulties, or perhaps just because of them, microwaves are a technology and a

discipline that are at the same time both stimulating and fascinating. This book attempts to attenuate some

theoretical difficulties by presenting the discipline in as simple a way as we could, but we need to stress

that the problems one has to face when dealing with microwaves never run out, even after years of study

and professional practice.

1.2 Frequency bands

Although the term microwaves should concern a methodology rather than a frequency range, a

conventional subdivision into frequency bands is clearly needed for practical reasons. This does not

eliminate some confusion since different conventions are in use.

Table 1.1 lists the frequency band designations according to the CCIR (Consultative Committee on

International Radio) over the full 30 Hz to 300 GHz spectrum. The microwave spectrum actually

occupies the bands 9 (UHF), 10 (SHF) and 11(EHF).

The most common designation of microwave bands is that quoted in Table 1.2, where a letter is used

to designate the various bands. Such a denomination dates back to the SecondWorldWar, when random

letters were chosen in order to confuse the enemy, but some confusion is still present [2] (e.g. in some

books the Q band is used for the 33–50 GHz band).

From a practical point of view, the selection of a frequency band is based on the specific application

and on the characteristics of the EM wave propagating in the atmosphere. The ratio d/l between the

circuit dimension and thewavelength is of paramount importance in determining the ability of an antenna

to radiate the EM field into space. To this end, the circuit dimensions and the wavelength should be of

the same order of magnitude, so that the higher the frequency, the smaller the antenna size. Similarly,

the speed of data transmission depends on the frequency band employed. The use of higher frequencies

allows one to increase the channel capacity and thus to increase the data transmission rate. The

propagation through the atmosphere, however, produces attenuations that depend not only on the

distance, as in free space, but also on the physical and chemical properties of the medium, as illustrated

by Figure 1.3, where atmospheric attenuation is plotted at sea level and at 4000 m altitude.

Table 1.1 Denomination of radio bands.

Band Denomination Frequency range Wavelengths

1 ELF < 30 Hz >10 000 km

2 SLF 30–300 Hz 10 000–1000 km

3 ULF 300 Hz–3 kHz 1000–100 km

4 VLF 3–30 kHz 100–10 km

5 LF 30–300 kHz 10–1 km

6 MF 300 kHz–3 MHz 1 km–100m

7 HF 3–30 MHz 100–10m

8 VHF 30–300 MHz 10–1m

9 UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz 1m–10 cm

10 SHF 3–30 GHz 10–1 cm

11 EHF 30–300 GHz 10–1mm

12 LHF >300 GHz < 1mm


As can be seen in the figure, the attenuation rapidly increases over 10 GHz with a non-monotonic

behaviour, reaching the peaks due to water vapour absorption at 22 GHz and oxygen absorption at

63 GHz, the minima of attenuation being located at 24 and 94 GHz.

In general, as observed above, the use of ever higher frequencies is spurred by a number of advantages

such as the reduced dimensions of the components (antennas, line sections, circuit elements), wider

bandwidths, high signal processing and data transmission speeds, higher radar resolution, higher antenna

directivities and thus reduced interference. By contrast, the use of higher frequencies involves a number

of practical problems, such as higher atmospheric attenuation (although not necessarily), more stringent

fabrication tolerances (because of the reduced dimensions), higher fabrication costs, higher circuit loss

and reduced available power from the solid state devices, and lower or insufficient maturity of the

semiconductor technology.

For such contrasting reasons, most civil RF systems (such as television, cellular communications,

GPS, microwave ovens) employ frequencies located between 500 MHz and 5 GHz, corresponding to

4001003010 300

4000 MSL

sea level millimetre waves

H2OH2O H2O

O2O2

Atte

nuat

ion,

dB

/km

Frequency, GHz

3

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

10011030

Wavelength, mm

Figure 1.3 Atmospheric attenuation.

Table 1.2 IEEE denomination of microwave frequency bands.

Denomination Frequency range (GHz)

UHF 0.3–1

L 1–2

S 2–4

C 4–8

X 8–12

Ku 12–18

K 18–27

Ka 27–40

V 40–75

W 75–110

Millimetre waves 30–300

Submillimetre waves 300–3000

INTRODUCTION 5

wavelengths between 6 and 60 cm. As pointed out in [2], this is due, on the one hand, to the antenna size,

which needs to be small enough, and, on the other hand, to the increase of atmospheric attenuation

at higher frequencies. The latter would require higher radiated powers, also involving a potential risk to

the population. For example, if for practical reasons a maximum antenna size of 10 cm is chosen, the

condition d/l> 0.1 implies a frequency no lower than 300 MHz.

1.3 Applications

RF andmicrowave technology, originally finalized for military applications (radar), is nowadays spurred

by a number of civil applications, especially cellular telephony and the so-called personal communica-

tion systems (PCS). Communications remain themost important application areawhere, besides cellular

telephonyand satellite communications,wemay include radio and television broadcasting,wireless local

area networks (WLANs) and point–multipoint broadcasting systems, namely LMDS (Local Multipoint

Distribution Systems) and MMDS (Multipoint Multichannel Distribution Systems).

RF and microwave technology also concerns several application sectors including, among others:

. Navigation and localization systems, such as GPS, based on 24 orbiting satellites and providing

the user with geographical coordinates and height, or the corresponding European systemGalileo,

and aircraft landing systems such as MLS (Microwave Landing System).

. Electromagnetic sensors for the measurement and characterization of physical quantities and the

properties of materials for industrial applications.

. Weather forecasting and remote sensing of environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, wind

speed, water content) and monitoring of natural resources.

. Automotive, road traffic aids and control.

. Civil and military surveillance systems.

. Healthcare and medicine, for investigation, diagnosis and treatment, such as microwave hyper-

thermia for treating cancer.

. Radio astronomy and space exploration.

. Microwave imaging, for civil and military applications.

. RF identification (RFID), a technique which is rapidly replacing the bar code system to identify

and track products, animals or persons using RFs.

. Food processing, industrial treatment (drying, curing, heating, etc.) ofmaterials and goods (e.g. for

killing pests).

We should not fail tomention scientific research,which is the basis for future developments invarious and

newsworthy directions (e.g. lower energy consumption) to support humanity. The reader should consult

thewebsite of EURAMIG, the EuropeanRadio andMicrowave Interest Group (http://www.euramig.org/),

a non-profit European initiative for the promotion of microwaves and RF.

It is not necessary to recall that the pervasiveness ofmicrowave technology in everyday life is such as

to induce fears about possible biological risks to humans and living organisms.Avast area of investigation

has been developed concerning the interaction of EM fields (not only within the RF spectrum) with

biological systems. The reader may deepen his or her knowledge on what is called, in general terms,

electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), by consulting the research literature on this subject (e.g. [3, 4]).

Figure 1.4 displays the main applications of microwaves and RF. Actually, the list could be extended

much further, but it might shortly become obsolete. One can indeed expect that the use of EM fields


Applications ofMicrowaves and RF

IndustrialRadar

Terrestrial Satellite Civilian Military

Air trafficcontrol

Ship trafficcontrol

Remotesensing

Spacevehicles

Car trafficcontrol

Surveillance Navigation

Guidance ofweapons

Electronicwarfare

Hyperthermia ImagingProcesscontrol

Drying

Curing

Biomedical

MMDSLMDS

WLAN TelephonyCellular

Communications

Telephony

PCS

Sensingand

monitoring

Wastetreatment

Figure 1.4 Applications of microwaves and radio frequencies.

INTRODUCTIO

N7

is destined to spread further to the most diverse applications – some useful, others less so, or possibly

useless – like many everyday items that the market imposes on us for solving problems that nobody

perceives today but that tomorrow we might not be able to do without.

A vast literature of treatises, textbooks and handbooks has been published on the subject of

microwaves, RF and applications since the first decades of the twentieth century. In the bibliography

at the end of this chapter the reader will find a very short and somewhat arbitrary list of those books,

chosen from the most popular ones.

Bibliography

1. N. Carrara, ‘The detection of microwaves’, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE),

Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 1615–1625, 1932.

2. T. H. Lee, Planar Microwave Engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.

3. C. R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester,

2006.

4. H. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2009.

5. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.

6. N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951.

7. R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.

8. C. G.Montgomery, R. H. Dicke and E.M. Purcell,Principles of Microwave Circuits, McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1948 and Peter Peregrinus, Stevenage, 1987.

9. R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.

10. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1962.

11. S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984.

12. J. D. Kraus, Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.

13. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, JohnWiley& Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1989.

14. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2004.


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