Microcavities and Photonic 8andgaps: Physics and Applications

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series

A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.

The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

A Life Sciences B Physics

C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences

F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology I Global Environmental Change

PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES

1. Disarmament Technologies 2. Environment 3. High Technology 4. Science and Technology Policy 5. Computer Networking

Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York

Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London

Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo

Kluwer Academic Publishers Springer-Verlag / Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers

The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NA TO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries.

NATO-PCO-DATA BASE

The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways:

- via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy.

- via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989).

The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO­PCO, Overijse, Belgium.

Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 324

Microcavities and Photonic 8andgaps: Physics and Applications edited by

John Rarity Defence Research Agency, Malvern, U.K.

and

Claude Weisbuch Departement de physique et laboratoire de physique de la matiere condensee, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

Kluwer Academic Publishers

Dordrecht / Boston / London

Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Quantum Optics in Wavelength Scale Structures Cargese, Corsica August 26-September 2, 1995

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6626-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0313-5

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0313-5

P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.

Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.

In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers and copyright holders as specified on appro­priate pages within Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held within the programme of activities of the NATO Special Programme on Nanoscale Science as part of the activities of the NATO Science Committee.

Other books previously published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are:

NASTASI, M., PARKING, D.M. and GLEITER, H. (eds.), Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Materials Having Ultra-Fine Microstructures. (E233) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2195-2

VU THIEN BINH, GARCIA, N. and DRANSFELD, K. (eds.), Nanosources and Manipulation of Atoms under High Fields and Temperatures: Applications. (E235) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2266-5

LEBURTON, J.-P., PASCUAL, J. and SOTOMAYOR TORRES, C. (eds.), Phonons in Semiconductor Nanostruc­tures. (E236) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2277-0

AVOURIS, P. (ed.), Atomic and Nanometer-Scale Modification of Materials: Fundamentals and Applica­tions. (E239) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2334-3

BLOCHL, P. E., JOACIDM, C. and FISHER, A. J. (eds.), Computations for the Nano-Scale. (E240) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2360-2

POHL, D. W. and COURJON, D. (eds.), Near Field Optics. (E242) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2394-7

SALEMINK, H. W. M. and PASHLEY, M. D. (eds.), Semiconductor Interfaces at the Sub-Nanometer Scale. (E243) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2397-1

BENSAHEL, D. c., CANHAM, L. T. and OSSICINI, S. (eds.), Optical Properties of Low Dimensional Silicon Structures. (E244) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2446-3

HERNANDO, A. (ed.), Nanomagnetism (E247) 1993. ISBN 0-7923-2485-4

LOCKWOOD, D.J. and PINCZUK, A. (eds.), Optical Phenomena in Semiconductor Structures of Reduced Dimensions (E248) 1993. ISBN 0-7923-2512-5

GENTILI, M., GIOVANNELLA, C. and SELCI, S. (eds.), Nanolithography: A Borderland Between STM, EB, IB, and X-Ray Lithographies (E264) 1994. ISBN 0-7923-2794-2

GUNrHERODT, H.-J., ANSELMETTI, D. and MEYER, E. (eds.), Forces in Scanning Probe Methods (E286) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3406-X

GEWIRTH, A.A. and SIEGENTHALER, H. (eds.), Nanoscale Probes of the Solid/Liquid Interface (E288) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3454-X

CERDEIRA, H.A., KRAMER, B. and SCHON, G. (eds.), Quantum Dynamics of Submicron Structures (E291) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3469-8

WELLAND, M.E. and GIMZEWSKI, J.K. (eds.), Ultimate Limits of Fabrication and Measurement (E292) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3504-X

EBERL, K., PETROFF, P.M. and DEMEESTER, P. (eds.), Low Dimensional Structures Prepared by Epitaxial Growth or Regrowth on Patterned Substrates (E298) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3679-8

MARTI, O. and MOLLER, R. (eds.), Photons and Local Probes (E300) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3709-3

GUNTHER, L. and BARBARA, B. (eds.), Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization - QTM '94 (E301) 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3775-1

PERSSON, B.N.J. and TOSATTI, E. (eds.), Physics of Sliding Friction (E311) 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3935-5

MARTIN, T.P. (ed.), Large Clusters of Atoms and Molecules (E313) 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3937-1

DUCLOY, M. and BLOCH, D. (eds.), Quantum Optics of Confined Systems (E314). 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3974-6

ANDREONI, W. (ed.), The Chemical Physics of Fullereness 10 (and 5) Years Later. The Far-Reaching Impact of the Discovery of C60 (E316). 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4000-0

NIETO-VESPERINAS, M. and GARCIA, N. (Eds.): Optics at the Nanometer Scale: Imaging and Storing with Photonic Near Fields (E319). 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4020-5

LURYI, S., XU, J. and ZASLAVSKY, A. (Eds.): Future Trends in Microelectronics: Reflections on the Road to Nanotechnology (E323). 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4169-4

RARITY, J. and WEISBUCH, C. (Eds.): Microcavities and Photonic Bandgaps: Physics and Applications (E324). 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4170-8

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xlll

Microcavities and photonic bandgaps: A summary of physics and applications C. Weisbuch and J.G. Rarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

PLANAR SEMICONDUCTOR MICROCA VITIES

Cavity-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities R.P. Stanley. R. Houdre. U. Oesterle. P. Pellandini and M. Ilegems . . . . . . . . .. 11

Critical issues on the strong coupling regime in semiconductor microcavities R. Houdre. R.P. Stanley. U. Oesterle. P. Pellandini and M. Ilegems . . . . . . . . .. 33

Normal-mode coupling in planar semiconductor microcavities T.R. Nelson. Jr .• E.K. Lindmark. D. V. Wick. K. Tai, G. Khitrova and H.M. Gibbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43

Dynamical studies of cavity polaritons in semiconductor microcavities: Pump probe measurements and time-resolved photoluminescence J.P. Doran. A.L. Bradley. B. Roycroft, T. Aherne, J. Hegarty, R.P. Stanley, R. Houdre. U. Oesterle and M. Ilegems ............................. 59

Spontaneous emission dynamics in planar semiconductor microcavities I. Abram. B. Sermage. S. Long, J. Bloch. R. Plane I and V. Thierry-Mieg

Magnetic and electric field effects in semiconductor quantum microcavity structures T.A. Fisher. A.M. Afshar. D.M. Whittaker. M.S. Skolnick. P. Kinsler, J.S. Roberts.

69

G. Hill and M.A. Pate ......................................... 77

Time resolved photoluminescence from a semiconductor microcavity: Temperature dependence and role of leaky modes F. Tassone. C. Piermarocchi. V. Savona. A. Quattropani and P. Schwendimann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87

Order of magnitude enhanced spontaneous emission from room-temperature bulk GaAs R. Jin, M.S. Tobin, R.P. Leavitt. H.M. Gibbs. G. Khitrova. D. Boggavarapu. O. Lyngnes. E. Lindmark. F. Jahnke and S. W. Koch .................... 95

viii

Optical double-resonant raman scattering in semiconductor planar microcavities A. Fainstein, B. Jusserand, V. Thierry-Mieg and R. Planel ................ 105

Second harmonic generation in a metal-semiconductor-metal monolithic cavity V. Berger .................................................. 115

PROTONIC BANDGAP MATERIALS, AND NOVEL STRUCTURES

Bandgap engineering of 3-D photonic crystals operating at optical wavelengths V. Arbet-Engels, E. Yablonovitch, e.e. Cheng and A. Scherer . ............. 125

Microcavities in photonic crystals Pierre R. Villeneuve, Shanhui Fan and J.D. Joannopoulos ................ 133

Electromagnetic study of photonic band structures and Anderson localization D. Maystre, G. Tayeb and D. Felbacq .............................. 153

Localization of light in 2D random media A. Orlowski, M. Rusek and J. Mostowski ............................ 165

Strategies for the fabrication of photonic microstructures in semiconductors Richard M. De La Rue and Thomas F. Krauss ........................ 175

GaInAsPlInP 2-dimensional photonic crystals T. Baba and T. Matsuzaki ....................................... 193

Bound modes of two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides P.St.J. Russel, D.M. Atkin, T.A. Birks and P.J. Roberts . .................. 203

InAs quantum boxes: Active probes for air/GaAs photonic bandgap microstructures J.M. Gerard, D. Barrier and J.Y. Marzin ............................ 219

Spontaneous emission and nonlinear effects in photonic band gap materials Michael D. Tocci, Mark J. Bloemer, Michael Sealora, Charles M. Bowden and Jonathan P. Dowling .......................................... 237

Guided modes in a 2D photonic-band-gap material: Advantages over the 1D case H. Benisty .................................................. 249

Photonic atoms: Enhanced light coupling A. Serpengiizel, S. Arnold and G. Griffel ............................ 257

Photonic surfaces W.L. Barnes, S. e. Kitson, T. W. Preist and J.R. Sambles .................. 265

ix

The opal-semiconductor system as a possible photonic bandgap material S.G. Romanov and e.M. Sotomayor Torres ........................... 275

Partial photonic bandgaps in Bragg directions in polystyrene colloidal crystals e.E. Cameron, I.G. Rarity, P.l. Roberts and P.R. Tapster ................ 283

Characterising whispering-gallery modes in microspheres using a near-field probe I.e. Knight, N. Dubreuil, V. Lefevre-Seguin, 1.M. Raimond and S. Haroche .... 291

Numerical method for calculating spontaneous emission rate near a surface using Green's functions F. Wijnands, 1.B. Pendry, P.J. Roberts, P.M. Bell, L. MartIn Moreno and F.J. Garda-Vidal ............................................. 299

Microcavity effects in E~+-doped optical fibres: Alteration of spontaneous emission from 2D fibre microcavities Peter M. W Skovgaard, Stuart D. Brorson, Ivar Balslev and Christian e. Larsen ........................................... 309

Decay time and spectrum of rare earth fluorescence in silvered microfibers H. Zbinden, A. Muller and N. Gisin ................................ 315

DEVICE APPLICATIONS

Commercial light emitting diode technology: Status, trends, and possible future performance M.G. Craford ............................................... 323

Resonant cavity LED's: Design, fabrication and analysis of high efficiency LED's H. De Neve, 1. Blondelle, R. Baets, P. Demeester, P. Van Daele and G. Borghs .................................................. 333

High efficiency resonant cavity LED's N.E.J. Hunt and E.F. Schubert ................................... 343

II-VI resonant cavity light emitting diodes for the mid-infrared 1. Bleuse, E. Hadji, N. Mgnea and l.-L. Pautrat ....................... 353

Carrier and photon dynamics in semiconductor microdisk lasers U. Mohideen and R.E. Slusher . ................................... 363

Spontaneous emission control in long wavelength semiconductor micropost lasers Anders Karlsson, lorn Dechow, Klaus Streubel, Magnus Hoijer and Steffan Albrecht .............................................. 377

x

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with monolithically integrated modulators C. Gmachl, A. Golshani, A. Kock, E. Gronik and J.F. Walker .............. 387

Cavity effects in thin film phosphors based on ZnS K. Neyts ................................................... 397

Using microcavities to manipulate luminescence in conjugated polymers 1. Griiner, F. Cacialli, J.D. W Samuel and R.H. Friend .................. 407

Spontaneous emission control in a microcavity edge emitting laser S. V. Dewar, P. Blood, F. Yang and J.S. Roberts ....................... 419

Dielectric thin films for microcavity applications H. Rigneault, C. Amra, E. Pelletier, F. Flory, M. Cathelinaud and L. Roux .... 427

QUANTUM OPTICS

Optical cavity QED W Lange, Q.A. Turchette, C.J. Hood, H. Mabuchi and H.J. Kimble .......... 443

Semiconductor cavity QED in high-Q regimes: Exciton polariton boser and nonlinear bi-excitonic spectrum Y. Yamamoto, J.M. Jacobson, S. Pau, H. Cao and G. Bjork ............... 457

Squeezing the light with laser cooled atoms E. Giacobino, A. Lambrecht, J.M. Gourty and T. Goudreau ............... 467

Quantum intensity noise of laser diodes P. Grangier, J.-Ph. Poizat, T.-C. Zhang, F. Marin, A. Bramati and E. Giacobino ................................................ 477

Quantum control of intensity in semiconductor laser amplifiers Magnus Hoijer and Anders Karlsson ............................... 489

Single-mode generation of quantum photon states by excited single molecules in a microcavity trap F. De Martini, G. Di Giuseppe and M. Marrocco ...................... 497

Squeezed light generation by four-wave mixing in semiconductors A.M. Fox, M. Dabbicco and J.F. Ryan . ............................. 507

The exciton baser: Cooperative phenomena in microcavity excitons RJ. Ram and A. imamoglu ...................................... 517

xi

Rabi-splitting and photon-number squeezing due to excitons in microcavities Eiichi Hanamura ............................................. 533

Quantum optics using defect modes in photonic band-gap structures Corin Adlard and Sarben Sarkar .................................. 543

Limits of quantum computing: Analysis of a concrete algorithm M. Brune, 1.M. Raimond, S. Haroche and P. Domokos ................... 551

Cooperative and coherent optical processes in field confining structures G. Kurizki, A. Kofman, A. Kozhekin and Ze Cheng ..................... 559

Localized structures in nonlinear optical systems and materials M. Brambilla, L.A. Lugiato, A. Pregnolato, L. Spinelli and M. Stefani ........ 573

Dynamical chaos for the strongly coupled rnicrocavity-quantum well-exciton system S. V. Prants and L.E. Kon'Kov .................................... 589

Index ..................................................... 595

Preface

The control of optical modes in microcavities or in photonic bandgap (PBG) materials is coming of age!

Although these ideas could have been developed some time ago, it is only recently that they have emerged, due to advances in both atomic physics and in fabrication techniques, be it on the high-quality dielectric mirrors required for high-finesse Fabry­Perot resonators or in semiconductor multilayer deposition methods. Initially the principles of quantum electro-dynamics (QED) were demonstrated in elegant atomic physics experiments. Now solid-state implementations are being investigated, with several subtle differences from the atomic case such as those due to their continuum of electronic states or the near Boson nature of their elementary excitations, the exciton.

Research into quantum optics brings us ever newer concepts with potential to improve system performance such as photon squeezing, quantum cryptography, reversible taps, photonic de Broglie waves and quantum computers. The possibility of implementing these ideas with solid-state systems gives us hope that some could indeed find their way to the market, demonstrating the continuing importance of basic research for applications, be it in a somewhat more focused way than in earlier times for funding.

Actually the field of wavelength scale structures is of direct relevance to a huge applications area, that of light emitting diodes (LED's), semiconductor lasers and displays. The control of optical modes into which radiative recombination occurs should lead to high efficiency light emitters, with potentially an order of magnitude improvement over many of the existing engineering solutions. Other potential applications might be threshold-less lasers, photon-number squeezed "quiet" lasers, single photon generators and non-linear elements with single photon sensitivity.

This book is the result ofa NATO-sponsored Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) held in Cargese (Corsica, France) in late august 1995. It involved researchers from various disciplines, mainly in solid state physics, semiconductor devices, atomic physics and quantum optics. The workshop comprised keynote review lectures, invited talks on recent advances, and original posters. Discussion sessions were planned from the onset of the workshop but these had to be extended due to the many fascinating questions raised both by the presenters and the audience. A measure of the success of the discussion sessions was the high attendance at extra sessions added at the expense of beach and evening free time.

The workshop was organised by a planning committee which, in addition to the editors, included Elisabeth Giacobino (Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris) and John Hegarty (Trinity College, Dublin).

The organisers would like to thank the NATO science committee for its support of this workshop. In addition to NATO, the workshop received support from DRA(Malvem), the Phantoms network of the EEC basic research program, the SMILES and QUINTEC Esprit basic research projects and DRET (France).

Finally, the "Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques" at Cargese provided it's "magic", putting everyone in the right mood for a working, co-operative atmosphere while being

xiii

xiv

tempted by so many marvels around (beaches, mountains, hikes, scuba diving etc ... ). We thank the staff at Cargese who made the stay such a magnificent experience that everyone wants to repeat it. Let us thank in particular Elisabeth Dubois-Violette, Jeanne Pullino and the local team Chantal Ariano, Brigitte Cassegrain, Vittoria et Claudine Conforto who helped smooth out many of the unexpected questions, making it so much easier for the organisers.

Malvern J. Rarity

Palaiseau C. Weisbuch