Microorganisms vironmental in En Management978-94-007-2229-3/1.pdfEditors T. Satyanarayana Faculty...
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Microorganisms in Environmental Management
Transcript of Microorganisms vironmental in En Management978-94-007-2229-3/1.pdfEditors T. Satyanarayana Faculty...
Microorganisms in Environmental Management
T. Satyanarayana • Bhavdish Narain JohriAnil PrakashEditors
Microorganisms in Environmental Management
Microbes and Environment
EditorsT. SatyanarayanaFaculty of Inter-Disciplinary &Applied SciencesDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road 110021 New Delhi South [email protected]
Anil PrakashDepartment of Biotechnology and BioinforBarkatullah UniversityBhopal [email protected]
Bhavdish Narain JohriDepartment of Biotechnologyand BioinforBarkatullah UniversityBhopal [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-2228-6 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2229-3DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2229-3Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944027
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfi lming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
v
Foreword
India has a large coastal line, huge interwoven riverine system and other water bodies with variegated mountains leading to complex and diverse ecological niches. The trajectory growth of industrialization, urbanization and steep increase in domestic effl uent load and other anthropogenic activities have caused heavy environmental stress in India, which is being felt all across in the form of air, water and soil pollution. Pollution varies in its complexity, nature and longevity depending upon the source and location specifi city.
For complete environmental management plan in 88 polluted industrial clusters, the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi studied their comprehensive environ-mental pollution index and classifi ed them into four groups: Very Critically Polluted, 33 Critically Polluted (CEPI 70–80), 32 Seriously Polluted (CEPI 60–70) and, 10 Warning Zone (CEPI 50–60), besides 80 hazardous contaminated sites. Considering the above concern, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India has prioritized remediation of these contaminated sites. The sites can be remediated by employing in situ and ex situ technologies like co-processing of waste in cement, in power plant, chemical oxidation/stabilization treatment and containment of waste in situ and capping, excavation and transferring to Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities (TSDF) and other technologies.
Most of the technologies of decontamination are energy consuming and lead to some chemical residues, which further contaminate the environment. On the other hand, bioremediation is core eco-friendly and cost-effective technology with no residues.
For bioremediation, the tremendous potential of physiological adaptation among microbes in general and bacteria in particular enables them to dwell in various habitats ranging from saline to acidic and thermophilic to mesophilic. These properties enable microorganisms for profound bioremediation under extreme conditions as well. Our country with large territory and diverse climatic conditions possesses a variety of environmental stresses where diverse groups of organisms thrive because they contain biomolecules, materials and metabolites which help in their establishment and consequently can reduce the pollution load in soil, air and water systems.
vi Foreword
The book deals with the abatement of pollution caused by metals, chemicals and biomedical waste, and bioremediation of compounds such as cyanide, petroleum, hydrocarbons and others, providing sound solutions by employing biotechnology.
I am very hopeful that the readers would be highly benefi ted with the in-depth discussions on various biotechnological applications of microorganisms in the abatement of environmental pollution.
S.P. GAUTAM Chairperson
Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests
Delhi (India)
vii
Microorganisms and their biosynthetic capabilities have solved several diffi cult problems in the welfare of mankind. The domains in which microorganisms have helped mankind include medical technology, human and animal health, food processing, food safety and quality, genetic engineering, environmental protection, agricultural biotechnology and more effective treatment of agriculture, and municipal and industrial waste treatment, which provide a most impressive record of achievements. Most of these technological advancements would not have been possible using conventional straightforward chemical and physical engineering methods, or if they were, they would not have been practically or economically feasible and might have caused environmental pollution.
In recent years, microbial technologies have been applied to several environmental problems with considerable success. These technologies have not, however, always been widely accepted by the scientifi c community because of the diffi culties in consistently reproducing their benefi cial effects. Microorganisms are effective only when they are presented with suitable and optimum conditions for metabolizing their substrates including available water, oxygen, pH and temperature. Meanwhile, various types of microbial cultures and inoculants available in the market today have rapidly increased because of the emerging technologies. Signifi cant developments have been made in systems where technical guidance is coordinated with the marketing of microbial products. Since microorganisms are useful in solving problems associated with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, they are now widely applied in nature farming and organic agriculture.
Environmental pollution caused by excessive soil erosion and the associated transport of sediment, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to the surface and ground-water, and improper treatment of human and animal wastes has caused serious environmental and social problems throughout the world. Often attempts have been made to solve these problems using the established chemical and physical methods. It has, however, been realized that such problems cannot be solved without using microbial and other biological methods and technologies.
The present book is an attempt towards understanding the diversity of microbes in natural as well as man-made normal and extreme environments and utilizing
Preface
viii Preface
microbes to solve a great variety of environmental issues. In order to review the progress made in solving environmental pollution and other problems, we have con-tacted scientists who have contributed signifi cantly in understanding these aspects. We wish to thank all the contributors who have agreed to write and have submitted reviews. We thank Mr. Ankit Kumar for providing background support. Thanks are also due to Springer for publishing the book.
T. Satyanarayana B.N. Johri
Anil Prakash (Editors)
ix
About the Editors
After completing M.Sc. and Ph.D. at the University of Saugar (India), T. Satyanarayana had post-doctoral stints at the University of Bhopal and France. In 1988, he joined the Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus as Associate Professor and became Professor in 1998. His research efforts have been focused on understanding the diversity of yeasts, and thermophilic fungi and bacteria, their enzymes and potential applications, heterotrophic carbon sequestration and meta-genomics, and cloning and expression of yeast and bacterial genes encoding industrial enzymes. He has published over 160 scientifi c papers and reviews, and edited three books. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Association of Microbiologists of India, Mycological Society of India and Biotech Research Society of India, and a recipient of Dr. G.B. Manjrekar award of the Association of Microbiologists of India in 2003 and Dr. V.S. Agnihotrudu Memorial award of MSI in 2009 for his distinguished contributions. He is one of the Editors for Indian Journal of Microbiology and a member in the editorial board of Bioresource Technology and Indian Journal of Biotechnology. He has over 37 years of research and teaching experience.
Bhavdish N Johri obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Alberta, Edmonton and carried out Post-Doctoral Research at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Canada). He has teaching experience of microbiology of over 35 years and research experience of nearly 40 yrs. He was Chairperson, Department of Microbiology at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (Pantnagar) for considerable period, and was Dean, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities. During this long tenure of academics, he has won several accolades such as INSA Young Scientist Award (1974), UGC Carrer Award (1980), KN Katju Award (1985) and the prestigious Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award of ICAR (2005 ) . He is a Fellow of National Academy of Sciences (FNASc) and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (FNAAS). He is the Past President, Association of Microbiologists of India. He has to his credit three edited volumes in the domain of microbiology and over 100 refereed and other publications. Currently he is Acharya PC Ray Silver Jubilee Fellow of the Madhya Pradesh Council of Science & Technology. His major research interests encompass rhizosphere biology and microbial ecology.
x About the Editors
Dr. Anil Prakash obtained his B. Sc., M. Sc., M. Phil. and Ph. D. from Barkatullah University, Bhopal. Presently he is working as Professor at the Department of Biotechnology and Coordinator of Bioinformatics Centre. He is fellow of Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. During 25 years of research and teaching career, he has guided more than twenty Ph. D. students. He has completed a number of projects funded by UGC, ICAR, DBT (Govt. of India), and others. Dr. Anil Prakash is member of several Indian scientifi c bodies. He has published several research papers and articles on PGPR and mycorrhiza in national and international books and Journals, and published two books.
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C ontents
1 Halophiles – Taxonomy, Diversity, Physiology and Applications ...................................................................................... 1P.P. Kanekar, S.P. Kanekar, A.S. Kelkar, and P.K. Dhakephalkar
2 Diversity of Enteropathogens in River Narmada and Their Environmental and Health Implications ............................. 35Anjana Sharma, Abhishek Bhattacharya, Chandan R. Bora, Varsha Shukla, and Pankaj Parihar
3 Insights into the Genetic Relationships Between Environmental and Clinical Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica Biovar 1A .......................................................................... 61J.S. Virdi, Pradeep Kumar, Sarita Mallik, Neeru Bhagat, and Pooja Gulati
4 Role of Microorganisms in Remediation of Contaminated Soil .............................................................................. 81Manab Das and Alok Adholeya
5 Role of Microbiologically Rich Compost in Reducing Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ................................................ 113C.M. Mehta, Varun Gupta, Shivom Singh, Rashmi Srivastava, Elli Sen, Martin Romantschuk, and A.K. Sharma
6 Microbial Chitinases for Chitin Waste Management .......................... 135S.N. Das, Ch. Neeraja, P.V.S.R.N. Sarma, J. Madhu Prakash, P. Purushotham, Manjeet Kaur, Swarnalee Dutta, and A.R. Podile
7 Diversity of Microbial Carbonic Anhydrases, Their Physiological Role and Applications ........................................... 151Simarjot Kaur, Abhishek Bhattacharya, Anjana Sharma, and Anil K. Tripathi
xii Contents
8 Screening and Evaluation of Protease Inhibitory Peptides in Microcystis spp. – Dominant Water Blooms ...................... 175Suvendra N. Bagchi, Palash K. Das, and Shubhro K. Ghosh
9 The Oxalate-Carbonate Pathway: A Reliable Sink for Atmospheric CO2 Through Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization in Ferralitic Tropical Soils ...................................... 191Michel Aragno and Eric Verrecchia
10 Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Xenobiotic Compounds: An Overview on Metabolic Pathways and Molecular Approaches .................................................................... 201Naresh K. Sahoo, Aiyagari Ramesh, and Kannan Pakshirajan
11 Molecular Analyses of Microbial Activities Involved in Bioremediation .................................................................... 221Varun Shah, Kunal Jain, Chirayu Desai, and Datta Madamwar
12 Microbial Degradation of Pyridine and Its Derivatives ...................... 249D. Madhusudan Reddy and Gopal Reddy
13 Bioremediation, Bioconversion and Detoxifi cation of Organic Compounds in Pulp and Paper Mill Effl uent for Environmental Waste Management ................................................ 263Monika Mishra and Indu Shekhar Thakur
14 Bacteriophage Based Technology for Disinfection of Different Water Systems .................................................................... 289Sangeeta Ahiwale, Pankaj Koparde, Pranali Deore, Vyankat Gunal, and Balasaheb P. Kapadnis
15 Microbial Mining of Value Added Products from Seafood Waste and Their Applications ........................................ 315Divya Prakash, N.N. Nawani, and Balasaheb P. Kapadnis
16 Management of Heavy Metal Pollution by Using Yeast Biomass .......................................................................... 335Ashok V. Bankar, Smita S. Zinjarde, and Balasaheb P. Kapadnis
17 Management of Hospital Wastes with Potential Pathogenic Microbes............................................................... 365M. Subba Rao and Shubhangi Wankhede
18 Oleaginous Fungi: A Solution to Oil Crisis .......................................... 403Mainak Mukhopadhyay, Anshu Singh, and Rintu Banerjee
xiiiContents
19 Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria and Actinobacteria from the Saline Habitats: New Opportunities for Biocatalysis and Bioremediation ..................................................... 415Satya P. Singh, Vikram H. Raval, Megha K. Purohit, Jignasha T. Thumar, Sangeeta D. Gohel, Sandip Pandey, Viral G. Akbari, and Chirantan M. Rawal
20 Environmental Impact from the Use of Bt Toxin ................................. 431Sandeep B. Gaudana and Tamishraha Bagchi
21 Biodegradation of Mono-aromatic Compounds by Bacteria ......................................................................... 451Rahul Shrivastava and Prashant S. Phale
22 Bioremediation of Arsenic from Contaminated Water ....................... 477Anirban Pal and K.M. Paknikar
23 Metagenomic Approaches in Microbial Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides ....................................... 525Pinaki Sar and Ekramul Islam
24 Microbial Concrete, a Wonder Metabolic Product That Remediates the Defects in Building Structures ........................... 547M. Sudhakara Reddy, Varenyam Achal, and Abhijit Mukherjee
25 Microbial Degradation of Cyanides and Nitriles ................................. 569Tek Chand Bhalla, Nikhil Sharma, and Ravi Kant Bhatia
26 Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils .......................... 589S.V. Kulkarni, A.S. Palande, and M.V. Deshpande
27 Hairy Roots: A Promising Tool for Phytoremediation ........................ 607Anrini Majumder and Sumita Jha
28 Biosurfactant-Assisted Bioaugmentation in Bioremediation .............. 631Chinmay Hazra, Debasree Kundu, and Ambalal Chaudhari
29 Bioremediation of metals mediated by marine bacteria...................... 665Milind M. Naik, Anju Pandey and Santosh Kumar Dubey
30 Microbial Denitrifi cation and Its Ecological Implications in the Marine System ........................................................ 683Trelita de Sousa and Saroj Bhosle
31 Genomics Technologies in Environmental Bioremediation ................. 701Thangamani Rajesh, Jeyaprakash Rajendhran, and Paramasamy Gunasekaran
32 Coal Mine Drainage Pollution and Its Remediation ............................ 719Shailesh R. Dave and Devayani R. Tipre
xiv Contents
33 Poultry Waste Management Using Microorganisms ........................... 745Richa Jain, Swetlana Nagal, and P.C. Jain
34 Cyanoremediation: A Green Clean Technology ................................... 767Ragini Gothalwal and Srikanth Chillara
35 Microbial Decolorization of Colored Industrial Effl uents .................. 787Ramesh Chander Kuhad, Rishi Gupta, and Yogender Pal Khasa
Index ................................................................................................................. 815
xv
Contributors
Varenyam Achal Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala 147004 , Punjab , India
Alok Adholeya Biotechnology and Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India, [email protected]
Sangeeta Ahiwale Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Pune , Pune 411007 , Maharashtra , India
Viral G. Akbari Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
Michel Aragno Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology , University of Neuchatel , Neuchatel , Switzerland, [email protected]
Suvendra N. Bagchi Department of Biological Sciences , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India, [email protected]
Tamishraha Bagchi Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science , M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara 390002 , Gujarat, India, [email protected]
Rintu Banerjee Agricultural and Food Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302 , West Bengal , India, [email protected]
Ashok V. Bankar Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , University of Pune , Pune 411007 , India
Neeru Bhagat Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110021 , India
Tek Chand Bhalla Department of Biotechnology , Himachal Pradesh University , Summer Hill, Shimla 171005 , Himachal Pradesh, India, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
Ravi Kant Bhatia Department of Biotechnology , Himachal Pradesh University , Summer Hill, Shimla 171005 , Himachal Pradesh , India
Abhishek Bhattacharya Department of Biological Science , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India
Saroj Bhosle Department of Microbiology , Goa University , Taleigao Plateau , Goa 403206 , India, [email protected]
Chandan R. Bora Department of Biological Science , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India
Ambalal Chaudhari School of Life Sciences , North Maharashtra University , P.B. No. 80 , Jalgaon 425 001 , India, [email protected]
Srikanth Chillara Department of Biotechnology , Bakatullah University , Bhopal 462026 , India
Manab Das Centre for Mycorrhizal Research , The Energy and Resources Institute , New Delhi 110 003 , India
Palash K. Das Department of Biological Sciences , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India
S. N. Das Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
Shailesh R. Dave Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad 380 009 , India, [email protected]
Trelita de Sousa Department of Microbiology , Goa University , Taleigao Plateau , Goa 403 206 , India, [email protected]
Pranali Deore Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Dr. D.Y. Patil University , CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614 , India
Chirayu Desai International Center for Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School , University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey , Newark , NJ 07103 , USA, [email protected]
M. V. Deshpande Biochemical Sciences Division , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
P. K. Dhakephalkar Microbial Sciences Division , MACS-Agharkar Research Institute , G. G. Agarkar Road , Pune 411 004 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
Santosh Kumar Dubey Department of Microbiology , Goa University , Taleigao Plateau , Goa 403206 , India, [email protected]
Swarnalee Dutta Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
xviiContributors
Sandeep B. Gaudana Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science , M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara 390 002 , Gujarat , India
Shubhro K. Ghosh Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. , Madhapur , Hyderabad , 500081 , India
Sangeeta D. Gohel Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
Ragini Gothalwal Department of Biotechnology , Bakatullah University , Bhopal 462026 , India, [email protected]
Pooja Gulati Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110 021 , India
Vyankat Gunale Department of Botany , University of Pune , Pune 411008 , India
Paramasamy Gunasekaran Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai 625021 , India, [email protected]
Rishi Gupta Lignocellulose Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021 , India
Varun Gupta Department of Biological Sciences , CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , Uttar Pradesh 263145 , India
Chinmay Hazra School of Life Sciences , North Maharashtra University , P.B. No. 80 , Jalgaon 425 001 , India
Ekramul Islam Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721 302 , West Bengal , India
Kunal Jain BRD School of Biosciences , Sardar Patel University , Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No 39 , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat 388120 , India, [email protected]
P. C. Jain Microbiology and Biotechnology , Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar 470003 , India, [email protected]
Richa Jain Centre of Scientifi c Research and Development , People’s Group , Bhopal , India
Sumita Jha Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany , University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata 700019 , India, [email protected]
P. P. Kanekar Microbial Sciences Division , MACS-Agharkar Research Institute , G. G. Agarkar Road , Pune 411 004 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
xviii Contributors
S. P. Kanekar Microbial Sciences Division , MACS-Agharkar Research Institute , G. G. Agarkar Road , Pune 411 004 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
Balasaheb P. Kapadnis Department of Microbiology , University of Pune , Pune 411 008 , India, [email protected]
Manjeet Kaur Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
Simarjot Kaur School of Biotechnology , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
A. S. Kelkar Microbial Sciences Division , MACS-Agharkar Research Institute , G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
Yogender Pal Khasa Lignocellulose Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110021 , India
Pankaj Koparde Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , University of Pune , Pune 411007 , Maharashtra , India
Ramesh Chander Kuhad Lignocellulose Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021 , India, [email protected]
S. V. Kulkarni Biochemical Sciences Division , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
Pradeep Kumar Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Micro-biology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110 021 , India
Debasree Kundu School of Life Sciences , North Maharashtra University , P.B. No. 80 , Jalgaon 425 001 , India
Datta Madamwar BRD School of Biosciences , Sardar Patel University , Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No 39 , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat 388120 , India, [email protected]
J. Madhu Prakash Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
Anrini Majumdar Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany , University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata 700019 , India
Sarita Mallik Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110 021 , India
C. M. Mehta Department of Biological Sciences , CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , Uttar Pradesh 263145 , India
xixContributors
Monika Mishra School of environmental Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India, [email protected]
Abhijit Mukherjee Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala 147001 , Punjab , India
Mainak Mukhopadhyay Agricultural and Food Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302 , West Bengal , India
Swetlana Nagal Microbiology and Biotechnology , Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar 470003 , India
Milind M. Naik Department of Microbiology , Goa University , Taleigao Plateau , Goa 403206 , India
N. N. Nawani Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute , Tathawade, Pune 411033 , India
Ch. Neeraja Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
K. M. Paknikar Agharkar Research Institute , G.G. Agarkar Road , Pune 411004 , Maharashtra , India, [email protected]
Kannan Pakshirajan Centre for the Environment, Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India, [email protected]
Anirban Pal Agharkar Research Institute , G.G. Agarkar Road , Pune 411004 , Maharashtra , India
A. S. Palande Biochemical Sciences Division , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
Anju Pandey Department of Microbiology , Goa University , Taleigao Plateau , Goa 403206 , India
Sandip Pandey Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
Pankaj Parihar Department of Biological Science , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India
Prashant S. Phale Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay , Powai , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400076 , India, [email protected]
A. R. Podile Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India, [email protected] ; [email protected]
Divya Prakash Department of Microbiology , University of Pune , Pune 411007 , India
Megha K. Purohit Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
xx Contributors
P. Purushotham Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
Jeyaprakash Rajendhran Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai 625021 , India
Thangamani Rajesh Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai 625021 , India
Aiyagari Ramesh Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India, [email protected]
M. Subba Rao Hazardous Substance Management Division , Ministry of Environment and Forests , New Delhi 110003 , India, [email protected]
Vikram H. Raval Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
Chirantan M. Rawal Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot, Gujarat 360 005 , India
D. Madhusudan Reddy Department of Microbiology , Palamuru University , Mahabubnagar , Andra Pradesh , India
Gopal Reddy Department of Microbiology , Osmania University , Hyderabad 500007 , India, [email protected]
M. Sudhakara Reddy Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala 147004 , Punjab , India, [email protected]
Martin Romantschuk Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Niemenkatu 73, Lahti 15140 , Finland
Naresh K. Sahoo Centre for the Environment , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati, Assam 781039 , India
Pinaki Sar Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721 302 , West Bengal, India, [email protected]
P. V. S. R. N. Sarma Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
Elli Sen Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Niemenkatu 73 , Lahti 15140 , Finland
Varun Shah BRD School of Biosciences , Sardar Patel University , Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No 39 , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat 388120 , India, [email protected]
Anjana Sharma Department of Biological Science , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India, [email protected]
xxiContributors
A. K. Sharma Department of Biological Sciences , CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , Uttar Pradesh 263145 , India, [email protected]
Nikhil Sharma Department of Biotechnology , Himachal Pradesh University , Summer Hill , Shimla 171005 , Himachal Pradesh, India
Rahul Shrivastava Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay , Powai , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400076 , India
Varsha Shukla Department of Biological Science , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur 482001 , India
Anshu Singh Agricultural and Food Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302 , West Bengal, India
Shivom Singh Department of Biological Sciences , CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , Uttar Pradesh 263145 , India
Satya P. Singh Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India, [email protected]
Rashmi Srivastava Department of Biological Sciences , CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , Uttar Pradesh 263145 , India
Indu Shekhar Thakur School of Environmental Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India, [email protected]
Jignasha T. Thumar Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat 360 005 , India
Devayani R. Tipre Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad 380 009 , India
Anil K. Tripathi School of Biotechnology , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India, [email protected]
Eric Verrecchia Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland, [email protected]
J. S. Virdi Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus , Benito Juarez Road , New Delhi 110 021 , India, [email protected]
Shubhangi Wankhede Healthcare Waste Management Project (United Nations Development Programme) , Ministry of Environment & Forests , Lodi Road , New Delhi 110003 , India, [email protected]
Smita S. Zinjarde Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , University of Pune , Pune 411007 , India
