Microbiology Unit 1: Introduction
Transcript of Microbiology Unit 1: Introduction
Microbiology and Parasitology
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Some rules
• Listen when others are talking
• Show respect for other opinions
• If you don’t understand, don’t hesitate to ask (raise hand)
• No cellphones in the class room
• Full participation is asked
Microbiology
Virus: Ebola
Fungi: MushroomBacteria: Salmonella
?ENEMY OR… …FRIEND
Algae: Algal bloom
MICROBES
Course content
• Theory– Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences – P.G. Engelkirk & J. Duben– Microbiology and Infection – T.J.J. Inglis
• Practice: demonstrations in laboratory science– Growth of bacteria– Growth of fungi
• Tests• Assignments• Final examination
Website
• http://pson-biochemphys.yurls.net/en/page/
Today
• Microbes– Definition– Presence– Variety– Enemy or friend?
• Historical Background– Earliest known diseases– Fouding fathers
• Microbiology in health care– Possible careers
Definition?
• MICRO – BIO – LOGY
– μικρος = micros = “small”– βιος = bios = “life”– λογος = logos = “science”– “The study of very small living organisms”
• or: MICROBIOLOGY
– “The study of microorganisms (microbes) usually less then 1 mm in diameter which requires some sort of magnification to be seen clearly”
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Presence of Microbes
• Microbes are ubiquitous: virtually everywhere– Water (photosynthetic algae, plankton)– Dead or decaying materials (decomposers/saprophytes)– Soil (bacteria used in microbial ecology)– Animals/plants (bacteria and protozoa in intestinal tract)– Food/drinks (yeast in bread and beer)– Laboratory (study or to produce antibiotics, insulin, hormones)
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
MANY MICROBES
ARE USEFUL
(FRIENDLY)
Variety of Microbes
• Categories– Acellar: Viroids, Virus, Prion– Prokaryotes (cellular without nucleus): Bacteria, Archaea, Cyanobacteria– Eukaryotes (cellular with nucleus): Algae, Fungi, Protozoa
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Microbes
Acellular ViroidsPrions
Virusus
Cellular
ProkaryotesArchaeaBacteria
Cyanobacteria
EukaryotesAlgaeFungi
Protozoa
Microflora
Indigenous microflora
(100 trillion)
Nonpathogens (97%)
Opportunistic pathogens
Pathogens / infectious
agents (3%)
FRIENDSMICROBIAL ALLIES
ENEMIESMICROBIAL ENEMIES
“GERMS”
USED-TO-BE-FRIENDSPOTENTIAL ENEMIES
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
• All microbes living on our bodies: Indigenous Microflora
Disease
Health Care!
• Microbial enemies…– …cause disease– “Pathogens”– Two categories
• Infectious diseases– 50.000 deaths/day– Majority in
developing countries
• Be aware of…– Infectious diseases– Pathogens– Source– Transmission– Protection/prevention
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Earliest known diseases
3180 BC
1900 BC
1500 BC
1122 BC
790-640 BC
430 BC 1493
0 2015
Egypt: First recorded pestilence
Troy: Bubonic plague
Egypt: Epidemic fevers
China: Smallpox
Rome: Epidemics of plague
Greece: Epidemics of plague
Europe: Syphilis
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Historical background
• Once upon a time…
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
… they had no idea
Until…
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch merchant• Godfather of Microbiology
– First to see live bacteria– Quote from Microbe Hunters
• Inventor microscope (hobby)– Examined water, blood, sperm,
teeth, stool, etc.– Observed tiny living creatures:
“ANIMALCULES”• No scientist
– No speculation on origin– No association with disease
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes
• Simple or single-lens microscope– One magnifying lens– Magnifying power of x 300– Tiny glass lens mounted in a plate– Specimen placed on small pin– Screws used to adjust position
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 2
Drawings of van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Koch
• German Physician– Germ theory of disease: “specific
microbes cause specific disease”– Developed fixing, staining,
photographing bacteria– Contributed to TB skin test– Cultivate bacteria on solid agar
• obtain pure culture (one type)
• Developed Koch’s postulates– Experimental procedure– Proof germ theory of disease: “specific
microbes cause specific disease”– e.g. Antrax bacillus Antrax
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Koch’s Postulates
After fulfilling Koch’s Postulates: prove that microbe is cause of particular diseaseBurton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Edward Jenner
• British physician and scientist• 1976: Developed smallpox vaccine
– Hypothesis: “Having cowpox protects from smallpox”
– Vaccin: sample from milder cowpox– First to publish results of vaccination– Origin of immunology?
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 16
Louis Pasteur
• French Chemist– Fermentation process– Disproved abiogenesis
(sponteneous generation)– Aerobes/Anaerobes– Developed Pasteurization– Germ theory of disease: “specific
microbes cause specific disease”– Championed changes in hosptial
practices: minimize spread disease– Vaccins for chicken cholora, antrax
and rabies.• Research center for
infectious disease
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
Joseph Lister
• British surgeon– Asepsis (without infection)– Antisepsis (against infection)
• “Phenol as antiseptic”– Apply to wounds, hands, instruments,
wound dressings– Perform surgery in phenol mist (irritating)
• Use of sterile equipment• ↓ wound infections/mortality• First pure culture (in liquid medium)
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 8,12
Alexander Fleming
• Scottish bacteriologist• First antibiotic
– Accident: mould (fungi) on bacteria culture plate
– Antibiotic (Penicillin) produced by mould inhibited growth of bacteria!
• WWII: Penicillin saved thousands of lifes
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 9
Ronald Ross
• British medical doctor (born in India)– Discovered malarial parasite in
mosquito– Realization: “Malaria transmitted by
mosquitos”
Ignaz Semmelweis
• Hungarian physician• The Father of Handwashing
– Many women died from puerperal fever (childbed fever)
– Physicians directly from autopsy room to delivery clinic
– Spread by hands of physicians/students– Rule: “wash hands with antiseptics”– ↓ Maternal mortality rate
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 12
Career in Health Care
• Bacteriologist (Bacteria)• Phycologist (Algae)• Protozoologist (Protozoa)• Mycologyst (Fungi)• Virologist (Viruses)
• Pursue career in medical microbiology?– Study pathogens, infectious diseases
and body’s defense mechanisms– Development of vaccines– Epidemiology (public health)– Immunology (immune system)– Clinical/diagnostic microbiology
(laboratory diagnosis)
Burton’s Microbiology: Chapter 1
The End