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Transcript of Microprocessors Chapter 1 An Introduction To Microprocessor And Computer prepared by Dr. Mohamed A....
MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors
Chapter 1
An Introduction To Microprocessor And Computer
prepared by
Dr. Mohamed A. Shohla
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 2
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
• A Historical Background• The Microprocessor Age• Pentium Evolution• The Microprocessor-Based Personal computer System• The Microprocessor
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 3
The Microprocessor Age-1The Microprocessor Age-1
(a) 1970s Processors
4004 8008 8080 8086 8088
Introduced 71 72 74 78 79
Clock speeds 108 KHz 108 KHz 2 MHz 5–10 MHz 5–8 MHz
Bus width 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits
No. of transistors 2300 3500 6000 29000 29000
Addressable memory 640 bytes 16 KB 64 KB 1 MB 1 MB
Virtual memory — — — — —
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 4
The Microprocessor Age-2The Microprocessor Age-2
(b) 1980s Processors
80286 386TMDX 386TMSX 486TM DX
Introduced 82 85 88 89
Clock speeds 6-12MHz 16-33MHz 16-33 MHz 25-50 MHz
Bus width 16 bits 32 bits 16 bits 32 bits
No. of transistors 134000 275000 275000 1.2 million
Addressable memory16
megabytes4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes
Virtual memory 1 gigabyte 64 terabytes 64 terabytes 64 terabytes
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 5
486TMSX Pentium Pentium Pentium II
Introduced 91 93 95 97
Clock speeds 16-133 MHz 60-166MHz 150-200 MHz 200-300 MHz
Bus width 32 bits 32 bits 64 bits 64 bits
No. of transistors 1.2 million 3.1 million 5.5 million 7.5 million
Addressable memory 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes
Virtual memory 64 terabyte 64 terabytes 64 terabytes 64terabytes
The Microprocessor Age-3The Microprocessor Age-3
(c) 1990s Processors
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 6
Pentium III Pentium 4
Introduced 99 11/2000
Clock speeds 450-660 MHz 1.3-1.8 GHz
Bus width 64 bits 64 bits
No. of transistors 95 million 42 million
Addressable memory 64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes
Virtual memory 64 terabytes 64 terabytes
The Microprocessor Age-4The Microprocessor Age-4
(d) Recent Processors
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 7
The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation
- 4004 (1971) First 4-bit, 4k x 4 Memory, 45 Inst., 50 KIPS
- 8008 (1973) 8-bit, 16 KB Memory, 48 Inst.
- 8080 (1975) First 8-bit general purpose processor, 64 KB Memory, TTL , 500 KIPS
- 8085 (1977) Last 8-bit general purpose processor, Internal clock
- 8088 / 8086
(1978)
First 16-bit processor, 1 MB Memory, 2.5 MIPS, 4-6 Byte fetch queue
- 80286 (1983) Last 16-bit processor, 16 MB Memory, 4 MIPS
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 8
The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation
- 80386 (1986) First 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit address and data bus, 4GB Memory, Multitask
- 80486 (1989) Package (proc. + coproc + 8KB cache), pipelining
- Pentium (1993) 16 KB cache (8 KB Inst. cache + 8 KB Data cache), 64-bit data bus, 2 Execution Unit, Superscalar
- Pentium Pro (95) 16 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache, 3 Execution Unit, More Superscalar
- Pentium II (1997) On-board 32 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache, MMX technology
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 9
The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation
- Pentium III (99) Additional FP instructions to support 3D graphics.
- Pentium IV (2001)
Additional FP and other enhancements for multimedia.
- Itanium This new generation of Intel processor makes use of a 64-bit organization with the IA-64 architecture.
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 10
Compare between the 80486 through Compare between the 80486 through Pentium 4 microprocessor. Pentium 4 microprocessor.
CPU Coprocessor
8KL1 Cache
80486DX
CPU1 Copro
16KL1 Cache
Pentium
CPU2
256K L2 Cache
16K L1 Cache
CPU1 CPU2 CoproCPU3
Pentium Pro
512K L2 Cacheor
256K L2 Cache
32K L1 Cache
CPU1 CPU2 CoproCPU3
Pentium II, Pentium III,or Pentium 4 Module
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 11
The block diagram of a computer system.The block diagram of a computer system.
MicroprocessorMemory System I/O SystemBuses Buses
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Static RAM (SRAM)CacheRead only (ROM)Flash memoryEEPROM
8086808880186802868038680486Pentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIPentium IV
PrinterSerial CommunicationsFloppy disk driveHard disk driveMouseCD-ROM drivePlotterKeyboardMonitorScannerDVD
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 12
The purpose of the microprocessor in a The purpose of the microprocessor in a microprocessor-based computer systemmicroprocessor-based computer system• At the heart of the microprocessor-based computer system is
the microprocessor integrated cir cuit. The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit), is the con trolling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses.
• The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
2. simple arithmetic and logic operations.
3. program flow via simple decisions. Albeit these are simple tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs virtually any series of operations or tasks.
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 13
The three buses found in all computerThe three buses found in all computer systems.systems.
A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses that interconnect the sections of a computer system transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems.• The address bus requests a memory location from the
memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices. If I/O is addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O address from 0000H through FFFFH.
• The data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space. Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in various members of the Intel microprocessor family.
• The control bus contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 14
BBlock diagram of a computer system lock diagram of a computer system showing address, data, and control bus.showing address, data, and control bus.
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 15
The microprocessor bus and memory sizesThe microprocessor bus and memory sizes
Microprocessor Data BusAddress
BusMemory
Size
8086 16 20 1M
8088 8 20 1M
80186 16 20 1M
80188 8 20 1M
80286 16 24 16M
80386 32 32 4G
80486 32 32 4G
Pentium Pro 64 36 64G
Pentium II 64 32 4G
Pentium II, III, 4 64 36 64G
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 16
The physical memory systems of the The physical memory systems of the 8086 through 8086 through 8048680486
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 17
The physical memory systems of the The physical memory systems of the Pentium IIPentium II through Pentium IV through Pentium IV