MICROCONTROLLER 8051

Presented By- MUKESH KUMAR KASHYAP Roll No-3352808033

SHRI SHANKARACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY & MANAGEMENT,BHILAI

Contents:Contents:

IntroductionBlock Diagram and Pin Description of the 8051RegistersMemory mapping in 8051 Stack in the 8051I/O Port ProgrammingTimerInterrupt

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Why do we need to learn Microprocessors/controllers?

The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.

Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.

A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.

3

Different aspects of a microprocessor/controller

Hardware :Interface to the real world

Software :order how to deal with inputs

4

The necessary tools for a microprocessor/controllerCPU: Central Processing UnitI/O: Input /OutputBus: Address bus & Data busMemory: RAM & ROMTimerInterruptSerial PortParallel Port

5

CPU

General-Purpose Micro-processor

RAM ROM I/O Port

TimerSerial COM Port

Data Bus

Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microprocessors:

CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s board

General-purpose microprocessor

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RAM ROM

I/O Port

TimerSerial COM Port

Microcontroller

CPU

A smaller computerOn-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...Example ： Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

A single chip

Microcontroller :

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Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM,

ROM, I/O, timer are separatedesigner can decide on the

amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.

expansiveversatility general-purpose

Microcontroller

• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip

• fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports

• for applications in which cost, power and space are critical

• single-purpose

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

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Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that application.

An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task only.

In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM.

Example ： printer, keyboard, video game player

Embedded System

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1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost effectively

• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption

• easy to upgrade• cost per unit

2. availability of software development tools• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,

technical support

3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

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89XX ROM RAM Timer Int Source

IO pin Other

8951 4k 128 2 6 32 -

8952 8k 256 3 8 32 -

8953 12k 256 3 9 32 WD

8955 20k 256 3 8 32 WD

898252 8k 256 3 9 32 ISP

891051 1k 64 1 3 16 AC

892051 2k 128 2 6 16 AC

Comparison of the 8051 Family Members

WD: Watch Dog TimerAC: Analog ComparatorISP: In System Programmable

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Block Diagram

CPU

On-chip RAM

On-chip ROM for program code

4 I/O Ports

Timer 0

Serial PortOSC

Interrupt Control

External interrupts

Timer 1

Timer/Counter

Bus Control

TxD RxDP0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Counter Inputs

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13

Pin Description of the 8051Pin Description of the 8051

1234567891011121314151617181920

4039383736353433323130292827262524232221

P1.0P1.1P1.2P1.3P1.4P1.5P1.6P1.7RST

(RXD)P3.0(TXD)P3.1

(T0)P3.4(T1)P3.5

XTAL2XTAL1

GND

(INT0)P3.2(INT1)P3.3

(RD)P3.7(WR)P3.6

VccP0.0(AD0)P0.1(AD1)P0.2(AD2)P0.3(AD3)P0.4(AD4)P0.5(AD5)P0.6(AD6)P0.7(AD7)EA/VPPALE/PROGPSENP2.7(A15)P2.6(A14)P2.5(A13)P2.4(A12)P2.3(A11)P2.2(A10)P2.1(A9)P2.0(A8)

8051(8031)

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Pins of 8051 （ 1/4）

Vcc （ pin 40 ）：Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.

GND （ pin 20 ）： groundXTAL1 and XTAL2 （ pins 19,18 ）

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XTAL Connection to 8051XTAL Connection to 8051

C2

30pF

C1

30pF

XTAL2

XTAL1

GND

Using a quartz crystal oscillator We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.

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Pins of 8051 （ 2/4 ）

RST （ pin 9 ）： resetIt is an input pin and is active high （ normally low ） .

The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.It is a power-on reset.

Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will reset and all values in registers will be lost.

Reset values of some 8051 registers

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Power-On RESET Circuit

30 pF

30 pF

8.2 K

10 uF

+

Vcc

11.0592 MHz

EA/VPPX1

X2

RST

31

19

18

9

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Pins of 8051 （ 3/4 ）/EA （ pin 31 ）： external access

There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is

stored externally./PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.“/” means active low.

/PSEN （ pin 29 ）： program store enableThis is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of

the ROM.

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Pins of 8051 （ 4/4 ）ALE （ pin 30 ）： address latch enable

It is an output pin and is active high.8051 port 0 provides both address and data.The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the

address and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch.

I/O port pinsThe four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.Each port uses 8 pins.All I/O pins are bi-directional..

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Pins of I/O PortThe 8051 has four I/O ports

Port 0 （ pins 32-39 ）： P0 （ P0.0 ～ P0.7 ）Port 1 （ pins 1-8 ） ： P1 （ P1.0 ～ P1.7 ）Port 2 （ pins 21-28 ）： P2 （ P2.0 ～ P2.7 ）Port 3 （ pins 10-17 ）： P3 （ P3.0 ～ P3.7 ）Each port has 8 pins.

Named P0.X （ X=0,1,...,7 ） , P1.X, P2.X, P3.XEx ： P0.0 is the bit 0 （ LSB ） of P0 Ex ： P0.7 is the bit 7 （ MSB ） of P0These 8 bits form a byte.

Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).

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Hardware Structure of I/O Pin Each pin of I/O ports

Internal CPU bus ： communicate with CPUA D latch store the value of this pin

D latch is controlled by “Write to latch”Write to latch ＝ 1 ： write data into the D latch

2 Tri-state buffer :TB1: controlled by “Read pin”

Read pin ＝ 1 ： really read the data present at the pinTB2: controlled by “Read latch”

Read latch ＝ 1 ： read value from internal latchA transistor M1 gate

Gate=0: openGate=1: close

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D Latch:

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A Pin of Port 1

8051 IC

D Q

Clk Q

Vcc

Load(L1)

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P1.X pinP1.X

TB1

TB2

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Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X

D Q

Clk Q

Vcc

Load(L1)

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P1.X pinP1.X

8051 IC

2. output pin is Vcc1. write a 1 to the pin

1

0 output 1

TB1

TB2

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Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X

D Q

Clk Q

Vcc

Load(L1)

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P1.X pinP1.X

8051 IC

2. output pin is ground1. write a 0 to the pin

0

1 output 0

TB1

TB2

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Reading “High” at Input Pin

D Q

Clk Q

Vcc

Load(L1)

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P1.X pin

P1.X

8051 IC

2. MOV A,P1

external pin=High1. write a 1 to the pin MOV

P1,#0FFH

1

0

3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0 Write to latch=1

1

TB1

TB2

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Reading “Low” at Input Pin

D Q

Clk Q

Vcc

Load(L1)

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P1.X pin

P1.X

8051 IC

2. MOV A,P1

external pin=Low1. write a 1 to the pin

MOV P1,#0FFH

1

0

3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0 Write to latch=1

0

TB1

TB2

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Other PinsP1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.

P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not

connects to Vcc inside the 8051.P0 is open drain.Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X.

However, for a programmer, it is the same to program P0, P1, P2 and P3.

All the ports upon RESET are configured as output.

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A Pin of Port 0

8051 IC

D Q

Clk Q

Read latch

Read pin

Write to latch

Internal CPU bus

M1

P0.X pinP1.X

TB1

TB2

30

Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

P0.0P0.1P0.2P0.3P0.4P0.5P0.6P0.7

DS5000

8751

8951

Vcc10 K

Port 0

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Port 3 Alternate Functions

1717RDRDP3.7P3.7

1616WRWRP3.6P3.6

1515T1T1P3.5P3.5

1414T0T0P3.4P3.4

1313INT1INT1P3.3P3.3

1212INT0INT0P3.2P3.2

1111TxDTxDP3.1P3.1

1010RxDRxDP3.0P3.0

PinPinFunctionFunctionP3 BitP3 Bit

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RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:

0000DPTR

0007SP

0000PSW

0000B

0000ACC

0000PC

Reset ValueRegister

RAM are all zero..

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Registers

A

B

R0

R1

R3

R4

R2

R5

R7

R6

DPH DPL

PC

DPTR

PC

Some 8051 16-bit Register

Some 8-bitt Registers of the 8051

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Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051 family

0000H

0FFFH

0000H

1FFFH

0000H

7FFFH

8751AT89C51 8752

AT89C52

4k

DS5000-32

8k 32k

from Atmel Corporationfrom Dallas Semiconductor

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RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH

30H

2FH

20H

1FH

17H

10H

0FH

07H

08H

18H

00HRegister Bank 0

(Stack )Register Bank 1

Register Bank 2

Register Bank 3

Bit-Addressable RAM

Scratch pad RAM

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Stack in the 8051The register used to access the

stack is called SP (stack pointer) register.

The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits wide, which means that it can take value 00 to FFH. When 8051 powered up, the SP register contains value 07.

7FH

30H

2FH

20H

1FH

17H10H

0FH

07H

08H

18H

00HRegister Bank 0

(Stack )Register Bank 1

Register Bank 2

Register Bank 3

Bit-Addressable RAM

Scratch pad RAM

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Timer :

38

39

TMOD Register:

Gate : When set, timer only runs while INT(0,1) is high.

C/T : Counter/Timer select bit.M1 : Mode bit 1.M0 : Mode bit 0.

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TCON Register:

TF1: Timer 1 overflow flag.TR1: Timer 1 run control bit.TF0: Timer 0 overflag.TR0: Timer 0 run control bit.IE1: External interrupt 1 edge flag.IT1: External interrupt 1 type flag.IE0: External interrupt 0 edge flag.IT0: External interrupt 0 type flag.

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Interrupt :

42

Interrupt Enable Register :

EA : Global enable/disable. --- : Undefined.ET2 :Enable Timer 2 interrupt.ES :Enable Serial port interrupt.ET1 :Enable Timer 1 interrupt.EX1 :Enable External 1 interrupt.ET0 : Enable Timer 0 interrupt. EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.

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References

“The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillespie Mazidi.

“INTEL MCS-51” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-51

• “INTEL 8051” Wikipedia,http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8051

• “Keil 8051 Microcontroller Development Tools-Keil uVision4”

www.keil.com/c51/ “User guide to use Keil uVision4” in Youtube

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdJFLVdApXQ

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