MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART - AgEcon …ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/156862/2/tb1107.pdf ·...

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A

mil ~10 I~W ~ 28 25

wW 122IIi bullw ~ 111 ~

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATION~L BUREAU Dr STANDARDS-1963-A

SYLLID AS A PEST

OFPOTATOES

bull ~ 0 r4lr

cr~ t1 0 fT tJj- OJc ~ en 0-= CJ1 CIJ= 0- (0 pj

rv shy --

e en 0ent- ~ ~ By R L Wallisb ~ ~ I ~

Technical Bulletin No 1107 February 1955

u S D EPA R T MEN T 0 F A GR leu L T U R E

bull

CONTENTS

lPgcPuge 1 The pri ng mOYelll(n t_ 16

Distribution bullbullbull _ 3 Economie illlportance bull

2JOYll1(nt wit hin the Fummer breed-X ature of iujury_ 3 ing arca~_ _ _ ~- 11 Deseript ion life hist ory and hnbitF_ (j Factor aff(ctill) population in the

(j ummer breedillg area __ U)The acluIL bullbullbull The eggbull I TemperMlIl( ]9

The nymph I Xoneeonomic hot plants bullbull 20 Host plants I TiltH of plant ing potMoe bull - _ 21 Ocrwlnterlngbull 12 Yalue of Ile~_ 22

In northern putato arCilbullbull 12 SlIllllllan 23 III the Soutt reslern ltfitf 12 Literatuimiddot( eitCCL _ 25

For snit hy 11(1 suptrlutt1IHltl1f of J)oc~(II1Hmiddotnts rmiddot ~ OOnrnJJHut PrilllillJ om(l~ bull lr(lshil1~Wl1 2~ D ( bull Prke 10 n(l

eE(OLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE

POTATOPSYLLID AS A PEST OF POT A TOES 1

By R L WAUI MOIiIOufliNt Enollw oUY R(~(flr f]rau(h l[Jrilmiddotl1tt~r(l1 [((ltI(( S(rr

Potatoe ill celtni 11 ~ltelll ~ta t~ are slbjPet to pltyl1id yellow

bull

a due(Lse ennse(l Ilr till ItllO py11ic1 Pa]utriozlf () ( k I r (11 i (Sult-)) (1-1) SU([d011 Ollt h[luk of tl1j iJl(Ollipi(lOllS illpct alp neshy(otllpanjpd by ppi(lpmit of till ([ishyeap Such llll lpidelllil ill 1~)-

(ane(l (()Ilplptp (]ojl loss to lllall

1ower in (ololmlo yl)]1li1I~ Xplrrakll lo11talltl amI )PI ~rlXshyieD _t thp lequpst of tllp ItlilHIshyturnl pxperitllellt statiOl of tlllp Shttps till Bllletu of EntomologY aud Plant (Juaralltine Jmn etmiddot(jshyloielll tudies to dpHIJill Ile tllP nlllse uHl 0111(( of lIcll Ol1tbIPIk

The hHk of lltisheton- evi(h-ntp ~htlt thp pytato pyllicl OcplwilltPllltl In the atlp(teil 1Iell lv1 lnl1i(1tI11 thlt larp populatiolls (111101gt111 onHwhlIe ill the ~()lth durin tIl wintEl ]l()s-ilJly 011 wild lIo-t pttnt- It -(ElIlt(l therefore that tIlt ehiej ]JloblElU IIE to 1ocatE thE willtl host (rf tIl(gt Jl~-lIiltl to plabEh it OPlrilltErillg ljllartEls Hll(l to ([eshytrnllM th~ iletot- (Hllillg-its 11Eshy-elopmEllt III outlnpak 1I111lIe1 HlIltI it IlOWIlWllt to POtilto tiEhl Thl

1 Submitted rill [luhli(lItiorl Anut 1 1li4

bull bull Staff m(gtlIllllr~ (If t1lP Arricultlllmiddotal Exshy

[llOrill1(gtllt STiltion of (bmknWyolllIll) Colorado iolltrna HIHI XI )rtxic-u Ian lu1-i( 1111(1 ajlt[anN in Illt (our of tlwlt srueliEmiddot

1I1tinHlte oJjl(riyE was to pltahlish -url to pl()idE inforlllation that would be nSeuroinlas 11 guide to lontrol lIleasulEs These stllaie -He IlHHle ([llrill~ thE pEriod 1Bm-)1 from headquarter at SeottsblllJL ehr

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

TIIP illj ~lIY hy psyllids OJ psyllid ~-(middotll()w ltIteap to potatoeuro lPSll1ts III tllp ]lroltlllCtioll of a large utll11ber of t~tbprs of llIall sizp lllld poor quality Oil t()llatO~ thNp is a simshyi1ltI) relllct)~ll in ~ipld lind quality oi tlllt 1 hp WIlter h[ ObSEITed as Illall~ a lOU tlll)(~) lipr plallt in pwlEly dallla~pltl potato field llOlIP of them of nltlrkEtuble ize ThppnSlllolltinglHri()(1 of tllP tuhshypr- I -liortele(l 00 thar theuro lIIil shy

PlOlIt ill tlIP lOIlIHl )pfOlE Jlun-est or etlly n th~ tOlfl~P period

It I clIllHlllt to estllllntp the 1oeuro of potltoP all(1 tOllwl0E frOIll datnshylIe b- thp pyllilt1s JmiddotCiWie thp p-pdty of a track Va Iieuro l[reatl shyhom yplI to pal nIltI froll ~(llle 1lt (llity to another Yirhotlt (oltIol 1l1etUrps tota1 (TOP fai111res will ocelll llPar]y PYPIT Yeal ill tIJe eool (limatp oj illP hi-hpr eleuro-atioll or in thlgt plains alea~ durin thp cooler palmiddott of tllP ypar

Tlte litpratllre indicate that thplP 1-ell psylliltl epidpllll(S in Inll-l~ 1ni(i-~I ])~)-33 ID3--W alle11)4) with modplatp to lifllt injetations in thE iIltPlTPllill y~ar _lthouh the rP(pnt litpnltluC (leuroals nlmost

1

2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN llOi) U S DEPT OF AGRICtLTURE

entirely with populations on poshy 19431945 to 1947 lLnd 1950 to 195~ tatoes it may be presumed that epishy Outbleaks occurred in 1939 and demics on tomatoes OCCUlTed at the 194D The heaviest populations same times The epidemics affected Utah Montana 1Vyomillg Coloshyrado aud the estern part 01 Neshybraska

Daniels (3) reported that in Coloshyrado in 1031 llltllly fields of early potatoes were neyer dup and that the reduction ill yield below the 1)30 C1Op yas7H95000 IJlls11els lepresenti ng a lo~s 01 ~1()3~OO dolshylars Richards allclBlood (15) esti shyJ1ltdNl that in rtah in 1D27 lrom 21 to ~O peltent of the potato tmiddotl0P was clestroyed the ]ossemiddots mnollntinl to approximately 75nOOO do11 ~ The most seYen~ losses 0 e1 a11 the Yestshyern States occurred in 1018 nc(ordshyin to mHllY inYestilaiors ~((ol(lshyln~ to Pletsch (1)) damage to the potato erop in that year was 50 to Iii lwrcent in JllOst of the outhshy(astern (()unties 01 2iontalla COJlshy

siderab1y less in the nOlt1l(HstPrIl part ofthp shlte am1 nOllP in thp wpstern section Edson and Wood (n ptilllai-ed the 10SS(gts to t1ll poshytato crop i II several of tllP alllltlpd Statp ill l)~R as fol]os Colorado lI()2OO() bus11e1s or R 1wIcellt oJ t1l( llPP ~)ollli Ilg 13f)2OOO bushshyels 01 in ptgtleent lllld 2[onUtl]fl (iOIOOIl hlllHls 01 2 PPl(PIlt

DlIli II t Illgt years ID1)-52 estishylllaips ~PIp 11Il(lp oi tll( J)sy]]i(l infpstatiolls 011 (lrhllledilllll and latp pl Iltillgs oJj lOt a lrw ill the Xorth PIntle Yl1lp ill PHstplll ~Olllillg alld (s[(11 XpblHslol

Til this lIen an earl no)) is p1nnt(d about IraI 1 a1l(1 1lH (ollllIHIia1 1ntp (TOP hol1l 2fay 2) to lillIe ~() For the plllpOS( o this sfu(ly lloshy(Pl potntoes planted irolll ~Jay ~J to Tunp a]( cll1ltltl th( m(dilllll (]op

Tpll liel(ls frll PHell crop were 10shy(atpd atmiddot ralHl 0 III OYPI (hp a11p lind two to 10111 100-swppp -llllplp PIp

takPll Ht wpekJr illPJvals (lulinf the pT()i ng SCfUiOns bull s ~11O1l ill tah1e 1 fpw pSlli(l pr( pltsPllfin

were on the early crops Y11ere there ere or more adults per 100 sweeps in 7 01 the 14 years bull TBLE 1-A1middoteJage nllmbelS of

wlult potato 7Jsyllids 1)(gt1 100 8weeps in potato fiPld8 in the N olth Platte r alley 193)-middot2

-_ -~-~ - - _--_- ------ shy~---shy

j

Early 1 pci llll1 LateYpar crop crop I crop

1__shy

1939~ ] G 1 1 ] 23 ]940 13 24 5 194] 5 ] 19 26 ] 912 3 6 2 (j 14 1943 5 ] 1 944 3 0 3 0 29 ] 945 R 2~--- ~--shy

)] 9Hi _ v - n 3 ]947 iJ 2 3 194B 39 1 7 13 1949 ] ii 9 4 i 3 4 1950 3 () i 7 1951 0 0 0 19j2 j 0 0

_-shy --~-~- -~shy

~tndils Ple a10 mt(le to detprshyIII i Ill tll( lfp(f of psyllids ollllonio bull yielts PO]lulatioll alld yiCll1 1P( shy

ords nlP made Oil fotH plot in ench planting EaCh plot cOllsist(d 01 (i

J(J~ 90 Jpet JOIlmiddot Th( pal]Y

plmling lS llln(lp 011 )fny L nishy1l1Pdilllll plantinli 011 TlIllP 1 and the hip OIl( Oil Tlllll 2) Thrpe of t]lC p1otsPJ( lt1[((1 with sulfur one (001 tlllPP fillIPS ill oJ(le] to nllT

t11( popll1atioll n thaI it eflect Oi1

(11( yield (()1l1(1 1)[1 lllPaSlIlpd ~t -fOUL iutpIab clllrilll the glowin ]lPJiod fIll ]))111]1hs Hm] altIIiHs oil p(h plot (1( (oullpd Counts of 1lllIph (IP ninde Oil Hj 1paHpts ConN(pC a( l1lllOIll I Il(l (()Jlllts oi 1I d III tsill I 0 ] oO-SPl p a III Iiks Yipll 1((()J(ls (1( hdPll 11- lI1lY(sL 11 pOjllllufioll lIld yipllt1 sl111pl(s (1( Inkpil frOIll tlw 2 JlJiddh~ 1OIS

of (Hell p1ol JIl thps( (xIWlinHl1ts 11llt lOITplashy bull

iOIl ofp-yllid pOplllatioll with

3 gCOLOGICAL STUDIES ON lHE POlAlO PSTLLlD

bull yield was particulnlly good in 1942 when the popnlntioll was high and the growing Reason IntS 11Jlilltelshyluptecl by uclvtlse weather (Jig I)

260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~

bull J6CL-_-l__L__l-__LI

J

NUMBCR OF OUL rs peR 00 $WpoundpoundPS

Frana l-Corr(lltion (If 11~lIid llojm]umiddot tioll itl ~ipIli of jlotnto( ]14~

T11( (mgtgt Jpdll(ion- in yi(ld for eaelJ additional p~)lJicl 1gt( 100 SYC(P- WHP Hi 27 allcl Hi hu-lwl- pPr ((IP 101 tllP PHrlylllPdilllll aml late (Inps l(-]Pct hpl H is 1Pshy

lllized that tlllSP yalllPS arp hls(1 OH

liJ1lit((1 -tudils 1J11t (lIp ~(PJll to he failly H((IIIap -or )()11lI11l( i()l1~ lip toT or K psyJlids pp 1()(~ SW(Pls lIP]1 tIHS( nt1llPs nl( u ppllPd to i lip illfptntioll (lata ill tlll11p 1 n PIJPllI]

id(a j~ oll(ainpltl 01 the ilalllHP

(l1Is((l hr tllP ills((

DISTRIBUTION

bull Till pot lto psyIIid is gPltIlllly

clistril)U(plt1 ill Xrllth and S()l1th J)ashykota X(hlakn Kallsa- Oklnl)()JllH and 1(xls llld all Stat(~ W( ( of t11P11I px(ppt rahillgton IIlld Orshygon (Jig 2) Ps)llid )middotpJlows is found 0])1y in th(s( StatN It is also foumf in 11(~j() lLnd tl1( Cnnashydian Pl(linNS of Ihjtish (0111111shylJitl ]berta ~ln(L SHsknell(all

Sillce psylJids OCellI ill diminishshying munbers eastward from the 10ejth meridian the approximate d ividi]1g line beheen the-humid und dry tUeils of the r7nited States high lnlJllidity ma v be the factor preventshying tllP s)let(l to the Jtasterll States There arC mallY TepOlts of tllPi O(CUlIPl1Ce east of the 100th l1Hli (Ii nn ill the lmHr Rio Graml HiPl Valle) of Texas bLlt SUlVfys ha( showlI tlla t tIle) are present only in sJlJall lJllmbels particularly whll the humidity is high

Ricll1llds und I~IootC (liJ) reshyported the psYIlid )pllos dis(ltse i]ol11 ] dallO Fa Ils ant1 Twin Falls Jdaho in 1H7 but tlwre is]o 1((

orc1 of tlIP (o]]ltgtctioll o1the potato llsyl1ic1 (It t1IPse points Swenk HlHl Tate (18) stut(d thai [n l shyh1askll tlll POttltO psyl1id is of glpatpst ((OIlOllli( i1l1portnlHpill the (01l11llIleid potllto glOyinp ~leti(lllS oJ tllP ((111 part of t11p stttp ] t ()((lllS lw(PI throllhollt tIl( (11shy(irp state t 11lt1 in 1)~K ~()l1lP dHIIltP

as de Fllitd [P(ol11lt1 on tOllJat(ps a 11(1 pO1 topsas fa I past as LaJl(asiPl (Olill tmiddot

mi] un lPl)(Jrtp(1 (oIlpdiOll of Ule inpdill llirplHlll lIihts in tlll yi(illi(y of Tla111lalilo IhHmo fexi(iJ dults PlP tnkpll at lul alt ihl(l( of middotIt)()() fppt aJl(li 1 (ollsidshy(lalgtll IlllllligtPIS lip to ~n()O fptI XOllP (1( tlk(11 ill sil1lilnl Iiuh- 11 fallnlah La

NATURE OF INJURY

Tltl filst symptom of psyUid yClshy]OSOll potatoes is an upyarcl curl shying of tilt basal portions of 11lr lplflptslltur the top of Ill( plnnL s nIl di-Ptlsr 11log-nSsEs the curlshyin llPCOlllPS Jll(gtI( plol1olLneed and l1Pumiddotlv IpaelHs tllp pptioles and pxshy(pnds t0111(1 thp tips of the ](aJlpts 111(1 pdges of the lea flets (urn slightly ypJ]ow or IJlllple in ROllle nLli eti (S In l(hanced stng-es of the disease the Plltire plant lllls a ytlJoish 01 purplish appealimee

bull

4 TECHNICAL B1LLETDl 1107 r S DEPT OF AGRICtJLT1RE

bull

N Dr

bull

U S D[PARTMEHT or AGRICULTURE

-rGnu- ]lisllihlliioll f till potat() pmiddot1Ii(1 ill tIll ni[Pd -1 a 1( TIll (IOlllt(liill indi(IIp Ill( alpa of Ilait injlll Iltp IlialolllI lim Iltp npploxitrHlIP OPI shy

williprillg 11(1 WId Ih( ll(ay lin Iltp PIIlplJl 11111 wplplll lilllil of 1I((UIItIHl

11llt1 t11 1el (- 011 llw 10PI POlt ion (llI] t1jlwtll Hlte IlP(OIlIP (Iis(o]()](tl and ]pat1)(gt1Y J)t1lillg- till jllOg-IPS of the ltli~PISp till 1l0dlS (Illllp 11(1 t1l( lm(ls ill t]1( axil- l)lg-ill g-ilth lPstlltinl ill t11( JOIJI]dil)1l of sholt shoots tch witlt t slllali (]1Is((] of abllolmal1) sha ppd 1ptYPS 01 slllall llPIia1 tulwl lJpalill) tiJl lea PS Finally thp top of tlip pll is(OIlI shy

posed 1I10Stly of e(oIHlary hoots ll1d kayes atiaChpd to the jgtlillllUV stetll which g-iye it it dWlIfpltl apshypearance Thus the plant lhls tl

jlyr1I1lidnl -1tqJPith lalg-Pl leans at tJIP hll-P XO]JI]al alld psyllitlshyilljtllpd plallts IIP -ll()ll in fig-lin 0

Potato plallts that an nf1prtld parly ill (hpil g-IOtll plodu((gt f(gtw if tilly tlll)(Igt OJlplants attacked bull latl aitPI tltp ht[)els b(lg-in to spt tullpl slop g-Iowill) HlldIllHIIIIP bCshyfOf( tlH bp(olll( of Illarkptahlp sizp

SOIIH oi fllpllI Splout and PlOdll( (((lIldal stololls ]Ii(h mar ill tlllll S(t ad(li tiona 1 11I1gt(1H Tltp (JOp is Itdll(ed not o]lly in siz( but

j

bull

t - ~ I ~ t - ~ I gt tbull bull ~ t j I IiI tmiddot 1 t 1

tlj 11 I~ It t i~llr~- I -t~

r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If

t ~I t~ if 1 ddtmiddot I 1 fill 1 If t I shy

j t Itt of l ii

t1 1 - i I J I II i I I I I -~ t t

~t 1 1 11 I tmiddot i 1 f 1 r f l gt t ~ middotl ~ i 1 t PI 1 td ~ t~I I)f f If 1 j 1 -

11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (

l~t tt ~~t to ~ tiH~ 11- 111 ~ I f 11 f I 1 f 1 It t I 11 l I _ -_ 1 t f

1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a

r HI I ~ f 1 flfJ frt Ii

j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j

I Ii 1 f I - i d ~ Lmiddot If 1 q

~ f H II I j - il

liltmiddot t d t Ill

1ltrd iI r f jI fj j t I j r I r I ~

i - I I r ltu1

lf~njLlllrtmiddotd T1 i fn f l fI~ P 1 1l11

1Itl ~ Iit If ilt ~ l~t(UHl

fIItd trmiddot1f rlI ~(jgt1 1 pf i1

til f 1 f l11 I ~ I J) ~ )1 11 t t) t I t) t ~ 1shy

f IrqI-1i Ihl L Hlll-IiIIII (-I 11 d lt tmiddotd ttl ~l

~jt t i l (1) 1 ~ It 1 middottllmiddot tt j r Hfd If l ~ 1tmiddot hl i tlf t j l

imiddot f ~ liT lynli i illfl ~

6 TECfuilCAL BCLLET1X 1107 r S DEPT OF AGRLCCLTCRE

feeding Thee olke1s yere ablE to obtain disease symptoms ill ) clays with Iii nymphs pel plallt mill in (3 days with O 11)lllphs per plant 1n the field They also sh(med that the symptoms do not aplelllin it

plant infEsted with tSJlIallY as IOOll adults and (ollclultied tlmt adults (10 not en 11( the (liseasE They WllP

unable to t]ansJllit the ~lis(tlse tllJOlHh illOCl1latioJl 1) Yluiolls BtaJlcl~](l lllCthods I1se(l fol the transfer of yirus (liseas(s all(l itb a larg( Jl11ll11w] of plants in (1ill(1 ent AH[eS of ([pyplnpmellt as SOIl](PS of il()Cululll Xlithel welt thp able to InUlsmit it Ihlollirh tllP t 1shyhpJ froJ1l (lillld ]Jlllllt~ to tIl( IJl0IlllY ill thp (jpld or ~lpPllh()ISl

ThL 1itp1 IUls ohpjvNl ill smallshyplot tpt tllt spprp psyllic1 Ylllo Oil potato plallt- (an J)P lt1wtked nIHI that tllp pltu)s l((()Pl WhPll psylshylid-- HlP IPIIIOP([ frolll tllPllL fhis illdilatps that tllp 1llllaquoIial injp((ltL iJto tIll pllIlts bY tlll 1I111ph is a toxi)] and llot a yjlU-

8

11 c

The effect of ps~lJid yellows on bull tomatoes i similar to that on potashytoes ie a hitlYY set of fruit that fails to (lEwlo]l ill ize quality and (olo The fruit is light greE]l to yellowish instEll(l of the nOlmalle(l It is (OH1H alld touirh and ltODshytain little jlliee Infestations that are so light as to caUSl 110 plant symptoms llIa I((hwe thE CJuality ofthl IllIit

DESCRIPTION LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS

The Adult

TllP adult psyJlilt1 (fig 1) 15

ahollt l] to 1]11 illch l()lI~ to thp tip of tIl(gt wings Hi a (lpnl-win~ll ill(r IPSP]lhli11 a lllilliat1lJ~p (ilttcla ill shapp Ill( ~ldll1r is li~ht ~]PJl liP11 I1Ph PIllPrpd hutmiddot a1t(] ~ or) das iJ~(()IIIPS blaek with middotltitc llJllkillg whirh Iie it n Iray a p- bull jllllramp TillS wilitl Jllarkill a IP d ist ill lIish ill (lJ n lact prist i(s of tl1( ps11(1 Iltlrt(llltllytlw broad

bull TC~ 7099

FJltt-IlE G-The lIoililo ]lsylJitl ill rWItnm ~lHW~ of (((01111)111 I Illllt 11 (~ n IItl ( 1I)1Il1 Ill IIDnln r~( )

-----

7 (COLOOICAL RITDmS ox THE POTATO PYLLID

trallnji-ie white lJalHl OJl tllE Jirst

bullabdominal S([[))J(llt and tll( inshyYeltE(l V-slwped -bitl llHlrk 011 the litt all(lominal Se[[lllellt llelJ at reEt tlle dn[[ nl~ htld ill a ]00[shylike position on1 the abdonltl1

Ill(gt adult j nry ldi( an(l WhPll di-tIllI)((l it jump ltjlllekly i11to 01( ail allltl takp Jlih L Us mOy(ll)(llt in the IIPP(l I iI llllTPllt

is prohably tltlUSP(lIlHllP by tht wind than by its OWl fol(( _pplnntJy it lWlY be tranpo]t(middot( lOll p dista 11(~ b the i])(1 YlHn th(- ndul- j ill anmiddotti]) poitioll on a Itlli it will S-jllg t I( alJltlOJl)PIl hom side to sidp at the lra cli(nliJall(p or on pX]lOSlIP to tTonp light

The (pps lin dp]loitpd lIlla 11y Oll tlIp -dl 01 1111lt1lI j(]p of 1lIP lpan ontllp 1IPIll) pllt of tlw plallt S(ultlip in lD-ln illdi(lild that oHI about 1~ jWl(pnt oj the pgg arp laid Oil (he 1IPllPI lIria(p

of t h(gt lPll PS

bull OIlP 1(llwlp (hposits about 1li prrp HY(gtrapill j 1)() cla 011 a lHriod of ahout ~l day Ef II(

dp]loitpd lllost pound11(1 at all()ut -() F alihollfll (jipositiOll al ill alld Ill) llll IlPpnlpl)(J](P(1 tPIIIlPlUshy

tun nhoyp l-) holtpll- IllP lifr- of tIll fplllnh

The Egg

Till P~ (fig i JJ) j llhOll 1

illlll 1()1H )al alld 11Iihl pll 0

IOOIlIHl (hlP Pl](1 of tlip Pg -lw11 i plfJli))lppd illlo n talk h~ lJi(h it j all a Ih pri to IIll Ipn1

bull

TIll il1lIiJat iOll ]gtPjod -alip (()1Ishy

idplalJly WIth tIl( I (III]l(IHIIIIP IJIlt HlIlIP nl))1I1 I day TIll IPltshy(t lllilldl(1 of ( iwhh at ~() 1lt jP hatlll ltdwn tIll [PlllllPlashyt lIJP lparls lIllie fOI 1I fpw hOUI ptch (lay awl allOl1i tmiddoto ])(J(Plli at a (Ollshy

tallt tplllppla( 11]( of (ill

The Nymph

TIn nylllph (lip t) () j (Jut H 1)(1 (ahli]( ith H ro of sllO]( hnil ()l piliP IOllllll tllP plltilP Illargill

of the hod Hi oritJle to yellow wliell neL hatehetl a~Hl b~(onlps pale glt()) hpn mature Jl1 their dpllo]llllPllt 1lJlJgth~ pa throl1gh Ii l intH]s Il iell HPII( ahout ~J) da 101 lHell of till lilt four alla aJltllIt J rlays fo] til(gt last TllP deshyW10]l1ll0ntil ppliod ytrip with the t(gtIII]gtPIlI1)]P flOIlI ahout ]1 dnYH ill

J ul- to 1 da S ill ~la and OdolJplJt is difliclll to SP(l tlw JlllIphR Oil

the ]taps oin (0 tll(i) lllillutl Rizt l(PIl (010) alld Jlat boliil Th(yllOld thpIIIs(ly( (Iol to tIll lpa udacp and til( hail alOlIlHI till (ltIP of tlIPJod lIlakp colltad ith thl It-ll lIlla(p Tltl a]p

ll-ua 11 fOlllld 011 IhI lI11dll ills of theIl-lin OJl till II]lPPI hall of the plant TIlIY plobably dOllot llIOV(

far froJll tl)(gt llaf Oil whi(h tllP ltittCllPd (X(ppt to olltaill food

HOST PLANTS

Thp food plant- hut h ild and (llltinllt(1 an iJll]JoltantiJl Jllilishylat ill thp IJIppdill OPIill(Plill nlHl ilitrilJlltioll 01 tll( po(ato pI~ lid Till Iplal in illl])())tlJll( of tll( llioll Ilot plallt- ha 11(1 bpPll flilly dplllIl1ill((l Thl illlpOltall(p of a ~inll host plant i IIndollllu(lIy iJlJIIIPJlpd 11 its n)lIndal)(p thl inshyspcI p](illI)l( IDI it alld it- jlmxshyilllit 10 thl (ultilljl(l arpa

TilP plilllijJnl hor plants of tl)(middot ]J0lato psyJlid )plon to tl)l Solanashy(pap but tilt 11( ])01 1((lidp(] to fIJi Jalllily J o-t-plnllt lit lillngt J(gt(n jlllhlishpd 1) Knowlton nJld Tllollla (JIJ) Plpt lll (Ifl (Ia shyfOld L) and Esi (i) TII(lfolshy]oill lit hit 1)((gt1 lOlllpilpd floll tliP litplHtlllP alld Ill( )itpls IP(shyon1 of (olh(tioll -11111111

I fIJII wl(ldOJl)11 JJ I hltllclOIlIHII ((IJINillIl1l jllI(((IS L (lillliilIo

llt-])]) ) fllII((middotIN 1 _ (OIlIJi((R 11 ill)

(I lhn-io PPpJll) 11ICg(IIN 11 IfMNlIJI (L) ()J1

]lP)JP( )

(llik iI1(1il1I pl1I1 1111 Illitll I IIIlIllt 11111 lUI IIp)(] )Jsllid 1iICCdill

8 TECHNICAL BULLETL 1107

SolUlw_reae-Continued Datura fastllos(I L

inlloxin Mill metel L (entire leaf thOl11apll( 1 -m eteloill e~ DC sangllinca_ Huiz and PalOIl str(WI-onium- L (jimsonweed)

HlIOSClf(t1llUS albu8 L niger IJ

]oellrol1l(l tu1ml081111 Heath Lycilt1J1 anclersollii- Gra~

californicum Nutt carolini(lllllln 1Talt exscrt1l1n Gray frCgtl1onW- Gray II (I lim iJo liu In lill (lllatlilJlon~shy

ville) paUi(lulI 1iers porishii Gray 1J1((I(ritlCl-uJn (~loe aud esse)

Co L Hitehcoek torrey Gra~

LJlCOWI8icon cgtsclllcutllll~ nlill (toshymato)

pilllpill(llifolimn (Jusl) Mill J-i(au(ra ]l7lysa0Iics (L) Onertn

( Hp]llp-of-lplu) Yicotialla (JDilis M(loJe I1lowprill~

t(lhacro) ffauca Grnhalll (tl((~ tobaCf(l) flilltin08a L touacllm L (tohHCO) teX(l110 Hor

Sierlmberjia hillJolII(flli(gto- nIiers P(tuHia s]1 (ornamental pctunia) Phllsalis allfllliaia L (cutleaf grollllll shy

cherry) (0110 ta Hlllh (wild grollutl shy

(henT) (r((~8ifo1-i(l ]-pllih (wild grllulldshy

(iJprry) intllcll(tii Ilt I ChiuPIJanshy

tpru) II ((Imiddotophl7la N(p (c I l III Jl1 Y

gJoUH]tllerry) XO((ffl(t BJot r(ul ti In tell ~1middotoulldshy

(hpJlY) 1011((0aa Ucllx louato To IT

(IIPIl)) Imlliioia Nutt

cherry) Ilollis Nult

(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l

(longleaf groulltl shy

(]Oll-fgtllf iJoulIll-

1)1lIiIW8(1fJ (husk tolllntoj rot unda fa Hydb (IongIlaf gronndshy

(llerIY) Plllfsaode8 fJUbC8((IIS L (Jlllsk tomato) bullCapiIl08Sis sp SolallllO (l1i(IIrtIC DunaJ

ValiNii Dunnl

Ast-erisk inilicatcgts plauts 1111 whilll tIl( l11thllr IlflS ol)sell(lt1 JlIJi(ls hr(pdill-

U S DEPT OF AGRICGLTURE

SoJanaceII~-( on tinuetl -01(1111 lI[iclIOI( Hunal-Coutinued

c(fpsoa8non Link (Jerusalelll shycherry) bull

c(llolinellse L (horsellett1e) r-itlu-Zlifoli1l1n A Br elaeagllifoliulI CUI (wllite 1101seshy

nettle) jianoJl Kit lJI(lcile Otto j(lllllsiiTorr (wiIdllotato) uWlmiddotyin(lllIn L 1IIeI01lfje-n(l L (eggplnllt) lI(wi(middotrtllllln Dunnl lIil1111I L (wouderuell~) lJIIO(Ollthlllll Tacq (((lIlilCIIII I (LlIllge) Zodda TrJNtr(tlllll Dunnl (buJIalo-bnr) IWllitlOUflid (rai) lii81 l1l ur ifOIill1ll La Ill (v i sci d

lIiglltsllnde) triflollln ~Iltt (wild tomato) triquetrum Cal t nueroSII Ill L (potato) umucllifcrlln Eschscl rerJo8(ifolillln L 1i1l01511111 -1iI1

CouIo]yu]accne (]onvolulIlS (11(1I8is L (field hilHIshy

wpl(l) bull 1101110((1 b(lt((ta~ (L) Lam (sweetshy

lota to) I)OP1lI((I (L) loth (1l1orningshy

rloJY) bull tpraelII

()1t1J1SOt(IIII1I~ laniclIatIlS (A Ora~-) Hnll (lahlJitllllllli)

laU8coW8 (PalL) Britt JlcilI It titUS (l11I11111S L (suuUowel) L(fCII((I salir(l L (garden lettuce) 1tll(lcuc-um offidll(ll( -W(bel (dandeshy

liOIl ) Z~gopbyl1ac(ae

L(lrr((1_ trirlclltatn (DC) Coille Fnua(eae

LIlt7ll1rll8 sp MedicoflO satira L (nlfalfa) 11((18101118 11Iolis L (benn)

B lils1i (on (eae Bro~8i(a S)l (mustard) ])cs(lIlainio pinnaa (WaH) Britt LCJliili1l1ll 8(ol)JI10rlln~ Jones (pepJlfrshy

glass) Hafl(IIII~ fiJl (rlldish)

Cheno)lodiac(ae Atriplex lmiddotOSe( L I11ripex Sjl (oJtwhe) Bassin h1J880Jlifoliu (11 11) Kllutre Jrt(r 11I1j(tris L (beet) Salso(I cali va r tenll ifolia ~rausch

I H1l8i1I1-lhistle) Rali(aeeae bull

Saire sp (willow) HORflCla(

11I-1811ia- Sll I ol)-oJllleae

BliOlonllm (liI-hopcs Torr ]o711flOllllll ltp (Imotw(etl)

9 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE POTATO ISYLLID

Pinaceae JlIllipCIl1 p (redcedar) licea sp (spruce) PinU~ lIIollophylla Torr and Frem

(singleleaf pine) Thllju oceillelltu1i1t L (url)oryitue)

Ma1yuceae Hibisclls triollIm L (ftower-of-anshy

hour) ]lalr( sp (mallow)

Asclepiada(eae A8cle[lia~ sp (milliwed)

Amaranthaceae illl(lIOllt71118 sp (redroot)

Lamiaceae 1[cl117( 8picllia L (j)enrmint) Nelleu CfIuri(f L eatnip

Yiolaceae liola sp (wild pan~y)

Poaceae Axela failla L (wihl oats) Da(IJJ1i~ 110mIm( L (or(halll~nlRS)

Rllnuntula((llC D(ip71illillm sp (JnrIspur)

Serophnlaria((lle A nirrlt ill 111 I(lj1l8 L (Rnaplt1raOn)

bull ~Ilnthaceae

JIkolll(liu J(IllilsOlli~ (Bentll) Greene

The ]itelatun~ did not nlways inshydicate t1H~ stage of the insect colshyJected It may be presumed that adults were collected in most eases sinee nymphs and eggs are rnlelJ~ taken with a sweep net Thele js therefore no iJldieation wbethel the host is a true 11OSt ns tlhown by feeding ilnd the presf]1ce of hrnnnshytllre stages or fL casual host on whieh adults call be tnkell middotithout eyidence of feeding or ]nmiddot(eding

Thl~ writer has found psyllicl epgs and ny)ll phs OJ] all the J1I1l1~ so]nnnceolls host p]ll11tS obsen-ecl nnd it is probahle that an speci~s of this family may he trill hosts whereYel they oeClI1 in the psylliclshyinfested nl(H

Several YoJkerfgt ha v(gt reeort1ed fe- plants otller than SoJIlltelne as true llOSt pln Ilts Knowlton and Thomas (10) ill gTeenholls(gt and Jabomtoly tests found that psy])ids wm breed on COIl1ollulu8 a1I(71si8 and Jlicl017lelia clOmi88oni8 List (1f2) reported that they had deYelshyoped 011 the eommon gnrden Jr]OlJ1shy

ing-glory He also reported the occurrence of nymphs onbindweed and that he was able to trallsfer them from potatoes and tomatoes to bindyeed amI lce versa with no unusual mortaljty The wrjter found psyllids in all stages in abunshydance on bindweed and sweetpotato neal n heayj]y infested field of toshymatoes in 1949

~mong tl1e wild or 11oneC0110l11ic host plants buHaJo-bur (fig 6) md the seYeral species of perennial gloundcherry (fig 7) aTe the most (01111110]) and widelY distributed The Hiter (1(J) fOlll~d matrimonyshy-ine ~tncl potato sprouts growing in cul] piles by iar the most important l1oneeonomic host plants of the psyllid

Sinee the~ begjn growth in ApImiddotjl a head of other hosts t]1ey ]1ttve a long time in the spring to leceiye in(oming adult from overwintershying sou]ces l1l1 for breeding before tllitivated trops are growing The s(wml speeies of wild grollnclcl1erry clo not start glOyt11 in X ebraska and Yyomillg lmtil ahout Un~- 1 and are not large enough to attraet adult psyllids 1lI1til TIlII( and then Oldy in

TC-7245

FJl~III~ G-Butfalo-Im a wild lost plant or thlaquo potato J~llid

10 TECHXICAL BCLLETlX 1107 L R DEPT OF (]nCFUITm

bull

TC 716

1-11(11- 7 (I()lIl1d(]IlIT~ 1I ild i10st [llllll or 1ill POIHI psylli(l

~lIIall IIII1111IPI Biliralo-hlll all 111- 011111(111 Inltla I ill (ololtdo nll(1 lllln 1 dops lIot 1Illa II ( 11 1( IO( It I ill lill (1111 -Olatls JIoc1 ild IIlltil aholl( JIIlIl 1 ltIlld tlwlmiddotjolP is Ilil ()I liIilllll an part of I Ill lou lall 101 splill illip-(a(inlls Iypi(i dlI 1101a TIHY IHmlll hidl IIUl - 1I10Yl to alHl dllllll dlroliaild d II I ill 1)liod- oj ltltiYI((d TOP dllJlJltt Ill lo LlIlpIat 1111 till

Iolnlo plallt-gIOill ill dllllll qllickly I(i( IIIOIl till Ip( 1I1Il (I 110111 di-(Ild(d (1111 t II lip I pIoid( lnf)Iablp (olldilion-- idptI IJIillg IJlppdill (11ltI11l1- iot -OPPt1 sp(cis or wild 11III1IHIshypyllid TIlllnlW 1II111lHIof 1-1- (hpII 0((111 ill t hI -Of)lJIIIlIIl ~I ntp Id 1iHlt dp(lojl ill IHdp(I(d (lIll ili(middot hOIHII(1 t I is widpplpadllllt tllllll[ IIPr()Ip potato plalll- an i[ pllid alp fOlJlld OJI il(x(ppl bull antilahJtmiddot ill (hI lipId (oIHitll((-- 1 ill (()() I rpal Itpl

~llil)ll 11](111( 10 (liP po(lIo ()op TIll It 01 pia III p)lipJ(IlltP tJ r t Itp Thl Idl pOlalo Plout-- dil dlllill pO(Iill pyllid ill IiiI Oltilllll Il](jlot dl PHtlllI ill 1111 -Otal( 111 h((11 sllldipd 1 IIII

~ral Iill IOIl-i Ill I Ji ) is n (nl- Iil(ItfJ) 1(OlllllC wp)( 11Ildp 1iYHlpd O)IIHllIPlllnl rlPl[l1lllll Oil II wild lIl(I nlli iaild hos( rOIlIl] alollllCl t It I oldlI (it al11 pin 111 -Oi11 i liIJ11 ly 1I10]l PII IIIlltl nidlII( 1( Ipjll()(llI((-- by 1(11 Inid Oil (i1illl-(itlltp)11 alld ]( J( 111 ()(k~ In lid 01](lt1 P1111 ( iIIg hOIS(IIP( t II (Ill 111)11 II( ot 1t1 111111 pl(ad to (ollidplald( ip lJId Illakl Illd IIIOJ( Oil (lIlthltpd ami wild iIi(a I PH liYJ JJ i II I))p(eI i lJ gloIllll IOllltlclHIJi( 1Itlll (Ill I Ill pllllill shy10] 1 II id in plan( illlllJlling [l0(a(otmiddot alld 111 11l olllllllll pall of tllp pIshy [(lIlInlot (llilll-plltlII(()1I i 111

lld-llll(IImiddotd an1 (pIal Illil )1 OIIIlt1I1(lIlnl glOI1I 10 ltI ]illli(d lXshyild lllill lil1llgtl1 jlll (1( a- hlp(dshy I Pili I lid (lipl(IOI( I-ill 11((1 h all ill plallt o( tlll Jlyllid ill tIll illllH)Jtalll pyllid~lllp(dill [lIn III willll) alld IIII Plill I(oldin IlolpII(tllp I wild plall( i thllllmiddot If) Ilil(middotIt((wk 1 [h[ 1(11((1 oj eli dall( ill 111111 H(I iOII of 111( [loil(oshyIHIII of IIfillll ill thi (Olilltl i I lid tlllllltlto-)OIrill lIpa I II d rirolll ald or tltt II lIat in ()1 h thpIdo)( iii Itll1I illlj)())(1111 Itos( III(middotIj(l11 -I)((iv III II( 1(llIlId ill ill Iltl -(((iOIl rilt )lIl1IHIshy~1I11(III1I rilIl1a 10 ill 110111(111 (1t(IJi(-o I1l lIicllJI)pltld (jnmiddot) till bull ~Ilxi(()l ill ~ollt1tPIJ1 (nlilolllin JIyllid illll-tpd ltI)PH hili IIIPil hIp ill LOW(I (t1i (J)llia 1 ill IXI middotl glO( It 1[dlLl( (ltpil illl1o)talll( L

ill ~1(xilO ill [Ilh 2 ill JIyllid 1lJ(ldill ]llnlll

11 ECOLOGICAL SlUDIES ON THE POlATO PSYLLID

bull

bull TC-7Z47

~IGnm S-middotlatillLltlll~middot-lilll Ull important prill~ nedill~ -ollel of llMato pyllids

12 TECHNICAL BlTLLETIX 1107 (T S DEPr OF AGlUCUW(TRE

OVERWiNTERING

In NorthernPotato Areas

The mlLl1l1el in which the potaio psyll id OVen111teiS an([ leinfests the fi(lds in the spli ng has long been questiOlltll The JIlUllbpls ionl1ltl ill thp illtel in the ]1olthplll potatoshygIO-illg II Ilas hnyp newr bepll sumshyCipllt to ll((Ollllt fol thp sp]i Ilg inshyfestatio1ll-l

Daniels (-1) IPI)(llted that OW)shy

willtpLillp psyllidswle lound in tIll (Nlal HlpHsin sOllthwestlJll Xlshyhra~lm in the -iuter 0-[ 1930 but the pre lateL ltletlllllined llH

Allw7rml le)(a Ctld II spl(ips rarely )01111lt1 Ol1 potnt-ops

EX]lPli lllentS-pJP COlldlldPLl nt Seottsb1l1rl ~plJl (tllin tlWWillshytplS of 1 llU-JO and 19middot1-)-41 to ([pshyt~lJl1 inpwhltlwr potato psllids coulll bp oPlwintplpd on (pdar pi 11( and S]lIlWP (Tees Cages conshysistinp of muslin bags 15 by 1S illehps wpre tipd onl tis 01 tllpso tnps ill nllioliS sihUltions and slo]p expou ns Cats Oil (pltlars PIp rpillonltlat peklr iutpITHls amI pxshynmillPcl 101 1l1olialit 011( hunshydred ad ult-s WPIP i Il(-mil ll(pcl into each etlpt in1a(p Oe(olipl Hllclexalllshyillation of tlWlll was sttnied on Xoshyvel II lip I 20 III nIl intll of 1(l)shy

40 1-gt pel((nt of the psyllilt1s pre dpad by Xm(mbpl ~() and all pn dead by TalllltIY 2 SlIhz(lo teulshyperatllilS did ]lot ()(ClIl IIlltiI the last (11- in Dp(Plllber Th( (ltg-ps 011 tlw nthpJ tTPpS PIP pxam ilied ill April and all psyl1ids wHe jollll(l elenel III nIP willtll of 1J40-41 all thp psy]lids in eag-es Oil el(lar tnps welp tll~ad Oil DeceJllbel 2 Subzelo terllppllltlllCS hacl oC(lIrlcd in pH Il NOplllJpl and agnin ill eally J)pshycelJl Jp I These tests show t-hat psylshy1ids eall sllli n~ 011 pIgreen tlees for SJ101l periods IntI cannot withshystllnd tlw subzplo telllpplatures that ocellI evely winlcr al t-llis Iat-iLtJd(~

The possible ()elwilltlling of psyllids j n gleeJlhow-ps and thei l

1ll0Y11l1Ent to outdoor (rops in the spring is sng-gested b) Strickland (17) dlo c10nbts whethel they can oVEnYinilr in the open in southern bull Albllta Canada Th is may OCCUl

in soml areas but it does 11ot exshyplain spring infestntions in l~leaS where lelnllOuses a Ie 1El1loie ~hom (riltiYa(pd l-ields

In thE springs of 19-W alld 1041 t1le wriJel SUlTEYEltl psyllid infesshytations in Te(nhollslS in the ~oltll PlaUE Yal1EY ill p((In ~(bla~]m III uW) olll~- H f( psyllids el( loulld illllll (rt (-he IPPllhous(s nnd mos( )(gtPll1oIlSeS Pl( pnti 1(1- llee oJ (11cIll Tn 1lJ1 110 psyllilt1s pre fOllnd ill all IPlllhoIISE Tlwsp obshylOPITa( ions i1(licu Ip that Il(nhouses lIlP not till SOIlI(l ltd SPI ng- inf(stashy(-iolls ill this ana

In the Southwestern States

To ob(aill iniorJnation as to the SOllllP of 1he s))ri II infestlt i0110

tIle )it(I lWllll astudy oi the Oyplill(prin UlllS (Hst 01 nIP Ho(kr [(JlIntaills nncl of (hp moYshy1lHlIt of psrll ids lloltlnmld clllli lip the sprin nlollths ~ll)eys llP rnnd( ill ~ollthprn 1exns and ~pw Jexi(o i II III i(l-Xo(mlwl III icl-TanshylUllY allllla(( Malch 01 parly ])1il fron nil fall of 1lck() h) fhl sprillg o-f In)~

COUlltS of LtlUItS wcn nm(]p with II Ui-indl inslei ]Jet when the llost plants PIP in foliagp From one to 1011 r IOU-sweep SII11 pips Pre takshy(n HI I () to ) poi nts s(]pctpc1 ~d ranshydOlll )Pl ptlch Ult slIrveyed (OUIlS of lpg-s alld n)nlpJs ~elp l1ltdl on lU()-leaf samp1ps taken at the smne points Counts of imshyllltttllp stages P rp lIlacip -i h the aid of I magnifying glass

The an~as 115((1 ele selected hHe host plants werp most abundant ill lIP -ilinity of Crystal City nel Hio Sllll Allgelo Mand-hon Big- SpJillg and El Paso in Texas (fig-n)

13 ECOLOGICAL SLUDIES ON THE POTATO PSYLLID

N OAK

(S OAK

bull

FUHIlI J--J[I(PS in the l)J(pdin HIPHf of Ihl potni(l p-ylli([ lwlP OI(S WPI mHd Jfl4H-i An) illdieatp till pIPtiling wInd llileliion Hi thl tillle ot tillgt [lrill~1110en1l1I t

The prineipal Iotmiddot plant alld thr olr~ u~p(l ill the -11 v pre sprties of Ly(illlll (Jil 1()J of hie-I OCCUI in Texas lnd J ill Xl lcxico Other host plantsiueludshyed senral speeies of wild grolllldshycherry alld white hOlBenettle 1J1lt f(w Ipyllids were found on thrill

LyeiU111 phtllts glOY wild Oil 1tUlge and Yaste land They reproshyduce mainly by undergrouud rootshystocks and are able to withstand long periods of drought or low temshyperatures They hac woody stems

and grow ordinarily to JllightB of3 01 4 fee hutmiddot undel fa ontble condishytions may reHch T or R 1(gtet Durshying dr()-Ight~ tlHY beeome deshyfoliated but quickly leaf out again wll(11 moislllre beeolllcs sllfiieient Tll(gty are gel1lrally c10IJlUlllt in winshy((I ill the areaS surYNl exeept at -)all Angelo Del Hio and (Iyslal Cit-y HOWll~r host p1tnts were dOJmallt at San Angeloin ramUli) WJT llnd they cre in foliage at Marathon ill auualT ] 950 a mild i lite I

14 TEtIIXICL mLET 110- L -- J)LIT Ill (JtlrTL1TII

Ii 1llImiddot 11111 I 111

1 11111 1IldllllIl lIlllt~ 111 ar frotH Ill lIdomiddot l 11 17 ttl I~I[I

l rill oltI 1111 -nrnmiddotlmiddotd In li

11 llld (ltd1 111 Ill 1 lilt 1- olllrd IIgt Il il llr-lir I1t l all 1101

1 llld PflllllfIJIlII lit 11111111

111 ~Irtall 11111 rlIl lnmiddotmiddotdlll llld

ill-I llltl TfIWItllllo a

lId f I 11 1I1til l 1I11-IIIW ill fl 111111 a- III 1Ih IHotl 1110 ll 1- IlHlr llid

Ill( -lJlln (If 111-1 Lill 1lllltl1

I 11I1I- i -Illlnl (PII-lill1 ltllfllJ 1111 -lltlllllll -11]1 Ita IWIltll 1111111 ill

Ihat 1111 II I-ditll rill 11l111l1 po lat 1 lIid- Ill (i-l ill tIll lllr -1l11l1J1l[ 111111111111111 tllllI

bull

bull

rdilll I 1(1111111( 1 tlll 111HP ftfltu llmiddot~middottmiddotdll I~l ill ulilil

111 111111 11 I hi 1Iiddl I IIILt

Idj 1 r- l1I1 1~~iI I lilld I~ 11lt1 11 11 Ia IIld II Inl ()flulllJ II

plrl (Itmiddot)lltJPI i~Pt tIHrp i a 1111 f1II11t 11 1l1llII111 ~III1Ilt

-1111 IIIIIIIIIt111 Illn 0(111 ill 11111 IIPIII TI~ 1111 IIll -liIlWI l~ -llldar I I I l~-d]l lillI lalo p-ylld 1111 ( [rolll ltolllllJ1

11(1 rlollllItlHllllllolllltnllllJll

-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI

lunmiddot alill hn-t plalll ullllilior 111 bull

-I Itll 11111 IIIlY 11 11 Ijl till

II III III ( 1

dllil lIjllllal illll illIt~-(d 1 1 11111 a n I I t III I I J It 1J)((cl I II 1mrl 11middotIII(middottI~ pa-III a 1I11IitIIt 11

15 ECOLOGJCAL STUDIES ON THE POTAlO PSYLLID

TABLE 2-Potato psyUids fmtnd on wild Lycium spp at s~t1)ey points in

bull southe1n Texas and New Mexico 1946-50 Numbe1S of adtLZts per 100 sweel)S and of eggs and nyn1plLS per 100 Zeaves

---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--

J~aIl -jnt(r SpringLocality and -- ~-ear

Adults Egggt X YlllPl AC~~ElgHlXrl~~hHclultEggs~XymphS

1946-1shyCntal City D~lRio 6 IT T ian Angelo 2 T 0 [aratholl 0 0 EI1ao

]f)p~i8 (ITlal City 0 0 0 Delllio 2 T 0 -)un Angrlu T 0 0 ~Iunl(holl Big Spring 0 0 0 EI1uo

1948-~J (middotrHul (it~ 0 0 0 ])(gt1 Rio 1 0 0 1un Anlwlo 1 0 0 ~[arut hOll

bull Big Spring 2 () () EI Pa~o () ()

1149iiO (ntal City Del Hio bull Sun Ang(lo lurnt hon Big tpring EI Pu~I

the -mall 11llllllJ(gt1 of PJg- HIlIl til( absen(( of nymphs _pplIPlltlya fc- eggs 11(lp deposited thlling peljoels 01 warl1l weathEJ which were too SllOJt to (olliplehgt incubashytion of the eggB Howpyel in 1050 )W)1 tltp tpI11i)pmturp fO) TaJl1lt1ry aPIup-(d (40 F abo( 1101I1lti H

small nymph and ]llge adult ]gtopushylatiOll oNurred OP1 11 J110I( widfshyspread flJen t)Ulll ill nit ]gtIIiou-

bully(us From ) 947 to J9-W til( TaJitia Ir population oi ndlilts (Cllt(l(d in nIl yiciuity M J)() nio bllt dllll11 nIP

0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0

of Dp] Rio Jthollh January temperatul(s U If Jlormn]]y hig-hpl nt Crystal City 1Ii(11 is lpploxishyIllaieh- 100 millS SOl1ihElLst of Dp] RioiEw psyllids nn found 111e1( OlpaiPI humidity is appuplltly HlE fnel()L JiJllHing the spl6ad oJ psy]shylids eastwlJ(l ClstaJ (it is east of 11]( 100ih Jlwliclian 111i(11 is lhe apploxilllait djyiclin ]i11( llPllIPPJ) llp hUllli(l lnd di tlpns of the r(slpln Htaips j)syJ]ids- rHre]) (ilIS( Ilotieahle injury to wiJ1in (IOPS in Ihe 10w(I ]io GIHnc1p Ydshy]rI nH1lOugh (ll1pelatuIPS and

Ilhove-J101ma] iErnpllnturp of IlIl shy host-plant (oll(lilionR me jIIolab]p ua If)i)() it ((ntpJ(dlWHl San Anshy fol win((ll bleeclinJ LikewiRt gelo apploxirnn(t ]-)0 milpsJloll1i dllling tl1( 811111111(1 fpw psyJlidfi alp

16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1107) U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

fonnel east of tlw )OOtll JlltlidiJl in areas jrt11p1 north

Psyllid populations ]lClIHs((1 leatly (1 urillg th( spring a lid Hplpad to inpas ])(1( llOst plallts PI( dormant in Tallllar) ~p]in lathpl amI host-plant (()]1(lilions appalently hnvp a I(Hipr Ir(ct on thp sprin populatioll than til( sizp of tlll intp popn1ntioll TIlP In rpst s)llin population was ](shy(on1p(] jill D4T followi Il tbe ]()lst yilltpl populatioll lli )9)0 0111

fl 11 al splin ]loJHIII t iOlls Jolshy]())wd tllP hilHst Willipl pOJlulashytion hut thp ~plill infp~tati()n wa- morp wid(splpl(l thall ill Inions Ylars In most Ylars till splilllt populashytion ((l1tpIP(] ill file i(ill i ty of )JH 1shyatholl and -all nvlo to jJw l10rth and lYlsf of fhp ()(Iwilltprill alpit How(Pl ill 1911 1](11 IPllllwlashytures lYlIn((l abop lIOIJlln I ii lint Illopd as II 1lolfh amI W(st a Hi -)lljll Hnd EI Paso

THE SPRING MOVEMENT

IIII IlIOYlIlll1lt 01 ps~lIids -(mill S()lInl(11l 111(pdil 11(11 io lIor(IIprll poiato-growi nIl rlflS has 1gt(l1I -IIshypstp(1 hy l~()lllll(r uri) who ff niP(1 illat p)llids )Ilrd Oil LY(IIIII 101 S(Plal hllllltiIPltl llIilt n lOll thl nio (IalH]t ltlIHinllpp aJ()( Lnlpdo Tlx Hncl hpli(Yld that this lila he the Illaill OIlI(P of Slllill illi~tnshylioll Plst of Ih( niyitlp alld 111 Ilolth af Colorado Hicltald nll(1 Hlo()(l (17) s(nlp(l tllt( tll( ills((t i o Illilllltp tllntit IIlillt llidih hl IlIlfjlOl(middotltlloll distIl( hr tlp ail (IIIIPIlIs Oli(k (fi)lIll shoWIl that lalpl 1l111111)(IS of psyllids (10 0((111 ill thp ail (UII(IlI alli- (Jrl) has showl1 tha ~Ja Hl1d TIII tCI1lPPIHt uns a ITtdtlw ~izl oijlli shylial Hpljng popliluti(jIlS alld tillt nlOwn1(lli of psyllids i I(atpst Ht Pllljl(IafultR 1HI(IJ aPPJ()xiIlHlfltshy1r (jO nml Ttr F To dptlllIlinp til( JIH)PIIlPllt of

jHllicls plillg populnlion III

TIGll 1 nIl XIW ~[exieo e1e studied 1)middot thE author in relation to Nlrlyshy~i1l11lllel populations in potato- 111d tonmto-Ioi Il areas ill (oloenclo bullrnnllill and Xehntlka

faIII plcs of adnHswEle takpll with a (PJl llPt on Wild mafli llIolly-yinp ill t11p prill lJrlPllill arpas llPU

~all I1plo )lalathoJ) Big i4pliJl ami El PaH) (H l) -ill1p 5111shyYlY Wit iliadI (aeh spljn lllal the lil-t oi _p]iL silllp populatioJls w(rp fOlIlHl lo )( ]arlst at lhout t hi tilllP ~iLlllplls lll hllwll ill a sinliitr mallllp in nil SIJIUllll blldill areas OIl (ultiltld matTishy111011 r-i Ill H lIorllanlPJltal lllatec1 to thp il(1 ppejps fOil lid ill Texas ~IlIYP- Wlrp iliadI at wPlklilltprshyyal (illrillu lay and lulIp ill th(gt rkallsa- -1111 in sOllth(gt11l Coloshyrado t]IP (1(gt110 di-tljet ill 1101thshy1111 (01011(10 lIll1 ill the X 0]111 ]gtlaH( Yal1pymiddotin tlsipnl yomin alld pstPlIl ~(blaska (Imiddotil )) TIll aPItlP populatiolls ill Ilw spriJl )IPp(lill-t aleas alld till ppak pOpllshylatmiddotjoll- Hlld tillH ni (hpi] O((IIII(nce bullill (hp -llllllllPrbllpdill IIPH alp inll ill tubJp t low poplilatioll ill till prill hlPpltl i11 al(ln~ slI(11 as ()((llllpdiil 1il alllt1 1))2 a~ follopd hy a low poplatioll ill till SlIlIlill(l hnpdillu arpa ill(licutinu that thl plill iHtpltlill arpaS aIPtl1( ~()lIIT( of (lIP ~llIlIrllPI illfpshltiolls ill the X01t1w11I -tntl 1I0WP(I a high poplilatioll ill tillt sprillg IJIPCtlin alp dOlSllot IlIPan ihat n lwan illft~tatjlJlI ill alwy~ O((UI ill tlle XOltllll11 -tHjPS ill(middot( Illp ItilHlt poplilatioll hi(11 ()((IIIIpd in IDmiddotl7 lS lIot -foll()ld by tll( hilltst popshylila iOI1 ill tllP XOltllP11l iHates flllIPiOIP (Hia ill ndols 1gt10)ab1 1I1lfaOItbh WilHl (IIIPII(l and (pIlIshyplIatIlIPs lila illhihi( till 1l10pshy111(111 of pyllids JIOIll (ltp -plill to til 1111111](1 bllpdin areal bullpsynids IlPgill IllOin into thc SIllIllllll IIIppdin alNlS dlllilll (Itt

Iii w((ki l In t fllst the 1IIls III111ti)(IS nllil III tlIP 1shy

17 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OX THE POTAlO PSYLLlD

TABLE 3-Potato JJsyllid pOIJulations in the spring bleeding areas and at the peak of theil 17wvement to the SWll1llWr breeding (L1Ul8 19--52

_ V~lmbeJs of ad~I1t8 per 100 Slleep8

RUIIllllcr brltding arcas

---------~------~

SI)ring Xorl II 1)lutmiddotte-

bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2

1 llmb~rs Wlrp SU slIlulllhut no dcunito jlclk~ Were o)~[ed

Arkan~a~ YaHc- Gleele- distrIcL VJIIPy ___________~______~__

Xum- Tillie of XlIll1- Time of XlIll1- Time of bel IJeak bel peak bel peak

----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I

J] 13 TUIlt 2middot1 4 Jllh- 8lIay 27 62 July 10 ulmiddot ]

97 lra 20 ]9J July 81 IJl1lj J()S lJn -- 1(j( July ]3 Jul

3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11

kallsas Yaney hieh is ill thl lllO--t outhlrnparL The jll(lellsl rellehillf[ a peak hWIl 1Iay ~T to Jtl1le ] n

~Jthouph thl lllOWllllJ t into the (irel-]ey distriet and the 01tll Plntte YalJey blgin at apIHoxishyllwtc-h- rile salll( time a that hlto t1lP rkallsas YaJ1eyit is 10nl

alld the peak population are not leac-1lPd lllli1 about Tuly 1 Appa1shypni1y pnr-t of this J1lOelllPllt is from the dnllISfl Yanl~middot Fpel pslshylid- nndJ t11(gt Xorth rlaUe Valley nwn the rknnsas aUE and t11( (-)-1N-1e distr-kt

The fadors aflecting the 1l10Wshymelli of psyllids frolll the spr-illp to tile summer hre((ling urea 11lImiddotl no bleH c-ompletely c](-i(rl1JiJwd Apshy]Hllently the lllostilllporinnt are tE-ll1)leaiue and winlt1 ]llOlll1Pnts Psyllicl bef[in llloying from the spring brelding fir-ens ill ~fay -hell temperatures are aboye 70deg F 1]] e) begin arrjying in thl SUl1lJlHr hree(lshyinp areas w](n the temperatnJls ar-l from approxirnately GiiO to (lOo~ but fhe preatest ll](YlJ1]ent OC(lllS W1Wl1 the hmperahne is betpen GOO and 70deg PyJ1ids are so SlIm]] Ihnt tIll shouJd he aJrected bv wind (lIJTPIltS

after tlll start ]llOing- TIll pn shy

uiJhl willds lilllill Iuy lind Tune are fl()Jl] thl lOlltll as f~lr north a~ Ilortil(Imiddotj Colorado ilnd jIOUl th( 1lOrtil wp( in PHstlrn ~yOJ1l illg an([ ntlrn Xell1aslm (Iig 0) Tili ould faTOI a lllOe]]]ellt of pyllilti IS far 11Olth a~ Ole (ireeicY dishi(j lllHl ma a((OUllt for th~ sl1lall(l 1l1llJlbe] in tlH Xo-th Platte YalllY Jt hough tilP ])Jenlilinp yill(~ls fnc)1 a llorthward Jlloy(gtJlleIlL thlre will bl SOJ1lP days when nIl -inltl ill hl flOlll tllgt Wroll (lilletion If mall of thpse days R11OUl(J oeell dmmiddotjug t]w limp of lllOCJlllllt)it migilt l((olilli fOl nIP tomparashytingt] ]011 nUlllbpls in the Sllmlllel lw(((linQlllClS after high pOPlIJashyt i()1IS j lJ the Rpri llg breeding n1eas

MOVEMENT WITHIN THE SUMMER BREEDING AREAS

The rapjd ltleerNlsP in psyllid J)0J)shyIllations in flIP ]owel e1eYati()])s (Arkallsas Yal1ey) (irll]eY dishiet and Xorth Platte Yaney) of the ~lIlllllHI blp((1 ing illPItS d lrjng July when the host plnllts are in ex(llshy1pnt eOlldition and the tlmperntures ar( lliplles( indieaies tllnt psylJids 1110( away from thefie nreas To dehmi ne w]wt1wr this JnOV(~ll]eJlt

18 TECHXICAL mLLETlX 1107middotC f DEPT OF AGH1CTLTFHE

is tmnll(l 01( moulltains he1( iIItelvals d1IJJ11 the Ilowi III period lower tempelnttueH prenliJ slllYevs pHh YlUmiddot flom llJT 10 1 ))() Tnbk wele made in both llih nnc1 low alshy + SHW-t lll l(Slllt 01 Ihps( counts titudes ]Jl the SIIJIl]lWl bleedin~ and t hl aWlngl weeldy telllp(rashyareas (poundil 9) Population eouns (lins at (Heh Jo(utioJl were made on eultiYattd llllltli shy Ea(11 YPlI ps(ppt 1))() thpll wast mOlly-vine ill the Greeley distlid at ra pid iiHl(aSl ill psyllids at LaTashya 11 il(Yntioll of 4000 fe(( a lid t t mit It (Itt salll( time that 1 lapitl Laramip Yro atmiddot T~()l fpltt dp(lpasp o(IlITPd in t])p (~lPl ley (ouMs WPle imh at 1- to -wllk di(lid (tnbllj) TllJ Illy WPlkl)

11311- t--Jhluti()lfshil lwtlll 11~1lJlilllI r (JJltllli(JII8 of jlNyllirlx (lui tClIlshy

PltltIIlYN of lou ((If(1ty) IUlil hiOh (Tlllfllllil) 17(ilimIN mF--j(j

(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO

JyJlid~ TlIlI- Pdlid Tlfllshy IYl1irb TlIIlshy Idlid T(IHshyJ)(1 Jon j)(rtt- [llIIOO Jwntshy prr 100 pPIU- 1)(1 I 00 1)(ltlshyWllp 111f(gt ~Wlllb t 111( II C(P t 111( -(llfb turp

middotF SI(IIImiddot r r Imhtr or ~Ja Ii j(i 20 43 ~[u~ nl fl52 j2 42 ~ra 20 ~j IO () j(i 14 )2

~Ia 27 it Iigt 1004 j) ISS 47Ii1 UU 3 4 S in s (il 10 X 3 bullhlll ]0 O l- t Ii 71 2H 8 )l Ii I (jJ )Illl 17 n a 74 30 () jmiddotl 0 S 72 bull11111lt-24 () li2 l17bulli 70 lli i lik 11thmiddot I Ii J liS 2la Ii 72 10 -) 71 Jillmiddot X II 2 71 30 7j 7middot1 1 Ii) J Illmiddot ]) J 1 7) 70 71 (11) 22 iiO 71 7) 17 l- liX 1 IIImiddot 2 a Ii X 7gt middot1 I 1 3 70 ~llgj 2 n 71 220 73 70 II 12 12i 71 2middot1 7 7middot la 71 II 1J 72 72 liD 1I20 100 7a 72 an () li7

LI~IIE

~ray IL 47 l ~Iay 1 41- ~Iaimiddot 20 JU 4f ~llli 27 - 2 middot1 iO () 1 hl(middot l o is 2 I gtj ~u 1 IUIP J () II i I j2 () i7 11Il1l 17 iO I() ri) il () Ii 11111(middot2middot1 l2 j2 Ii o HI July ] )1 2 1 liD Ii I a 1i2 Iul X ( Ii li7 2 fi middot1 1imiddot1 o li2 lttlimiddot I) (iii 10 X iii (j2 (4 Juli 22 Ii i1 1imiddot1 141 -1 1i1 (] il-gt JlIl~ 20 7 () lik 24 x f)middot1 IHi () (J up j 30 k (i) li1 IlS middot1 IiIi iiI upbull 12 no fi7 10 () Iimiddot] 10 Ii Iii HI III HI n 117 1i1 IiI AIII2f1 III 1imiddotmiddot1 Iii in

bull

bull

bull

19 ErorOGICAL STUD] I~S OX THE POTATO PSYJLLD

bull terllllemtulPlt at ltTleeley weill nboye 70deg F y]h is the optilllUlll for psyllid pormlatioll increas(s whereshyas at Laramiegt (t1l1pelnl1l1PS YP1e bptY((11 no alHI 7(P 4il1(p psyIshylids do lIot OWnlilltp1 at LalHlliip it ilppenlS that they mowltl iJlto tlw ltllPa fn)Jll (iTPpley ~ppalelltlr somp oitllP (l~(reas( on lllatlilllOllshyyjllP iJl tJl( Olpegt]ey (Lit rid J1Iay ix attJibutpd to a lilOHJlPlIt to thp pad potaicl (rop This (rop is apshyploll(hillg JlwtllJity ill Tnl) anltl

slJlall ill(j(asps ill t(lult psyllidB lIayp lWPll o1splPlt lit tllis t inlP The jJlallt~ an lalg (lOlllh to pmshytp(( psylhds froJll hIgh tPll1lwlashytmp Thpl( is apparPllt b a l(lllJ1l Jl]OPIlIlnt flOIll pari) ]l(llatops in

IlJatliIlIOIlilIP illlltllst af(pltlw (]op has 11((11 hIIp-(lt-d

bull 1Jl ]t)Il kll I hl a PIatP tPlllshy

j)PIUIIIIP ill Illl it OIPpitydid not goilltwh alJop 1lip op( illllllil 101 psyllid till lt1((I(t( ill lt11l1l- lllS

]P-s t hall ill otllPl plllS TItlIp WllS

1I0 tOTPIHlllciillliIlCIln-p at L1II

Illil thnt (nl iJi I i1olldl 1(1111)(11shy

tll~l- P]P llilnl]p ppalllltly tIll was n 1l10YPIIHIlI 11lltl1 to (11(

(middotarly po(ato (]op in tilt (~]((lp di (rid Iat I1ll tilllll 10 lliIH1 (IpnlshytiollS flip (PIIIIHIltlln as lIot high PIHIIIt11 to OI(P p-yllid io IllOp to ltt (oo1lI alPH

FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATIONS IN THE SUMMER BREEDING AREAS

TH f~ 01- n 1((( illl ]gt-)11 ill pOjlshylllallOI1-11l tllp jloint()-gToillgHIPlS oftlJ( XOltllPl11 talps tPPPII jo IJ( (qllldly imjloltallt as (hos( ill (hp splillg alit lIill((I hl(pltiillt lI(n

bull 1gttlIipJ (J) IPjlolIPd Illal Ilw siz(

of all illfestatioll ltllPPI1ltls ltlcrph UPOIl t lip (I)( of sPlI-ol1-til7t t lllodllatlly warlll -plillg with loll raillfall i (ollelwin to a psllitl onUIIpak lIe hplip(d Ihat tIl( ilrioIlS ()llfbntk of ]lll lnigll( lillY( hlPIl attliiJlltpc] to lHolahlt SP)jllg (011 ci itiOllS) wili(]1 aJ] 0 Nl

tlllt IOII1I(1ellPlIjps to nplwal ill the

plaills spctiolls ellrly j II ~plil thu-i Plwullllt a [(1lemtion or two of psylliltl (0 bj(pd bei)Ip early potamiddot toes were uJl Ac(ording to HartshyIllan (7) high tlJnpPltltmps in lat( JUIl( tlnd puIy July lpdu(p psy]lid ltla mag-p List (l1) Jms -hown hy InlioltiolY tp-ts that psyl1iltls tilJil )(st nt about -[J F that m-ipo-i t iOll hat(hilH alld sl1lil1 alP IP

dll(pd at a ((ntHllt tpllllwJatm( of t)[) and (ha t lOW foJ Oil b 1 01 ~ lIol1 a ltla 1- ]ptlial to p~t and llyJI1[lhs (111(1 UJ) j(~p()Itpd llta Jdgh tPIII])(IalnJls HI( (onmiddot ltIII(ip to a low ill(idplIl of pyl lidn-llcms ]gtlp(s(11 (ll) found tha(tPIH( tPllljlplltll](- fJum Ttlshy(0 7n CltllSPlti psylliltls to (olllpl(tp d((lopIlHlll ill ~() to T (IlYS tPIlIshy

IlIlalllts fro 11 1 riO to 70 ill ) to IT dars Hlld ati~ tlll- fli]pd to ((Jlllllilt( ([ppIOjllllllIt ill )i da rdlis (If) has SJIO1l that 1~llP pri Il(i pal flltiols a 1((t illg ]1-11 i(l populatiolls lIJilI lllly 1 ill tl)(l

Ol( h PJatip YnJlpillr 11)111 illt and Xe1JJtkn HI( t fllt illit il1 il1fl~-t af iOll (In sip of lip host plant s tlllcilliHSillllllll (PIlIjJ(Intlllp- Iltllillg In b J [( fOlilld I lw I lhmp-llollllnl tPuiPPJHtllllS ill lllly ill 0 IPtlll(P

pl)pllltioll~ (hal (Il( -lIhPltjIlPIlI hllildllp i~ (Iy -Io pX(lpt Oil llIlly-po(ato plnllts tllnt tll lalg (110111211 ill Jllly to jlIOt(I( tItp 111shylids hOlJ) (ill hot SIIII Hill (8) ](shyjlOI(P(iUIl IIllllSIWi wpa t liPI (011lt1 ishy( i Oil jill l~s n )-(1 I of It igil jl-y11 id poplllatioll hell Tlll -ns 1(1)

(t with fpw hot ltlars alld _IItllst nlid SPjl( lllilwl -P]( tx(pptiolinlly 1111111 c((IIdill (0 lIill swh (HUH) (olltiitiolS alp Inmibll fo tlip cPP]OjlIlH1I1 of SlU111l1ll

poplll1i ions of PyJ] i(- t 1](1 lll(I (J1(urlp(l (Jllly i II 1 OlWI pal ( ] ~Z) fJ()l1llO~l to 1 010

Temperature

From JDU to 1 ))O wpekl T suJshyPy- wP]e mHrlp of n(ult l)syllid pO]lllla tiolls 011 llll t Ii mOlly-vim

20 TECHXICAL BCLLET1X 1107 1 S DEPT OF AGHTCFLlTHE

hi(h ha the ]OI1(t IOWiIl ppshyrind of tlly of tllP hot plant Table J holl th( )ehtioJ1lhip beshyhY((ll Tune amI Jllly tellJpllnhlltl th~ peak pOIJlllations ()((-Illlilll nilulit July 1 and thl nnll[te IlIly poplIlntioil ill pt(ll ypar

TILI J-J7at iOIl~li i ji twt IIIUI

11111( flllIl Iuly liJlIIIrltuns fl( 1((11- 81111111 lollI1lifiolN of 1IlIshylids Oil IIlfdliJlI()II-Imiddotilll Iwl till ltu1Iwlllnd 11(711 I(j liIIat lOIlR JJV-middotj()

194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO

Y(lragp Jopl11tltioll l(IIIP(I shy IWI 100

ature w((P J)~tp of populashy

(gt1 shytion UPppnk illlull July 1

pPHk lllhmiddot Hflrr pltHk

lIll- SUllishye F C F Jlr ur

shy(j) 73 1 till( 24 4 - (j) 73 July 1 31-14 Ii Gii 7ii )ull Iii 4 3 (j4 71 )III~middot X _I Xshy

iiJ 73 )111middot R 31 9 (i7 7G JIIIIt 2middotJ 7 2 til 7ii July R 4 3 (i(j 78 J till ] 10 4 (iG 7Ii 1111middot I XI ]0 un 70 Jll~ ] a 4

Tlle( IP(()I([ -how lhnl lh( PII-IIII1Il](gtI ppnk i Ilot hJlllltIItpd hy 11]( IlIlIjgtPIntiln ill J UIlt dlllI tlw poplllatioll ilbllildillg up Popshyllti()ll~ hUll(llip (0 it pCa) durin 1 UIl tcllI pprn t t1JP Ialli ng fro III j) (0 G7 F FOIlI I JI 10 1)middotW 11l1l lpnlt J Ill) (Plllpprat lIJP- nlllltl flom 71 to 70 11111( PJ(

nlt IpdllCrioll in populal iOIl fJ(J1I1

t hi toaIlY-lllIIIIIPI plakI IOIlPPI ill ] 0 wlwn tll( t (gtnlle J Illy t(lllshypl)at IIIP lIa 70 pogtIIIt( iOIlS (011shy

(illllPd to build liP through Jllly TIl( 1111)(1 lilllil of tlIP optillllllll llllll( 101 fll(gtil dpploPIIIlllt 1hp)(shyj01(~ (PillS to 1)( IWa 7(P

Noneconomic Host Plants

(plta in 1101l((OIlO]lli( ]1OS( phnts SPITP H IP(lTOil~ for il1lomin adlllt psylli(h fro II I OYlllIiIltPlillQ ~()lll(l~ Rl([ p)Oi(Jp pli Ilg Igt1Pllt1shyinl p1n(Ps 10) ]lopltlatiol1s thai latel 1l1OYl to clllfintipd hoI For a Itot plalH to hl of impoltnlwP If a Plill IJrppdinl (III](P it~ lOwth bull (11 I t IJl ()(TU 11(11(( of psyll ids Oil it Ill11-t jlIP(p(le that of till (ultishyyatp(] host

~IHtliJlJ()lly-lmiddotjll( tnd pot at () PIOllt in (1111 pill tlP tli( host plant hayilll rhp IlptIPtinflushy(l(t Oil pyllid ahllllltlal1( MatJi shy1lIOIlImiddotmiddotyilH pub out leuT ill pli1 ill Ya11ll ~pal()lts b- t11l first of tltat IllOlltlt Potato lllouts ill l1I11 piles abo -tart IOmiddotj Il inApril ( lollmldHlrip i1ltl pllPllninl plnHts tIlllt JPprOdIICP lJ~ lootstoek (lo Hot (()]Il( II Jl ltllt il aftcr Illt Ii rst of ~IlY alHl al( too Illall to attract pyllill until JIIllP Hllflalo-blil a wild Hnllual llop lot ~(nllall p IIJ II I ulltil nf((1 tIl( fil~t of Itlll

Endy potntOl IIP plnlltpd ill pril alld lIP IIslInlly up by tltt mi(dlp of ~In )(dilll1l potato IIhidl llJP tltp pnlliPlt plantill of IIIP COJlshy

1I1PJ(ial Int( (10]gt 11 plantl1d frOJll

~Iny ~i to IlIlIl 10 Tlip Jat( (JoJl i- plalltpd JIOI1I J II Ill ~() to lO Hllll 1(1 of tltp--p plnl1t alp IIJl l)(forp J IIh

-111YPY of tlip spring ]lojllllashy(i(]ll~ of adlllt psyLli(l- Oil rllPs IIO-t plnnts ill (ltp )OItl1 Plattp Yallpy lPIt JlIaltl( floJil lDJ 1 to lJjO TIlt alprnl prill~ pOPltlatiom pdol to J IIh ] In showl1 ill tabh G

IlllilliOIlImiddot-ImiddotillP 1I1ld (II pofatIP 1(11 lr far thl IIIOtmiddot Illlportll1t a

pri Ill 1(lITO] IS a 11lt1 IJIPp(Jill[

OIII(P of p-yllids 1111( plant t 1Ilild )()t It a11(1 d of Ill ollllI host plll1l a Ild II(JP i 1llIpforl 1-ailnlJlI til Ip((ill pyllitll f1U111 OPIlIilltlIill SOIIIll l onsiltPIshy]Ip laliatiolI ill popIIlHtiollS flOlIl OIl spaoll I () a lIo11I(gtI ~ )lotld with (u11 potato( Thi Ia (ltlP

bull

bull

bull

21 ECOLOGICAL STCDIES O~ THE POTATO PSYLLID

bull TaBU 6-AVeia[Je 1111mbe18 of (ahilt potato p~illlid8 gt(1 100 81((e jJ8 on dijfeellt 7108f8 prio] to luly 1 in the YOJth Platte r(dle~y H)p-jO

X Ollclonomic hOFt Cultivated host 1

Year Ialri shy Cull (lround- BII(falo- Early [ediIl1l1 TomashymOllyshy potato eheJJit~ bill potatoe potatopg toeyine sproul -~ -~------------- ~--- ----__-- - _--- -~~

1941 3(j 52 3 I 2 1 middot1 1942 OR 42 2 1 2 (J ]1943__ (J 1 ) 0 () () 0 1944 JO 52 ] 1 2 0 1 1945 3 a I 0 0 0 1946 4 1 0 0 () () lJ J947 I 2 0 () 0 () () 1948 -I 3 0 0 2 () J 1949 20 331 li) 3 13 195()~ 2 3 0 0 0 A (ra_ 15 49 T 2 1 2

I 0 psyllitls fOUlld oubl J)OlatO[S

bull to f]llillg lJOfll Iidl killed the lasily ])I(llIlllt1 by plCadinp Ihp slllsitiy( potato phmts ill SOllll tublls ill a sillll hCI 1IPI thl ell rs 1at ri 111 011 -Y in( as 1 oti 11- al( ltlUJlJ])((l S) that tllly alt pxshy] II )(lt1 by frost a Ild the oilHI hosts jl()ll 10 OJ( IIIIS rlly Killing tIlgt (gtIP not glOwi Ilg d Ili ll~t 1])( irosi Splouts willl e1lPlllilills is too pxshylgtPIiod h ma lll cOllelll([ed that pPllsin al(l -Iow h) bp of llllllh gloulllt1elHIlils a IH1 ]HlI11t1o-blll ]JPllPfiL (Jl llot illlportallt psylli(l host plants ill Ihi lIpH Time of Planting Potatoe

fllch bpllPlit (olll Ill oltnillpd In (liminntill tlll (llltinltlll JIlat 11- FilmiddotIcI (1)PIationii hanmiddot illltli(atlll

thnl~ (HIly-plan(pd potalms allIllon-illl and potato prolll in (Ill] pillS Oil wllillI tllp psyllids 0]shy 1ll0lP subjpli to atltek b psyllids lltt~ aJld hJ(pd in tlIP sprillgHis nlall laiPI planting nnd fllllltpl illlj)l(ti(ill to attempt to (OlltO] thn t]l(infllwnep of high iPIII])Inshywild jrilllJl in 01( winic) and IlllP on r(dulinr pOIlII]at iOlls is SJlImiddotjllg hJ(gtpding n IPas silHl it i- so llliniUlizpd 011 parlr plalltills ill(

ahllnlt1alll and wiipspllal1 plant of hie]1 alp ]alglt al Ill( t illll (ulthatp(] JIlafTiJllolly-illP (all 111lxilllUll1 HIllllllPl 1PIII])(Inlllp-

O((UIbe Pasil killtd willl middot~ t--J) J f To dptPIll1ill( tIl( (liflenIHP illglltllJpdolll IllW pIa Ills illapllIilJ

SIIS(Pptibililmiddot 10 psylliltl allnlk l)(~fr01J1 rootstock IPlllaillil1 in till t ((11 (alIL IlWltiiUIlI Hlld Jajllioil c) it i- dillieult io kiil ill this pltlltinps ( poatols ~ populatioll

bull J1WtlllPI

( HIli fS WlI( 11 Iit ltll () II thPSt (10 psi IIPotato JlImiddotonts that )To in (111 Illp XOlth Plnlilt Yallp fro II I In))pilemiddots al( (X(lUll1t igtIPlltiill pla(Ps to lliL (ount of HIIlJt W(I(

for pSvl1ilt1s h((1I1-( tllp dllIst madp br t he Sl(IHIP( J)lli hod atrlowth ]JJOiPltii tlwlll flolll high Jixld OhSlITiltjOll poinls at 1-1(1tlIll]lCIHhllp T]Hst sPIouls die ill iMpIrals (luli II) till )T()i lipJuly from lade of Hloist IHprOnj ng plliod TIll Hllagt saKonal popshy1he psyllids to moe 10 otllel plants Illation JOI paeh (10]gt paeh (u is The g-lowth of tl1(s( sprouts (all be I (11 in I able 1

22 TECHNICAL BLLLETIX 1107 G S DEPT OF AGRTCCLTPRE

Oel a peljoel of 1+ (aSO]) l psylshylid populations on early potatops lyelafietl eOlliltlelnbly biglIN than on latc~r planting an(l slightly higher on thE medi lim (]op than on the latp (]0]gt POjlulations 011 the ml~diuJll planting (gtIP only -1 P(gt]shycelt and th()~( Oil tilt JaIl emp only 2S ]HIttn(- as high n 011 the talI~ elOp On tlll blp (OJgt tlwy Plt 83IHITPnt high as on the llwdillnl (]op

Thple ~ptlll 10 ill t YO HaSOllS I-or the hiQlwl populations Oll (ally poshytatops rhiscrop is growing in thp splingyhplI tllt psyll ids H 1( lllost alllllHlant and by rllly till p]a11t- a 1( so lalgl that tll( folitgp ]J1otp(fs tlw inspd~ from till llot SUnll11C1 tplll j)l In (nl(-

In ]D-l1 ]D+2 and ]J-I~ (sts WPI(gt lIladp to clpl(nnin( till Iplationsllip betwtPIl the telllpllatlllp in til( fo]ia( of Yillious--iypl potnto ]Jlunl- and thl ail tlllllwlntUIl TlwllllOlOll pIps WPIP plneld ] Il t lip foliap ~ 1-lt) illcllps allOY til( oil and plOtpete(l hom tllp UI1 ray ]r (hp lean Thlpp illplll10shy

(wpl( PIP pl1((lt1 ~() f(p( np1lt ill Ptl(h plot and rpadings YPl( IlWdl

daih nt ~ p ilL IHU thp Ii lllP of the Illaxilll1ll1l nil ilIll])(rtllllp ~il tPIlIIJ(Ill IIlPS WPIP In iPIl flOIll n IlJPIJllOglaph Illal tIll plotmiddots

P-PIl1 fuctols pIp Jonnd to nishyfp(( Illp foling( (Plllp(lntIlIC TlIishyI-ntiOlI which (lt11-((1 a higlHI Ia[e (If PHIHlIHtioll 110111 Ill( oil 1111shy1I(p Iwlt1 a ((Jolin pllp(f lligh willd wlcwitips ill(lpflSP(t tJlP il(IIshylation of ail (HlIillg jolingl Hwl ail (PllllwlIlIPS (0 Ill (10(1 -oshy

U((HI The gI(la(cs( (Ii nPI(Jl((s Olshy

(lilTed Oil (Invs 01 Ill1lXillllllll nil (Ill jlpln t IlIPS tlOP H) F Ylwll air IPllljlPI1hll(S (Ilwlo TOC foliagp tpIllpplat 111( 11(1( SOli(shytinHS pnl1 higllPl Tlll most illlshy]lOI(illt factor as the sizl of (Ill

tempelatllle when it was above uno F as as follows bullIII(III~ OF [IIC1t(gtR 0p

~ J(i___ _ ____ _ 10G JS_____________ _ 10(j---~~-------1middotL __________ _ G ~(L ____ ____ _ n10____________ _ ( 22_________ _ n

1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l

This glpa-l1 tlJll]JpJattllp l((lucshytioll ill lug( potato plants a(colYlts for thp iad that p-yllid poplIlatJOllS ]10 thp gTlatttmiddot il1IPHSP on eallyshyplalli((I p()tatops which all lalgpin July

VALUE OF SURVEYS

Tltl potato p-yllid (Hll O(tllI in Olltblpak 1lI1111)PIS alit (allsP a (OJIIshyplptp (IOp los bl1olp itmiddot is lp(ogshyIliypd In the I()-PI Sin(( tile inspet is ill(OJ)SI)icllou- and its 0111shy

IJIpak- al( indpI)(lHlpnt of the preshyiolls (als iniptntioll in potato lipId illlJp is 110 mlllling 11IIildnp I t is (h(I(fol psplltinl that gTOYshy bullPIS lJl infolnllcl (a(h sPljllg of psyllid lt()llditioIlS lnd ~~lIl(d (I all posslblp ollll)Jpnk III obtul1 (lIp Ill(p~Sa IT in-foll1laiioJl SII1()S

I1I1S( IJP IlIa(]( h) follow tht (]Pt]opshywent 01 thp ill-pd in itsdiiallt OVelshywintplillg nnd pring b1((gt(li ng lupas as pH as in the potnto-groYJl1g Hl(as

~11lYPS in (lip oy(gtl-jn(pring l1(ts otsoll(hw(SlaquomiddotIl TlXHS laJc ill Jmlllll Ol(il ill ]lt(])llInn sho hm wklps]ll(nI tllP illfpstation is a I1dho slI((pssJlIy Owgts)ll id has OPIwilltltIpd S II I Y l Y s clulinl- 11(11 and plil will show hm Iapid] populations alp bllilding tip and --pl(adillg ((J thc north and Ilonll(gt( and 1I(gttll(l 1101 pJants Hn ill fnolalJI( condition for tlt( dpl]opllwnt oj ouliJrenk Jllllllb

lu short (hp ill givp somp illltiicashy(ion of lilt liul11lwn of psyl1ids thaI bull will 11( [Iailah1( to JllOP into the

plnnt- potato-glmring Hlpas in )(ny In Fol plants of (lifltlPllt hlight tlte tlll pota(o- and tonlato-Ulowmg

aN(rnp(J(~dlletjoll 0( 101 iage temshy apnS it is illlpoltant- that the ahul1shypplallllp )(Iow Ollmaximum nil d[n(( of (lip iJlspet on matlimon)shy

23 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE POTATO PSYLLlD

vine be detetmillea as Yell as on other early hosts suell as potato sprouts in neglected en11 ]lil(gts

bull Surveys jn the RJ)ring breeding

areas dmjng the ourse of these studies haTe made it possible to

bull

warn growers of the 1Ieed Jo npplrshying inseeti(ides in outbreak years FOl exam pIt iu IH+l psylli(l popushylations in ontbreak prol)(Htiom ill Colomtlo IYYollliJlpound a11d Xel)laka were fo]eeel JrOl1 t11(gt llIIH of slllTeyS made ill ~Iay HIH1 lroyshye1S (l( warned (-hnt ridd (011shytrol llltgtallles would Ill Ill(lhd Throl1ghollt thi entin lPgioll ill fiel(]swhplP (011 tlO I nHaulPS wel(1 not applipd (IOP ]oi(- IPI( almol olllplpte ((()Jdillg 10 til( )lill

((llHl of lIilldtlllP HpplOxishyJJJltely 12lti()()() a(1( of potatoP are LTOH in thp pyIJid-illJ(tPII tIPl ith a tottl 1)JHhlltioll of apFIoxishynmtrh- jJ JIIillioJl lJ11hpb HowshyPPl 1m about 1hlpp-follIIh of (hi lWlpngl g]OpJC apply (onllll] IlIPSlIJPi PHdl pal whpthpJ or lIot

all ill PCtatimi O(Clll- Thl ](_ l111tindpl ]gtIollilltiJlg Hpproxililatply jll IllilliOlI buslwls with a farlll t]tlP of ltlpplOxilJlatPly 111 millio1l (lollus rould Ill a (0I1Ipll(p 1o in ol1tinpnk Y(1ls without nil tlpJllllshypliutp rarlling to (llp glOlJ

Thl StllTPYS ill (lip -prillg blPPtshyjng HJ(lls hoult hl foliopt In l()~al SUITt ill (ht potato fhld~ rilh tl](gt aid of lllth iUITPs llOWshy(] 1IP(([ aplly illp((iei(illt ollly whpil (jlltlO] j j(middotp(hmiddotd FOI lXshy1IllJplt ill LJlIIlIllie (Ollll(y Iryo wltpJl 1i()(J() il(P 01 l()lntOl art ]j()j lll1nlh- dmllngp(1 In illS[(t othp thmi tllp psyllid glOWP1C (IP u(lis(rl l10t to apply lHp(ti (i(lpoundgt dlllilll Ii (IIS of this llld TIlP -tn-IJIg of iuspdj(idp nnd ItshybOl ill thi ((Jlmty YH- pstilllatpd 1(

(i()IHHl dolla IS P( yPt 1

bull SUMMARY

tll (ologiea I s( IId 01 111( ]loshyIn t (J ps)11 id ( Iltlt Ii()z(j (middotOfI1 nlli

(~u]e)) 1Ii(11 cULIses psy]]id yelshylows of potato and t(l1lato plants was made dlling the pClio(] 1)39-52 to det(lntillc tile tllllSP of psy11id ouHlIpaks

Thp ]lotato psyllid O(CUIS in X01t11 and out1l Dakota XpiJltkn Kansas Oklahoma alld Tpxa and all Sh~tps pst of tltPIll PX((pt

ashintoll and o1llO11 HilIt Illimidi(v npJlt1plltl) jl1llllt it from llIO-ill past of thPH Sat(o

PSllid n~II() apIIPHI first Oil plants at thp pdge of (It lipid alld pIOglPS-p I ()t Ill til( (PilI (gt1 TIlt iilt syillptoms in lorain plants arp Ull upward curling 01 tIt(gt hanllJOIshytioll of jptflpt llPI Illp top of th( plallt alld a plIlpling (J Ilip (IIIIPd porI iOIl bullC lil ltIisPtp ad npJ(p

(hp tops of t hp planr- h((oIllP dadld alld tllP nf1pdpltl jPtPi lJpshyCOIllP thid and ]PHfllpl aIHI pPlllllshyally (1Ill ypllo or ]llllpli-h 111shydlIlIollJlll thpl I a ]1(gt1 -p[ of sJlllll lItHI clo to t IJp Illiill i(-PI11 TllP-( (111)(1 IIlat UIP (ltrl prout H Ild p1od tI( s(o1J([n Iy -lolr)1ls hi(h Illa pi additiollal iUJP1S TIll IlIlwl~ alp u-tlall ulllllnl]ptshyublt

111( hot pltnt art (ollfimd 11shy1110( (ntinh- to niP fnlllil SolanshyH(PHp Til( only olhpl plmts flll

11ich it i kllOWil to hlPld In iip]d l)il1d(((] I1lolnill-tlOlY [1]1(1 -(pl ]loll 10

111( ]Iot1io p-yllill (jpnrinlpl ill T(x1i am] OllthPI1i Xl I(xieo flpci IIg Illosil- ()]1 willl J~I(hlJl 1)1plojJlIJlnt Ilpally -(ops dUIilll Jmlll1IY bPIlllt of low tlJll]lprashytlln- htlt iSIPII111ldin FpiJllIHlr

j 11 illlt illlil1 till tc1ulls 1(l(1 to (1l( Jl()Itll or J]ollh(st witlt tlH pllniliup WInds

Till Jl-yllicls 1l10p flOIll tlip -pring lJlPpclil1L HIP1-lt ill T(xns awl Xl pxi(o il1to tllP ]gtoimo-gJO ill ans of (ololacio n)JJlilll 111(1 Xplmtskn flli J1JOPlWn( ()~_ (lI1S dlllilll fa and 1111(gt wb(lll

I-Pill ]lp)a (1I1psi Il th( pota (O-LOi Il

24 TECHNlCAL BCLLETIK 1107

aras nre between (l0deg anel TOdeg F The [reatest moement is in Tune leaelllng a peak near Jnly 1 Psyl~ lid popUlations ill the plains areas decrease rapidly ill July hen telllshyperatures [lyeIllge ahowTl)deg There i a cOlresponding inerease in the mountainous areas where temperashytures are lower

-tllllllier populations of psyllids JIl the potato-growing areas are also die(ted lly the size of the host plants WllPnlllaxil1l111ll telllperatUles O((Ul

LlIge planb su(h as earl)- potashytop proteet psyIlid frol1l high temshy]Itlatules in J lily

In potato-growing areas the 01 shy

JHIII1tlltal phlllt IllatTIIIIOlI--YiIlP and pile of plol1ting (till potatoes are illl]lOltant SOlll(e- of ]Jsy II id infesshytations to tllltinlled (10 Po )[uch Ulllelit (til l)p obtailled In (jetro-shyillg theie toit plallts ~(atlillloll-

LT S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

yine may be easily killed by sprayshying with 2 --D Sprouts in cull piles may be preYented by scattering the cull tubers when dumped so that the- are not more than one bull lnyel in tlepth

GloundcllflIies and buffalo-bur which nrc abundant in the potnto~ loyill areas are not impoltnnt 011I(es of infestation since they do not hegin growth until potato plltllts are aYHilable

_ 1)lefHson slItTey cneh rear of altlnlt psyllid populations on llOJlshy

eeonolllic host plants Yill indicate the expeetell population on potatoes 101 the [lowiJ1tseaon -lleh tLSUrshye 111 Slle up to 10 million bllshel of potatos ill the psyllidshyinfested ana ill outbreak WHrs and will plIe the fanllel the expense of treati Il[ with insecticides whell light atta(s are indicated

bull

bull

LITERATURE CITED (1) BIXKLEY A )1

ll)W TnAXS~ISSIOX STemEgt WITH rIlE XEW PSYLLID-YELLOS OIS~SE OF bull lt SO[-XACEOlS FLAXTS Science 70 61)

(2) CRAWFORD DIVID L 191-1 0 )IOXOGRAPH OF TnE JT)[PIXGPLTmiddotLl(E on pSYLTIOAE OF THE XEW

WORLD C S XatL )lus Bul S) 18r Ill13) DAXIELS LEsrgtIE B

107 lOXTROLLIXG COLOIUDO POTATO PESTS Colo Expt Bra BuL 4n 1 1)])(-1) Eosox H d andYuoo JEI-SIE I

In)) cnop IOSSES FIIO)[ PLAXT mSEES IX TIlE rXlno STTES IX 1 J3il C~ Bur Plaut lueIu Plant Di Hpt ~np 11i SJ-ll

()) ESSIG E O UIl7 TllE TOtTO XO JUItEL pRYIIIIJ Tonr E(nll Ent 10 41)-44-1

(6) GLICK P lt lUlJ TIn IHSTIURlTIOX OF IXSECTS Sp[[)lmS XIl )IITES

Dpt g-r Te(middoth BnL 1l7a 111 pp(71 fLJtT~rAX HLEX

1ln A STtOY OF POTATO PiiYLLlD YfrLOS IX wnBrrx( BnL Il 40 [llJ

(13) HILL ROSCOE R IH7 AX rlSlL WEffU-H SEQIFXCI- UTO)IPXYfXG

PSYJLID OrTIlHEK OF 1 ~ IX XI-IlIUK Kall gtSI2~

dJ) HIT(H(OCK (lLUlLES LEO

rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta

TUI~ SFltEm opouro But SOC Jour W

bull

1)degl~ A )[()XOGR~pnI( SnDY OF TIn (EXtmiddotl L)([[r OF TUE 1lSTEIlX nF~II SPHERE Ann Io Bot nard In I - I 17n374

tlO) KXOWTrox GEORGE F aud TH[)~l WYLIE T lJH HOST pLTS OF THE PlTHO plYfLIIl Tour E(middotOll l1n t 7 4 T

Ill) LIST GEOHGE )f In) TITE EFFJicr OF tE~IIEH1TRE POX E(iG llI-posrrJ()X EG TITC If XlJ

XY~[PILL DJimiddotEIOP)IExmiddotr OF PILTlUOZ CJ(KEHEILI -SmiddotI(I TillH E(middotOIl Ell[ t m10bull

1121

IllH TIrE POTITD XIl T(ATO PSYLIIIJ XIl ITS (OXTROr ox TOLTOf)o (010 Expt ta Bul -4+ aJ liP

f 11 lurSCH D r Il+7 THE POTTO psnL11gt PlRTllfOz n)CKERETTf snc ITS HWfO(Y xn

(OXTHOL 10I1r 21 Expr ~m Bu 4G l) VP 114) RrcHAHos B L

IH7 A XEW X[) IJESTRlCTIYE OISEE OF TIlE PIlTTO IX r--rU XIl IT IlEI TIOX Til TIn POTlTO plYLL Pnmro (1( AIllPt Pro( 1+ l+--H

f 1 I -_ and Bwoll H L IHjt PSYLIIJ) nLLOWS OF THE POTITI) Tourbull-rr RI middotHi I 1-1(i

IHi) RmrXEY V E In)) IlREt-DlXr HEI OF TUE TOJTO pSYLLHgt pBTIUOZ (O( rnmlI srltu

Jour E)middotOIl Eur l 101l 11 T j -TlU( KIlXlJ E H

U)l) FeInHETt Xf)TES ox PRYLfIllAE TKEX IX IlEWfA IlO[OpTFR (llllld Ellt 7t ~1-1

i 1S I -WEXK [YRflX Fr Illld TAn H DOetaA

IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l

THE pOTUO FU REI-TU XIl THE POTTO PSYIIID IX XfBfIKt Xehr ~rr Expt --ta BilL l7 1J 1111

R L SES()XL O((TItHES(E OF THE POTATO PSYrrID ex TIfF oOHTlI pl[TF

AUFX JoUr E(l)u Ent 10 fj)o(j+

fOTXfll psnLrn SIIEITlOX tJl HOT PJ-rTS TOlll Eron Enfbullld iIi-sI7

H O ()(CtmiddotlmFXIE OF HIGH TF~[PEIl1TRES IX WERTEHX XElllLK XI) TIIEm

pOR$IBU I(EI_TlOXSrtIP TO ()(TnmI-X(E OF PSYLUIl BPftpl PotatO in Xphl (t nod 7 7-I

bull

SYLLID AS A PEST

OFPOTATOES

bull ~ 0 r4lr

cr~ t1 0 fT tJj- OJc ~ en 0-= CJ1 CIJ= 0- (0 pj

rv shy --

e en 0ent- ~ ~ By R L Wallisb ~ ~ I ~

Technical Bulletin No 1107 February 1955

u S D EPA R T MEN T 0 F A GR leu L T U R E

bull

CONTENTS












bull









ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE





1











-_ -~-~ - - _--_- ------ shy~---shy

j


1__shy

1939~ ] G 1 1 ] 23 ]940 13 24 5 194] 5 ] 19 26 ] 912 3 6 2 (j 14 1943 5 ] 1 944 3 0 3 0 29 ] 945 R 2~--- ~--shy

)] 9Hi _ v - n 3 ]947 iJ 2 3 194B 39 1 7 13 1949 ] ii 9 4 i 3 4 1950 3 () i 7 1951 0 0 0 19j2 j 0 0

_-shy --~-~- -~shy











260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~


J








DISTRIBUTION








NATURE OF INJURY


bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull

bull

CONTENTS












bull









ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE





1











-_ -~-~ - - _--_- ------ shy~---shy

j


1__shy

1939~ ] G 1 1 ] 23 ]940 13 24 5 194] 5 ] 19 26 ] 912 3 6 2 (j 14 1943 5 ] 1 944 3 0 3 0 29 ] 945 R 2~--- ~--shy

)] 9Hi _ v - n 3 ]947 iJ 2 3 194B 39 1 7 13 1949 ] ii 9 4 i 3 4 1950 3 () i 7 1951 0 0 0 19j2 j 0 0

_-shy --~-~- -~shy











260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~


J








DISTRIBUTION








NATURE OF INJURY


bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





bull









ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE





1











-_ -~-~ - - _--_- ------ shy~---shy

j


1__shy

1939~ ] G 1 1 ] 23 ]940 13 24 5 194] 5 ] 19 26 ] 912 3 6 2 (j 14 1943 5 ] 1 944 3 0 3 0 29 ] 945 R 2~--- ~--shy

)] 9Hi _ v - n 3 ]947 iJ 2 3 194B 39 1 7 13 1949 ] ii 9 4 i 3 4 1950 3 () i 7 1951 0 0 0 19j2 j 0 0

_-shy --~-~- -~shy











260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~


J








DISTRIBUTION








NATURE OF INJURY


bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull











-_ -~-~ - - _--_- ------ shy~---shy

j


1__shy

1939~ ] G 1 1 ] 23 ]940 13 24 5 194] 5 ] 19 26 ] 912 3 6 2 (j 14 1943 5 ] 1 944 3 0 3 0 29 ] 945 R 2~--- ~--shy

)] 9Hi _ v - n 3 ]947 iJ 2 3 194B 39 1 7 13 1949 ] ii 9 4 i 3 4 1950 3 () i 7 1951 0 0 0 19j2 j 0 0

_-shy --~-~- -~shy











260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~


J








DISTRIBUTION








NATURE OF INJURY


bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull



260

~ 240 ~ 220

o g ~


J








DISTRIBUTION








NATURE OF INJURY


bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull


bull

N Dr

bull









j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull

j

bull



r1 ~ I i

I t- 1 t 1lf 111 1

llil 1

middott It shy

1 1

t gt11 I d

J 1 1 it

I ~ ~ [ l~ f

bull

I i 1 11 ~ 11 l I I 1- - IlI1l j

1 ]1- - f1 t d t ttt - ) If


j t Itt of l ii



11

1f t 1r ) 1 ~ (


1 ~1 -~ - i I I ~ a


j i ) ~ 1 f 1~t lJ j


~ f H II I j - il



i - I I r ltu1













8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull






8

11 c



The Adult



bull TC~ 7099


-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull

-----







of t h(gt lPll PS




The Egg




bull




The Nymph







HOST PLANTS






]lP)JP( )























(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull






















(]1(11))

[lClui(tl(t IJ

(puJple gJ(lllJl(l





ValiNii Dunnl




































bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull













bull ~Ilnthaceae








TC-7245



bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull


bull

TC 716









bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull


bull

bull TC-7Z47



OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull


OVERWiNTERING


















N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull


N OAK

(S OAK

bull

















bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull













bull

bull







-Id jon Ill 11 -1111111111 1IIIPI



II III III ( 1





---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull




---------~-- ~ -~-------- - -~----~--











0 0 0 0 0 12 T 0 J1 T T

10J 8 Ii ] shy-) 4shy 2

21 T 0

2 0 0 0 0I-t ii 0 2 T T 2 T 0 2 T T

2(l 2 1 17 J 0

-) T 0

0 0 0 10 2 () J2 J 1 j T 0 za 4 Z

49 4- a Ii () () 2 T 0

1 T t) () 0 0 4-X I ] 4 0 T

lO5 3 2 J2 T T a 0 0 a 0 1

45 38 11 3() J 0







THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





THE SPRING MOVEMENT











---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





---------~------~


bull

bull

bull

brcccilllg areas

---~---~--~ ~ - ----~~ ------ -~

1947 52]948 11 1949 18 1950 J9J95] 11952 2




----------~ ---~----- ---~---~--- J

34 June 10 I



3 (I) 2 (I) 2 (I)2 (1 ) (1 )3 1 I (11













(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





(ill EELIY

In]7 H14l I)gtO




LI~IIE


bull

bull

bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull
























Temperature






194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





194J 1942 1943 1944 194i JJ4(j 19+7 1948 1949 19iiO






















bull

bull

bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull













bull J1WtlllPI














1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull












1~ ___________ _ ) 24________ _ Jl14 ___________ _ l


VALUE OF SURVEYS












bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull





bull






bull SUMMARY
























bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull












bull

bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull














rx THE Am [ B

~() crr l)xpt ta


bull





1121










IJ41J

I WI VALLlS

IJ-I$

fOI lJl

bull I~lt nERXEH

J)l







bull

bull

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART - AgEcon …ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/156862/2/tb1107.pdf ·...

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Transcript of MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART - AgEcon …ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/156862/2/tb1107.pdf ·...