Microbial Inoculants: Effective Microorganisms (EM) & Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO)
MICROORGANISMS
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Transcript of MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS
Main MenuMain Menu
• Microorganisms
• Factors affecting microorganisms growth
• Uses of microorganisms
• Harmful Effects of Microorganisms
• Test
What is microorganismsWhat is microorganisms
• Living things
• Small (tiny) that cannot be seen with naked eye
• Only can be seen under the microscope
Can be divided into 5 groupCan be divided into 5 group
• Algae
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Viruses
What is microbes?What is microbes?
• Living things
• Small (tiny) that cannot be seen with naked eye
• Only can be seen under the microscope
How many group of How many group of microorganisms?microorganisms?
• 5
List the 5 group of microorganismsList the 5 group of microorganisms
• Algae
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Viruses
Protozoa Protozoa
Bacteria Bacteria
CIRI CIRI BAKTERIA
1. Di kelas berdasarkan kepada bentuknya.
Kokus
Vibrio Spirilum
Basilus
SifilisKolera
AntrakMakanan Basi
© Pecutan Kognitif MAS-ICK Cikgu R
Ms 51
BENTUK BENTUK BAKTERIABENTUK BENTUK BAKTERIA
© Pecutan Kognitif MAS-ICK Cikgu R Ms 51
Fungi Fungi
Virus Virus
Factor Affecting the microbes Factor Affecting the microbes growthgrowth
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light
• pH
• Nutrient
List factor affecting the microbes List factor affecting the microbes growthgrowth
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light
• pH
• Nutrient
Temperature Temperature Test tube Temperature Appearance of
nutrient broth after 2 days
Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis
Kept in a refrigerator
Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis
In a water bath set at 80 C
Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis
At room temperature
Humidity Humidity
Observation after 1 week
One sliced bread
is placed under the hot sun to dry
One sliced bread
is put into the transparent plastic
Light Light Light intensity Number of gas
bubbles per minute
Yeast suspension + glucose solution
Dark
Yeast suspension + glucose solution
Bright
pHpH
Test tube
Content pH condition
Appearance nutrient broth at beginning
Appearance nutrient broth after 2 days
A 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops hydrochloric acid
Acidic Clear
B 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops sodium hydroxide
Alkaline
Clear
C 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops distilled water
Neutral Clear
Nutrient Nutrient Appearance of lime water at biginning
Appearance of lime water after a few minutes
Yeast suspension + glucose solution
Clear
Yeast suspension + distilled water
Clear
USES OF MICROORGANISMSUSES OF MICROORGANISMS
• Food Digestion
• Decaying process
• Medicine
• Agriculture
• Industry
Food digestionFood digestion
• Herbivores such as cows and rabbits feed on plants which are rich in cellulose. Cellulose is a source of energy.
• It can be digested by cellulase enzyme to become glucose.
• However, herbivores are unable to produce the cellulase.
• The herbivores depend on microorganisms (protozoa and bacteria) which live in alimentary canal to produces cellulase to digest the cellulose.
Decaying processDecaying process
• All organisms eventually die and decay.• Complex molecules such as carbohydrates and
proteins in their tissue will broken down into simple molecules such as CO2(carbon dioxide), H2O(water) and NH4(ammonia).
• This decaying process is known as putrification or decomposition.
• Putrification is carried out by putrifying bacteria and fungi.
Medicine Medicine
• Many disease can be treated by using antibiotics. Antibiotics is obtained from microorganisms(bacteria and fungi)
• Penicillin was extracted from fungus (Penicillium notatum). It can be used to treated certain disease caused by bacteria such as gonorrhoea, syphilis and pneumonia.
• Streptomycin, is used to treat tuberculosis.• Tetracycline, is used to treat infections of the
respiratory tract, syphilis and acne.
Agriculture Agriculture
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide plants with nitrates.
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the root nodules of leguminous plants plants.
• Putrefying bacteria and fungi bring about putrefaction which adds humus to the soil. Hence, microorganisms help improve the fertility of soil.
Industry Industry
• Food industry
• Rope industry
• Leather industry
• Cleansing or mining industry
Fungi Fungi
• Alcoholic drink• Bread
Bacteria or fungiBacteria or fungi
• Cheese
• Yogurt
Bacteria or fungiBacteria or fungi
Bacteria of fungi Bacteria of fungi
• Soya sauce
Bacteria Bacteria
• Vinegar
Bacteria Bacteria
• Rope industry
Bacteria Bacteria
• Leather industry
List the uses of microorganismsList the uses of microorganisms
• Food industry
• Rope industry
• Leather industry
• Cleansing or mining industry
Harmful Effects of MicroorganismsHarmful Effects of Microorganisms
• Tooth decay (caries)
• Food poisoning
• Disease caused by microorganisms
The spread of diseasesThe spread of diseases
• Infection through air
• Infection through water
• Infection through food
• Infection through contact
• Infection through vectors
Infection through airInfection through air
• Are known as airborne disease.
• Usually affect the respiratory system include disease such as tubercolisis, common cold and pneumonia.
• Airborne disease spread easily in crowded and damp conditions.
Infection through waterInfection through water
• Known as waterborne disease.
• Effect the digestive system.
• i.e cholera, typhoid fever and amoebic dysentery.
Infection through foodInfection through food
• Food can be contaminated by houseflies and cockroaches.
• If a housefly or cockroach come in contact with faeces, some of the faeces will stick to its body and legs. If the insect next comes in contact with food, the food will be contaminated.
• Eating contaminated food cause one to become infected.• Food can also be contaminated if it is handle by dirty
hands.• Te food can also be contaminated if the peprson who
handles it has an open, pussy wound.
Infection through contactInfection through contact
• Some disease such as hepatitis B and AIDS spread through direct contact such as sexual activities, sharing of syringe, blood transfusion of from mother to babies during delivery.
• Other disease such as ringworm and white spot disease spread through indirect contact such as sharing towels, clothings or shoes.
Infection through vectorsInfection through vectors
• Vector; animal which transfers pathogen from one host to another.
• Examples of vectors; – Mosquitoes– Houseflies – Cockroach– Fleas
Infection through vectorsInfection through vectorsVECTORS DISEASE OR ILLNESS
Anopheles mosquitoes Malaria
Aedes mosquitoes Dengue fever
Culex mosquitoes Elephantiasis, Japanese encephalitis (JE)
Houseflies Cholera, thyphoidfever, amoebic dyssentery, food poisoning
Cockroaches Cholera, thypoid fever, amoebic dysentary, food poisoning
Fleas Typhus, bubonic plague
Harmful Effects of MicroorganismsHarmful Effects of Microorganisms
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY
MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS• Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes• Controlling the breeding of houseflies• Preventing the spread of diseases through
sterilisation
Controlling the breeding of Controlling the breeding of mosquitoesmosquitoes
The larvae develop
in water but come to the surface to breath
Adult female mosquitoes feed on human blood
Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water
Pupae also live in water but they are inactive
-To control the spread of disease by mosquitoes, we must eliminate the breading grounds
-Drains should be unclogged
-Container discarded tyres that can collect water should be buried
Controlling the breeding of Controlling the breeding of houseflieshouseflies
egg
Pupa
Houseflies
Larva
-To control the spread of disease by houseflies, we must eliminate the breading grounds such as rubbish dumps and exposed faeces.-Rubbish should be placed in bins with lids.-Food should always be covered to prevent houseflies from contaminating it
Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases through sterilisationthrough sterilisation
• Sterilisation; to make it free from microbes which would otherwise cause diseases.
• Methods;– The use of heat– The use of chemicals– The use of radiations
Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases through sterilisationthrough sterilisation
• Methods;– The use of heat
• Sterilise drinking water by boiling at 1000C.• However, some spores of microorganisms are able
to survive.• To kill microorganisms as well as their spore, an
autoclave or a pressure cooker.
– The use of chemicals• Sterilisation can also be carried out by using
antiseptics and disinfectants.• Antiseptics; chemicals used to kill or inhabit the
growth of microorganisms on the skin, especially on wounds.
• Disinfectants; used to sterilize buildings, toilets, utensils and clothing.
Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases
through sterilisationthrough sterilisation
– The use of radiations• Using gamma rays and ultraviolet light.• Gamma rays are able to penetrate microorganisms
to kill them• Mattresses and pillows can sterilize by putting
them under the sun light.
Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases
through sterilisationthrough sterilisation
1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY
MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS- Exercise 1- Exercise 2
Immunity Immunity
• Immunity; the ability of the body to fight diseases.
• Presence of white blood cells in the body.
• White blood cells can produce antibodies to fight pathogens.
ImmunityImmunity
• There are two types of immunity
Immunity
Active Passive
Natural Artificial Natural Artificial
i.e- chickenpox, Measles, BCG
1 111
2 2
3
i.e-baby get from mother, injecting serum
ImmunityImmunity
Similarities -All of them give protection to the person against disease
-The ability to fight disease is due to the presence of antibodies
Natural active immunity
Artificial activeimmunity
Natural passiveimmunity
Artificial passiveimmunity
ImmunityImmunity
Differences
Natural active Immunity-Infection occurs naturally-Antibodies produce by body itself-Immunity attained after a period of time-Long period of time
Artificial activeImmunity-Pathogens introduced artificially into the body-Antibodies produced by body itself-Immunity attained after a period of time-Long period of time
Natural passiveImmunity-Attained naturally-Obtained from outside source-Attained immediately-Short period time
Artificial passiveimmunity -Attained artificially-Obtained from outside source-Attained immediately-Short period time
Orang yang ada harta
KEKAYAAN
Harta diterimaDaripada
Orang lain
Harta yang usaha Sendiri oleh tangannya
malasrajin
ibunya Orang lain
Selepas mewarisiharta ibunya
Selepas diderma
harta
semulajadi buatan
Selepas dicabar Oleh musuhnya
Yang kuatYang
dilemahkan
semulajadi buatan
antibodi
KEIMUNAN
Antibodi antibodi buat
Kelenjar limfanya
pasifaktif
meminum
susu
disuntikserum
dirangsang
patogen
vaksin
© Pecutan Kognitif MAS-ICK Cikgu R
Ms 53
SebutP A
SebutA K
Antibodi tidak tahan lama
Antibodi dihasilkan selepas dirangsang oleh vaksin
Antibodi melebihiAras keimunan.Selepas disuntikDengan serum.
Selepas meminumSusu ibunya.
Antibodi diperolehiSerta merta @ cepat.
Antibodi diperolehi melaluiPlasenta semasa mengandung
Antibodi diperolehi lambat
Antibodi dibuat sendiriOleh kelenjar limfanya
Antibodi diperolehiSelepas sembuh dari sakit
© Pecutan Kognitif MAS-ICK Cikgu R
1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY
MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS- Exercise 1
1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED 1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMSBY MICROORGANISMS
• Ways– An antibiotic is naturally a poisonous substance produced by a
microorganisms to kill or inhabit the growth of other microorganisms.
– Each kind of microorganisms usually does not allow other microorganisms to grow near it ie. Penicilium notatum
– Antifungal drugs; treat disease caused by fungi; ringworm and athlete’s foot.
• Dangers of using drug– Must be under doctor prescribed.– Some drug must be taken on empty stomach, some must be
taken after meals.– Some antibiotic can kill friendly bacteria in our alimentary tract. It
can cause our digestive system affected.
1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED 1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMSBY MICROORGANISMS
- Exercise